Uqheliso lokwahlulwa komxube

Ukwahlulwa kwemixube Yinkqubo kubalulekile kumashishini ahlukeneyo nakwiilabhoratri apho izinto ezahlukeneyo ziphathwa. Imisetyenzana yokwahlula umxube sisixhobo esisisiseko sokuqonda kunye nokulawula iindlela kunye nobuchule obuyimfuneko ekufumaneni amalungu ahlukeneyo kwimixube ene-heterogeneous or homogeneous. Kule nqaku, siza kuphonononga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuziqhelanisa nokuhlukana komxube, ukusuka kwizinto ezisisiseko ukuya kwezona ziphambili, ngenjongo yokubonelela ngembono yobugcisa kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kule nkqubo ebalulekileyo. Le mithambo imele ithuba lokuphuhlisa izakhono zepraktikhali, ukuphucula ukuqonda iziseko zethiyori kunye nokufumana amava ekulawuleni iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlukana. Funda ukuze ufumanise ukuba imithambo yokwahlulahlula ingxubevange inokuvula njani iingcango kwihlabathi elinomdla lamathuba kwisayensi nakwitekhnoloji.

1. Intshayelelo kwimithambo yokwahlulahlula umxube

Kwicandelo elilandelayo, siza kukwazisa kwihlabathi elinomdla lemithambo yokwahlulahlula umxube. Ezi ntlobo zomthambo zibalulekile kwi-chemistry kwaye zisivumela ukuba sifunde indlela yokwahlula amacandelo ahlukeneyo omxube we-heterogeneous. Ukusombulula olu hlobo lwengxaki, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda imigaqo eyisiseko ye-chemistry kwaye wazi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlukana.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukucaca malunga nokuba yintoni umxube ohlukeneyo. Kukudityaniswa kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezingahanjiswanga ngokufanayo, oko kukuthi, ziyakwazi ukwahlula ngeso lenyama okanye ngoncedo lwe-microscope. Eminye imizekelo Imixube eqhelekileyo ene-heterogeneous ngamanzi ane-oyile, amanzi anesanti, kunye namanzi anetyuwa.

Nje ukuba siwuqonde umba osisiseko womxube we-heterogeneous, sinokuqala ukusombulula imithambo eyahlukeneyo. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko ukulandela uchungechunge lwamanyathelo. Okokuqala, kufuneka sichonge izinto ezikhoyo kumxube kwaye sigqibe ukuba yintoni injongo yethu: ingaba sifuna ukufumana into ethile okanye sahlule zonke izinto?

2. Iindlela zokwahlula umxube: isishwankathelo

Iindlela zokwahlula umxube ziindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukwahlula amacandelo omxube ngokweendlela zawo zodwa. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwahlula ezisetyenziswayo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zamacandelo omxube. Kweli candelo, siza kubonisa umboniso wezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukwahlula imixube.

Enye yezona ndlela zilula kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kukuhluza. Le ndlela isetyenziswa xa kuyimfuneko ukwahlula isiqina esinganyibilikiyo kulwelo okanye esinye isiqina esinyibilikayo. Iquka ukugqithiswa komxube kwizinto ezirhabaxa ezibizwa ngokuba sisihluzo, esigcina amasuntswana aqinileyo kwaye sivumele ukudlula kolwelo okanye amasuntswana anyibilikayo. Ukuhluza kunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokucoca, njengephepha lokucoca, ilaphu okanye iphepha lokucoca.

Enye indlela yokwahlula esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yidistillation. Le ndlela isekelwe kwiiyantlukwano kumanqaku abilayo amacandelo omxube. Iquka ukufudumeza umxube kwisixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-distiller, evumela ukuba izinto ezinamaqondo aphantsi abilayo zibe ngumphunga kwaye zijike, ngaloo ndlela zizahlule kumacandelo aneendawo zokubilisa eziphezulu. I-Distillation isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini lemichiza nakwiilabhoratri zokwahlula ulwelo kwimixube entsonkothileyo.

3. Ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo kokucoca ekuhlukaniseni imixube

Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ulandele la manyathelo alandelayo:

1. Khetha indlela efanelekileyo yokucoca: Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokucoca kunye nobuchule bokuhluza, njengokuhluza ubunzima, ukuhluzwa kwevacuum okanye ukuhluzwa koxinzelelo. Kubalulekile ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo kakhulu kwiimpawu zomxube oza kuhlukaniswa.

2. Lungiselela imidiya yokucoca: Ngaphambi kokuqala inkqubo yokucoca, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela imidiya efanelekileyo yokucoca. Oku kunokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwephepha lokucoca, ilaphu lenayiloni, okanye nayiphi na enye imathiriyeli eya kugcina amasuntswana angafunwayo ngelixa ivumela ulwelo ukuba ludlule.

3. Yenza ukuhluza: Emva kokuba indlela ikhethiwe kwaye i-medium filter ilungisiwe, ukucoca kuqala. Oku kubandakanya ukugalela umxube kwisihluzo kunye nokuvumela ulwelo ukuba ludlule kwimidiya yokucoca ngelixa amasuntswana aqinileyo egcinwa. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela isantya sokuhluza, ubungakanani bokucoca kunye nobungakanani bomxube oza kuhluzwa ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezilungileyo.

4. Uqheliselo lwe-distillation njengendlela yokwahlula imixube

Idistillation yindlela esebenzayo yokwahlula imixube ngokusekwe kumanqaku awohlukeneyo abilayo. Le nkqubo Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lemichiza kwaye inokwenziwa nakwibhubhoratri. Apha ngezantsi kukho uqheliselo oluya kukuvumela ukuba uziqhelanise kwaye uqonde ngcono ingqikelelo ye-distillation.

1. Umthambo olula wokudidiyela:

• Lungisa umxube wamanzi kunye notywala kwisilinganiselo se-2: 1.
• Beka umxube kwi-flask ye-distillation kwaye udibanise i-condenser emile.
• Fudumeza i-flask kancinane de isisombululo siqalise ukujika.
• Umphunga uya kunyuka nge-condenser kwaye udibanise, ngaloo ndlela ufumane utywala ohlulwe emanzini.
• Qokelela utywala obugayiweyo kwisitya esahlukileyo.

2. Umthambo wokuxutywa kweefractional:

• Lungisa umxube wamanzi kunye ne-acetone kwisilinganiselo se-3: 1.
• Beka umxube kwi-flask ye-distillation kwaye udibanise ikholamu ye-fractionation.
• Fudumeza i-flask kancinane kwaye ujonge ukuba iikhompawundi ezinamanqaku ahlukeneyo abilayo ziyahlukana njani njengoko zinyusa ikholamu yolwahlulo.
• Amanzi aya kudibanisa kwaye awele kwi-flask, ngelixa i-acetone iya kuqokelela kwisitya esahlukileyo.

Khumbula ukuba i-distillation yinkqubo eluncedo kakhulu yokwahlukana, kodwa kufuneka uthathe amanyathelo okhuseleko xa uyenza. Qinisekisa ukuba unezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko kwaye ulandele imiyalelo yenkqubo eneenkcukacha. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqonda iipropathi zeekhompawundi onqwenela ukuzohlula ukumisela ezona meko zifanelekileyo zokuthambisa. Ziqhelanise le mithambo ukuphucula izakhono zakho zokuthambisa!

5. Ukusebenzisa i-decantation ekuhlukaniseni imixube: imithambo ebonakalayo

6. Ukuzivocavoca kwe-Centrifugation: ukwahlula imixube ngokufanelekileyo

I-Centrifugation bubuchule obusetyenziswa ukwahlula imixube ngokufanelekileyo elabhoratri. Kweli nqaku, siza kukubonisa umthambo osebenzayo we-centrifugation kunye nendlela yokwenza inyathelo ngenyathelo.

1. Ukulungiswa kwesampuli: Ngaphambi kokuqala i-centrifugation, kubalulekile ukulungiselela ngokufanelekileyo isampuli. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuyihluza ukususa amasuntswana amakhulu okanye ukongeza ii-reagents ezithile ukuzinzisa. Kubalulekile ukulandela iiprothokholi ezisekiweyo kwaye usebenzise izixhobo ezifanelekileyo.

2. Ukukhethwa kwesantya se-centrifugation kunye nexesha: Ukufezekisa ukuhlukana okusebenzayo kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zesampulu, kubalulekile ukukhetha isantya esifanelekileyo se-centrifugation kunye nexesha. Oku kuya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwesampulu kunye namaqhekeza aza kuhlukaniswa. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uqhagamshelane noncwadi lwenzululwazi okanye wenze iimvavanyo zokulinga ukumisela ezi ziguquguqukayo ngokuchanekileyo.

3. Iingqwalasela zokhuseleko: Nangona i-centrifugation iyindlela eqhelekileyo kwilabhoratri, kufuneka sisoloko sithathela ingqalelo amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo. Izantya ezithile ze-centrifugation zingenza amandla e-g abeka umngcipheko onokwenzeka. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa imveliso izixhobo zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo, ezifana neziciko kunye ne-rotors ezifanelekileyo kudidi ngalunye lwetyhubhu okanye isitya.

Khumbula ukuba i-centrifugation yenye yeendlela ezininzi ezikhoyo zokwahlula imixube elabhoratri. Ukusebenza kwayo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi kwaye kubalulekile ukulandela imigaqo emiselweyo kunye neengcebiso zomenzi wezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ungalibali ukuhlala usebenzisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela kwaye ulandele amanyathelo afanelekileyo okhuseleko kuyo yonke le nkqubo. Ziqhelanise nolu qheliselo lwe-centrifugation ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwimifuniselo yakho yokwahlula umxube!

7. I-Crystallization ekuhlukaneni kwemixube: ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo

I-Crystallization yinkqubo esetyenziselwa ukwahlula imixube ukufumana izinto eziqinileyo ezihlambulukileyo kwisisombululo okanye ukumiswa. Ngoqheliselo olusebenzayo, sinokuqonda ngcono ukuba le nkqubo yenziwa njani kwaye siqhelane nobuchule kunye namanyathelo abandakanyekayo.

Ukuqala, kubalulekile ukukhetha isisombululo esifanelekileyo okanye ukunqunyanyiswa okuqulethe into esinqwenela ukuyiqaqambisa. Emva koko, kufuneka sifudumeze isisombululo de sifike kwindawo yaso yokuhluma, oko kukuthi, xa singasakwazi ukunyibilikisa nayiphi na i-solute. Ngeli xesha, isisombululo kufuneka sisuswe ekushiseni kwaye sivumele ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza. Ngexesha lokupholisa, iikristale ziya kuqala ukubunjwa.

Indlela eluncedo yokukhawulezisa ukubunjwa kwekristale kukuhlwayela, okubandakanya ukongeza inani elincinci leekristale zezinto ezicocekileyo ekuqaleni kokupholisa. Ezi kristale ziya kusebenza "njengembewu" apho iikristale ezintsha ziya kwenza. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ubushushu obufanelekileyo kunye nexesha lokupholisa, njengoko oku kunokuchaphazela ubungakanani kunye nokucoceka kweekristale ezifunyenweyo.

8. Ukuzivocavoca ngokuhlukana kwemixube ngechromatography

I-Chromatography bubuchule obusetyenziswa ukwahlula imixube entsonkothileyo kwizinto ezizimeleyo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-chromatography, kodwa kweli nqaku siza kugxininisa kwi-chromatography yamaphepha, enye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo. Apha ngezantsi kukho uqheliselo lwamanyathelo ngamanyathelo ukuziqhelanisa nokwahlula imixube ngechromatography.

1. Ukulungiswa kwesampuli: Isinyathelo sokuqala ekwenzeni i-chromatography yephepha kukulungiselela isampuli ngokufanelekileyo. Kulo msebenzi, siza kusebenzisa isampuli eyenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: i-inki emnyama, i-inki eluhlaza, kunye ne-inki ebomvu. Siza kuthatha iphepha elincinci lokucoca kwaye sidwebe umgca malunga ne-2-3 cm ukusuka ngasezantsi kunye nomxube weeyinki ezintathu.

2. Ukuphuhliswa kwechromatography: Emva kokuba isampuli ilungisiwe, siya kubeka iphepha kwi-cuvette kunye nesisombululo esincinci seselula. Kule meko, siya kusebenzisa umxube wamanzi kunye notywala. Iphepha kufuneka lifakwe emanzini ngokwaneleyo ukufikelela kwinqanaba lomgca wesampulu, kodwa lingagxili ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko i-solvent ihambela phezulu, idonsa amacandelo esampuli ngayo.

9. Ukuhlukana kwemixube usebenzisa i-electrophoresis: ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo

I-Electrophoresis bubuchule bokwahlula umxube obusetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nebhayoloji yemolekyuli kunye nekhemistri yohlalutyo. Kweli candelo, siya kwabelana ngeendlela zokuzivocavoca ukuze ukwazi ukuziqhelanisa nenkqubo yokwahlula imixube usebenzisa i-electrophoresis.

Ukuqala, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela izinto eziyimfuneko ukwenza i-electrophoresis. Uya kudinga umthombo wombane wangoku, ijeli ye-agarose okanye i-polyacrylamide, kunye nee-reagents kunye neesampuli ofuna ukuzahlula. Ukongezelela, kuya kuba luncedo ukuba nenkqubo yokufumanisa ukujonga iziphumo.

Emva koko, siya kukubonisa umzekelo wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sendlela yokusombulula ingxaki usebenzisa i-electrophoresis. Masithi ufuna ukwahlula umxube weeproteni kwaye ube nomfanekiso ngqondweni weCoomassie Blue staining. Qinisekisa ukuba ulandela imithetho efanelekileyo yokhuseleko kwaye unxibe iiglavu kunye neeglasi zokukhusela kuyo yonke inkqubo.

• Lungiselela i-agarose gel ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi kwaye uyithululele kwi-electrophoresis apparatus.
• Lungiselela iisampuli zeprotheni ofuna ukuzohlula kwaye uzibeke kumaqula ahlukeneyo ejeli.
• Xhuma iintambo ezivela kumthombo wangoku wombane kwi-electrophoresis apparatus, uqinisekise ukuba i-electrodes ikwindawo echanekileyo.
• Lungisa iiparamitha zangoku kunye nexesha ngokweengcebiso ezithile zovavanyo lwakho.
• Emva kokuba i-electrophoretic run igqityiwe, susa ijeli kwisixhobo kwaye uyibeke kwisisombululo se-Coomassie Blue.
• Vumela i-gel i-stain ngexesha elicetyiswayo, uze uyihlambulule ngesisombululo se-staining kwaye ugcine iziphumo.

Khumbula ukuba i-electrophoresis yenye yeendlela ezininzi ezikhoyo zokwahlula imixube. Indlela nganye ineengenelo kunye nemida yayo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukukhetha eyona ifanelekileyo kuvavanyo lwakho. Ngokuziqhelanisa kunye namava, uya kukwazi ukwenza kakuhle obu buchule kwaye uyisebenzise ngempumelelo kuphando lwakho.

10. Ukuzivocavoca kwe-Sieving ekuhlukaniseni imixube

I-Sieving yindlela esetyenziselwa ukwahlula imixube esekelwe kumahluko kubukhulu bamasuntswana. Le nkqubo ilungele ukwahlula izinto eziqinileyo ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo zibe ngumxube olinganayo. Apha ngezantsi, ezinye iziqhelo ezisebenzayo zokusefa ziya kunikezelwa ukuze kuqondwe ngcono ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

1. Umsebenzi wokuhluza ngesanti namatye:
– Qokelela isampulu equlathe isanti namatye amancinci
– Kwisitya esikhulu, galela isampuli elungisiweyo
– Beka isisefo esicolekileyo ngomnye umntu isitya esicocekileyo
– Galela isampuli kwi-sieve kwaye uvuthulule ngobunono
-Amasuntswana amancinci, anjengesanti, aya kudlula emingxunyeni yesihlungu, ngelixa amatye amakhulu aya kuhlala ngaphezulu.
– Qokelela isanti ehluziweyo kwisikhongozeli esicocekileyo ukuze ufumane ukwahlula oyifunayo.

2. Umthambo wokuhluza ngomgubo kunye nembewu:
– Lungisa umxube womgubo kunye nembewu kwisikhongozeli
– Beka isisefu esiphakathi kwesinye isitya esicocekileyo
– Galela umxube kwisefu kwaye uvuthulule ngobunono
– Imbewu enkulu ayiyi kudlula kwisihlunu kwaye iya kubanjiswa phezulu
– Umgubo, onamaqhekeza acokisekileyo, uya kudlula emingxunyeni ye-sieve kwaye uya kuqokelelwa kwisitya esicocekileyo, ngaloo ndlela ufumane ukuhlukana okufunwayo.

3. Umthambo wokuhluza ngomxube we ityuwa kunye nesanti:
– Lungiselela isampuli enetyuwa nesanti kwisikhongozeli
– Sebenzisa isisefo esicolekileyo esinomnatha kunye nesinye isikhongozeli esicocekileyo
– Galela isampuli phezu kwesefa kwaye uvuthulule ngobunono
-Ityuwa, eneengqungquthela ezintle, iya kudlula kwimingxuma ye-sieve kwaye iya kuqokelelwa kwisitya esicocekileyo.
-Intlabathi, eneengqungquthela ezinkulu, iya kuhlala iphezulu kwi-sieve
- Ngale ndlela ukuhlukana kwamacandelo omxube wetyuwa kunye nesanti kuya kufumaneka.

11. Umthambo osebenzayo wemagneti ukwahlula imixube

Apha ngezantsi kukho uqheliselo olusebenzayo lokufunda indlela yokwahlula imixube usebenzisa indlela yemagnetization. Le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukwahlula imixube eqinileyo equlethe izinto ezinomagnetic kunye nezingezomagnetic. Landela la manyathelo ukwenza le mithambo:

1. Chonga umxube ofuna ukuwahlula. Qinisekisa ukuba uyazi ukuba zeziphi izinto ezikhoyo kwaye ukuba kukho naziphi na zazo zimagnetic. Oku kubalulekile ukufumanisa ukuba imagnetization yindlela efanelekileyo yokwahlula umxube.

2. Lungisa izinto eziyimfuneko: umazibuthe kunye nesitya sokuqulatha umxube. Umazibuthe kufuneka abe namandla aneleyo okutsala izinto ezinozibuthe ezikulo mxube.

• 3. Galela umxube kwisikhongozeli kwaye ubeke umazibuthe kufuphi nomphezulu womxube. Shenxisa umazibuthe kancinane ukutsalela izinto ezinozibuthe kuyo.
• 4. Ukuba umxube uqulethe amasuntswana amagnetic, anamathela kwimagnethi kwaye unokuwahlula ngokulula.
• 5. Ukwahlula izinto ezingenamagnetic kumxube, vele ugalele imixholo eseleyo yesikhongozeli kwesinye isikhongozeli esicocekileyo.

Landela la manyathelo ukuze ugqibezele ngokuchanekileyo umthambo osebenzayo wemagneti. Khumbula ukuba le ndlela isebenza kuphela ukwahlula imixube equlethe izinto ezinozibuthe. Ukuba umxube awuhambisani nale meko, kufuneka usebenzise enye indlela yokwahlula.

12. Ukwahlulwa kwemixube ngokuphuma komphunga: uqheliselo olubonisayo

Kweli candelo, siza kufunda indlela yokwahlula imixube kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokuphuphuma komphunga. Umphunga yindlela yokwahlula esetyenzisiweyo xa sifuna ukwahlula umxube apho elinye lamalungu lilulwelo kwaye amanye aziziqina okanye ulwelo olunamanqaku ahlukeneyo okubila. Apha ngezantsi, siza kubonisa uqheliselo olubonisa ukuqonda ngcono le nkqubo.

Ukwahlula imixube ngomphunga, la manyathelo alandelayo kufuneka alandelwe:

1. Chonga amacandelo omxube: kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iinxalenye ezixutywe kunye kwaye zeziphi zazo ezilulwelo.
2. Ukufudumeza umxube: Ubushushu kufuneka busetyenziswe kumxube ukuze kubangele ukuqhuma kwecandelo lolwelo. Isifudumezi okanye umthombo wobushushu ofanelekileyo unokusetyenziswa.
3. Qokelela inxalenye engumphunga: Emva kokuba icandelo lolwelo liye laba ngumphunga, lingaqokelelwa kwisitya esahlukileyo. Oku Ingenziwa ukubeka isikhongozeli esiguquliweyo phezu komxube kwaye, njengoko icandelo lolwelo liphuphuma ngumphunga, liya kuxinana kwisikhongozeli.
4. Ukwahlula amacandelo aseleyo: amacandelo aqinileyo okanye angamalwelo angazange abe ngumphunga ashiyeke kwisingxobo sokuqala. La macandelo anokwahlulwa kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela zokwahlula ezifana nokuhluzwa okanye ukucolwa.
Okulandelayo, siza kuveza imizekelo esebenzayo ukuze siqonde ngcono inkqubo yokwahlula imixube ngokuba ngumphunga:
Umzekelo 1: Sinomxube wetyuwa kunye namanzi esifuna ukwahlula kuwo ityuwa. Ukwenza oku, sitshisa umxube kuze kube yilapho amanzi ephuma, eshiya ityuwa kwisitya sokuqala.
– Umzekelo 2: Sinomxube wotywala namanzi esifuna ukwahlula kuwo utywala. Sifudumeza umxube kude kube yilapho i-alcohol iphuphuma kwaye iqokelele i-alcohol evaporated kwisitya esahlukileyo.
Khumbula ukuba umphunga yindlela yokwahlula esetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile. Kubalulekile ukulandela amanyathelo ngokuchanekileyo kwaye uthathele ingqalelo izilumkiso eziyimfuneko, ezifana nokusebenza kwindawo enomoya kunye nokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Ngolu qheliselo lwezekeliso, sinethemba lokuba uyayiqonda ngcono indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo yokwahlula imixube ngokuba ngumphunga.

13. Uqheliselo lokudada kunye nentlenga ekwahluleni imixube

Ekwahlulweni kwemixube, ubuchule obusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kukuflotation kunye ne-sedimentation. Le nkqubo isekelwe kumahluko kubuninzi bezinto ezikhoyo kumxube. Ngezantsi kukho uqheliselo olusebenzayo lokuqonda le ngcamango kwaye uyisebenzise kwiingxaki zokwenyani.

1. Umthambo wokudada:
– Inyathelo 1: Lungisa umxube we-oyile yamanzi kunye nemifuno kwisikhongozeli.
Inyathelo lesi-2: Yongeza into eyomeleleyo kwisikhongozeli, esifana nekliphu yephepha okanye ingqekembe yemali.
– Inyathelo lesi-3: Jonga okwenzekayo. Into eqinileyo kufuneka izike ezantsi kwesitya, kuba ubuninzi bayo bukhulu kunobo bamanzi kunye neoli.
– Inyathelo lesi-4: Vuthulula umxube ngamandla uze uwuyeke uphumle. Uya kuqaphela ukuba into eqinileyo idada phezu kwamanzi njengoko ibambelela kumasuntswana e-oyile angaphezulu.

2. Umsebenzi wokukhupha intlenga:
– Inyathelo loku-1: Thatha umxube wamanzi nesanti kwisikhongozelo esicacileyo.
– Inyathelo lesi-2: Gxumisa ngobunono umxube, uvumele isanti ukuba ijinga emanzini.
– Inyathelo lesi-3: Emva kwexesha, yeka umxube uphumle. Uya kuqaphela ukuba isanti iqala ukuzinza ezantsi kwesitya, ngelixa amanzi ecaca ngakumbi phezulu.
Inyathelo lesi-4: Ukusebenzisa i-pipette okanye i-dropper, susa ngononophelo amanzi acocekileyo phezulu kwesitya, ushiye isanti ehleli phantsi.

3. Umsebenzi wokwahlula umxube:
– Inyathelo 1: Lungiselela ukwahlula lo mxube ulandelayo: amanzi, i-oyile yemifuno kunye nesanti.
– Inyathelo lesi-2: Kuqala sebenzisa ubuchule bokudada obuchazwe ngasentla ukwahlula i-oyile yemifuno emanzini.
– Inyathelo lesi-3: Emva koko, sebenzisa ubuchule bokulahla intlenge ukwahlula isanti emanzini.
Inyathelo lesi-4: Galela amanzi ngononophelo kwesinye isikhongozeli, ushiye i-oyile yemifuno idada phezu komhlaba kunye nesanti izinze ezantsi. Ngale ndlela, uye wakwazi ukwahlula amacandelo amathathu omxube.

Le mizobo yokudada kunye nentlenga yeminye yemizekelo yendlela obu buchule bunokusetyenziswa ngayo ekwahluleni imixube. Kubalulekile ukuqonda iimpawu zezinto ezikhoyo kunye nendlela ezisebenzisana ngayo ukuze zifezekise ukwahlukana okusebenzayo. Khumbula ukuba ukuziqhelanisa nokuqaphela ngundoqo ekuqondeni ngcono ezi nkqubo.

14. Ukusonjululwa kwengxaki kwimisebenzi yokwahlulahlula umxube

Ukusombulula iingxaki enxulumene nokuhlukana kwemixube, kubalulekile ukulandela uluhlu lwamanyathelo avumela ukuba sifikelele kwisisombululo ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ichanekile. Apha ngezantsi kukho inyathelo ngenyathelo indlela enokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo:

1. Hlalutya ingxelo yengxaki ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo imeko kunye neenkcukacha ezinikezelweyo. Kubalulekile ukuchonga izinto ezibandakanyekayo, iipropati zayo iimpawu zomzimba ezifanelekileyo kunye nodidi lomxube okhoyo.
2. Chonga kwaye ukhethe ubuchule obufanelekileyo bokwahlula umxube. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo zezinto ezibandakanyekayo, oku kunokubandakanya iindlela ezifana nokuhluzwa, ukukhupha, ukukhupha, i-distillation, i-crystallization, i-decantation, phakathi kwabanye.
3. Yenza izibalo eziyimfuneko ukugqiba umthamo, ugxininiso okanye ubunzima bezinto zokuqala nezokugqibela. Oku kunokufuna ukusetyenziswa kweefomula kunye neeyunithi zokuguqulwa.

Kubalulekile ukugcina iingcebiso eziluncedo engqondweni ngexesha lenkqubo yokusombulula ingxaki. Ngokomzekelo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba wenze umzobo okanye umzobo ukuze ubone ngokucacileyo amanyathelo kunye nezigaba zokuhlukana. Ngaphaya koko, kubalulekile ukukhumbula iimpawu ezithile zezinto ezibandakanyekayo, njengendawo yokubilisa, ukuxinana okanye ukunyibilika, njengoko oku kuya kuba nefuthe kwimpumelelo yobuchule bokwahlula obukhethiweyo.

Ukuqonda kakuhle inkqubo, imizekelo ebonakalayo yeemeko eziqhelekileyo zokuhlukana komxube kunye nendlela yokufikelela kuyo inyathelo ngenyathelo. Le mizekelo iya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlula kwaye uzisebenzise kwiimeko ezifanayo.

Ukuqukumbela, imithambo yokwahlulahlula ingxubevange imele isixhobo esisisiseko kwisifundo sekhemistri kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yayo yethiyori ekusebenzeni. Ezi ntlobo zemithambo zivumela abafundi ukuba baqonde ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo iinkqubo eziyimfuneko zokwahlula iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemixube, nokuba i-homogeneous okanye i-heterogeneous.

Le mithambo iluncedo ngakumbi ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokuqwalasela, ukuqiqa okunengqiqo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule obuthile bokwahlula kunye neendlela. Ukongeza, bavumela abafundi ukuba baqhelane nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zaselabhoratri ezisetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo, kunye nokuqonda iziseko zesayensi ezibaxhasayo.

Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba imisebenzi yokwahlula umxube ayinayo kuphela ukufaneleka kwezemfundo, kodwa iyasebenza nakwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla nakumashishini ahlukeneyo. Ulwazi olufunyenwe ngale misebenzi luvumela abafundi ukuba baqonde kwaye usombulule iingxaki ezinxulumene nokwahlulwa kwezinto kumachiza, ukutya, kumashishini okusingqongileyo, phakathi kwabanye.

Isishwankathelo, uqheliselo lokwahlula ingxubevange sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekuqeqesheni abafundi bekhemistri, ukubabonelela ngesiseko sethiyori kunye neprakthikhali eyimfuneko ukuze baqonde kwaye basebenzise iinkqubo zokwahlula umxube kwindawo yabo yokufunda kunye neyobuchwephesha. Ukubaluleka kwayo kulele ekuphuhliseni izakhono ezisisiseko kunye nokukhuthaza ukuqonda okunzulu kwemigaqo yemichiza kunye neziseko ezixhasa ezi nkqubo.