Indlela yokwenza i-TNT

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Intshayelelo

Kwesi sikhokelo sobugcisa, siya kuphonononga inkqubo ye indlela yokwenza iTNT ngokukhuselekileyo I-TNT, isifinyezo se-trinitrotoluene, sisiqhushumbisi esinamandla kakhulu nesisebenzisekayo esisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Ukususela kulwakhiwo ukuya kwintsimi yomkhosi, ulwazi lwendlela yokwenza iTNT lubalulekile kwabo babandakanyekayo kula mashishini.Noko ke, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa nokuphathwa kweziqhushumbisi kufuneka kuqhutywe ziingcali.ukuqeqeshwa ngokufanelekileyo nokulandela umthetho ohambelana nawo. imimiselo.

1. Yintoni i-TNT kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwihlabathi lobuchwepheshe

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I-TNT, egama layo lipheleleyo "i-Trinitrotoluene", yikhompawundi yemichiza eqhumayo esetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi letekhnoloji ngenxa iipropati zayo eyodwa. Yimathiriyeli ezinzile kwaye inoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo kweli shishini.

Esinye sezona zicelo ziphambili ze-TNT kwihlabathi leteknoloji kukusetyenziswa kwayo njengepropellant kwiirokethi kunye neenjini zeenqwelo-moya Ngenxa yoxinano lwamandla aphezulu, i-TNT ibonelela ngendlela esebenzayo yokuvelisa amandla ayimfuneko. Ukongeza, isetyenziselwa ukwenza iziqhushumbisi zasemkhosini kunye nokwakhiwa kwezixhobo zepyrotechnic, ezifana nezixhobo zomlilo kunye neziqhushumbisi.

Ukwengeza kwi usetyenziso lwayo Njenge-propellant kunye ne-explosive, i-TNT ikwasetyenziswa kwishishini le-semiconductor. Isetyenziswa ekuveliseni iikristale zesilicon, ezingawona macandelo aphambili ekwenzeni iitshiphusi zekhompyuter kunye nezixhobo zombane. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-TNT inceda ekususeni ukungcola kwi-silicon, okukhokelela kucoceko, iikristale ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

2. Izinto ezifunekayo ukwenza i-TNT yasekhaya

Kweli candelo, siza kukubonisa imathiriyeli oza kuyidinga ukwenza i-TNT yakho yasekhaya ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo Khumbula ukuba ukuphatha iziqhushumbisi kuyingozi, ngoko ke kufuneka ulandele onke amanyathelo okhuseleko ayimfuneko kwaye uqinisekise ukuba unazo izinto ⁤zaneleyo⁤phambi⁤ ukuqala.

1. I-ammonium nitrate: ⁢Le khompawundi yemichiza ibalulekile ekwenzeni i-TNT. Sisichumisi esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, kodwa sinokuba yingozi xa singaphathwanga kakuhle. Qinisekisa ukuba ufumana i-ammonium nitrate ecocekileyo, ngaphandle kwazo naziphi na izongezo. Kukwabalulekile ukuyigcina kwindawo epholileyo neyomileyo ukuthintela ukusabela okungafunwayo.

2. Iasidi yesulfuric: I-asidi ye-Sulfuric isetyenziswe njenge-catalyst kwimveliso ye-TNT. Ngalo lonke ixesha nxiba izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, njengeeglavu, iiglavu, idyasi yaselabhorethri, xa usebenza ngeasidi yesulphuric. ⁢Yigcine kwisingxobo esikwaziyo ukuvuza kwaye uqiniseke ukuyigcina kude nemithombo yobushushu okanye iintlantsi.

3. I-Benzene: I-Benzene yihydrocarbon esetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi xa kusenziwa iTNT. Kubalulekile ukufumana ibenzene ecocekileyo kakhulu, njengoko ubumdaka bunokuchaphazela umgangatho kunye nokuzinza kwesiqhushumbisi.Xa uphethe ibenzene, soloko uqinisekisa ukuba ukwenza oko kwindawo enomoya owaneleyo kude namadangatye okanye iintlantsi, njengoko ivutha kakhulu.

Khumbula ukuba ukwenziwa nokuphathwa kweziqhushumbisi ngumsebenzi onobungozi ekufuneka wenziwe ngabantu abanolwazi lobugcisa kunye namava ekuphatheni imichiza. Ngalo lonke ixesha ulandela imigaqo kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko esekwe ngoogunyaziwe abafanelekileyo. Ungaze uzame ukwenza i-TNT yasekhaya ngaphandle kolwazi olufanelekileyo kunye namava, njengoko oku kunokubeka ubomi bakho kunye nobomi babanye emngciphekweni.

3.⁢ Inyathelo ngenyathelo: indlela yokwenza iTNT⁢ ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo

Inyathelo loku-1:⁢ Ukuqokelelwa kunye ⁢ nokulungiswa ⁤ kwezixhobo

Ukwenza ⁢TNT ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo, kubalulekile ukuqalisa ngokuqokelelwa okufanelekileyo kunye nolungiselelo lwemathiriyeli efunekayo. Izinto eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwe-TNT yi-trinitrotoluene, i-nitric acid, kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric. Qinisekisa ukuba unobonelelo olwaneleyo lwekhompawundi nganye kwezi phambi kokuba uqalise inkqubo. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezinje ngeeglavu, iiglasi zokhuseleko, kunye needyasi zelebhu ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwakho ngelixa uphatha⁤ezi khemikhali ziyingozi.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukuxuba kunye nokusabela kweekhemikhali

Inyathelo elilandelayo liquka umxube ochanekileyo kunye neekhemikhali zokusabela kweekhompawundi ukufumana i-TNT. Kwisitya seglasi esinganyangekiyo kubushushu, kufuneka udibanise i-trinitrotoluene kunye ne-nitric acid kunye ne-sulfuric acid. Qinisekisa ukuba ulandela umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kwaye uqhube oku kuxutywa kwindawo elawulwayo nengenamoya kakuhle.Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuphumeza eli nqanaba kunye ne-mechanical stirrer ukuqinisekisa umxube we-homogeneous kwaye uphephe nayiphi na ingozi enokwenzeka.

Inyathelo 3: TNT Ukucoca

Emva kokuba i-chemical reaction iphelile kwaye isisombululo se-TNT sifunyenwe, lixesha lokuyihlambulula ukuphelisa ukungcola kunye nokufumana imveliso ephezulu. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka ugalele isisombululo emanzini abandayo kwaye ushukumise de inqanaba le-aqueous libe nelifu, emva koko, kufuneka uhlambuluke kwaye ucoce ngononophelo isisombululo sokwahlula iikristale ze-TNT. umoya womile. Khumbula ukuphatha iikristale zokugqibela ngononophelo olugqithisileyo, njengoko ziqhuma kakhulu kwaye zinokubeka umngcipheko omkhulu ukuba aziphathwa ngokuchanekileyo.

4. Iingcebiso zokhuseleko xa uphethe i-TNT

Xa kuziwa ekuphathweni kwe-TNT, kubalulekile ukulandela okuthile iingcebiso zokhuseleko ukunqanda ⁢nasiphi na isiganeko esingafunekiyo⁤. Esi siqhushumbisi sinamandla siyingozi kakhulu kwaye kufuneka siphathwe kuphela ngabantu abaqeqeshiweyo nabagunyazisiweyo. Nanga amanye amanyathelo angundoqo okhuseleko:

1. Indawo yokugcina efanelekileyo: I-TNT kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo, kude nemithombo yobushushu, iintlantsi okanye amadangatye avulekileyo. ⁣Ukwengeza, kufuneka igcinwe kude kwezinye ⁢ezinokutsha⁢ okanye imathiriyeli enokutsha ukunqanda ukuba ⁢nomlilo⁢ okanye iintshukumo ezingalawulekiyo.

2. ⁤ Ukuphatha iiglavu⁢ kunye⁤ neeglasi zokukhusela: Ngaphambi kokuphatha i-TNT, kubalulekile ukunxiba iiglavu zokhuseleko kunye neeglasi ezikhuselayo ukuthintela naluphi na unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo nolusu okanye amehlo.Oku kuya kunceda ukuthintela ukwenzakala okumandundu xa kuthe kwakho ingozi okanye ukuvuza.

3. Ukukhuselwa kwiimpembelelo: ​Ngenxa yokuba i-TNT inobuntununtunu kakhulu kwiimpembelelo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukubamba kwayo kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo nezizinzileyo. Nayiphi na impembelelo enamandla okanye ukunkqonkqoza kunokubangela uqhushululu olungafunekiyo. Ngoko qiniseka ukuba uyayithutha kwaye uyiphathe ngononophelo olukhulu, ukuphepha nasiphi na isenzo sequbuliso esinokubeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lwakho nolo lwabo bakungqongileyo.

Khumbula, ukhuseleko luhlala lusiza kuqala xa kuziwa ekusebenzeni ngezinto eziyingozi njenge-TNT. Soloko ufuna uqeqesho olufanelekileyo kwaye ulandele zonke iingcebiso kunye nemimiselo ebonelelwa ziingcali zeziqhushumbisi. Gcina indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo kwaye uphephe naziphi na iingozi ezingeyomfuneko ezinokubeka ubomi nempahla engozini.

5. ⁢Indlela yokugcina kunye nokuthutha i-TNT ngokuchanekileyo

Indawo yokugcina izinto
Ugcino oluchanekileyo lwe-⁢TNT lubalulekile⁢ ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ekuphatheni kwayo. Nazi ezinye izikhokelo ezingundoqo onokuzilandela:

1. Indawo efanelekileyo: Kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo ekhethiweyo, ekhuselekileyo, kude nemithombo yokushisa, amadangatye avulekileyo, kunye nezinto ezinokutsha. Ukongeza, kufuneka ikhuselwe kwimozulu kunye nokufuma ukuphepha nakuphi na ukuthotywa kwesiqhushumbisi.

2. Ukuphakamisa okufanelekileyo: Xa uphatha i-TNT, imigaqo yokhuseleko esekwe ngabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo kufuneka ilandelwe ngokungqongqo. Ngalo lonke ixesha sebenzisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela, ezinjengeeglavu kunye neendondo zokhuseleko, kwaye uphephe nakuphi na ukudibana ngqo nolusu okanye amehlo. I-TNT kufuneka iphakanyiswe ngononophelo kusetyenziswa ubuchule obufanelekileyo ukunqanda umonakalo onokwenzeka okanye iingozi.

3. Ukuleyibhile kunye nemiqondiso: Isikhongozeli ngasinye se-TNT masibhalwe ngokucacileyo kunye neziqulatho zayo kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko ayimfuneko. Ukongezelela, iimpawu ezibonakalayo ezilumkisayo zifanele zixhonywe kwindawo yokugcina ukuze zilumkise abanye ngobukho bezinto eziqhushumbayo.

Uthutho
Ukuthuthwa okukhuselekileyo kwe-TNT kubalulekile ukukhusela iingozi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwesiqhushumbisi. Nazi izikhokelo ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzilandele:

1. Ukupakisha okufanelekileyo: I-TNT mayipakishwe kwizikhongozeli ezomeleleyo ezifanele ukuthuthwa. Ezi kufuneka zihambelane nemigaqo emiselweyo kunye nemigangatho, inika ukhuseleko oluyimfuneko ukunciphisa nayiphi na ingozi.

2. Ukhuseleko lwendlela: Ngexesha lokuthuthwa kwendlela, imimiselo yokuthutha izinto ezinobungozi kufuneka ihlale ilandelwa. Oku kubandakanya ukuqinisekisa ukuba isithuthi sikwimeko entle, ukuqinisekisa amaxwebhu afunekayo, kunye nokuthobela isantya esimiselweyo kunye nezithintelo zendlela.

3. Ukubeka iliso kunye nokubeka iliso: Kubalulekile ukuba⁢nenkqubo yokubeka esweni⁢ kunye​nolongamelo⁢ kwinkqubo yonke yothutho. Oku kuvumela indawo kunye nokhuseleko lwe-TNT ukuba ibekwe esweni ⁤ ngawo onke amaxesha, inikezela ngempendulo ekhawulezayo⁢ kwimeko yaso nasiphi na isiganeko okanye unxunguphalo.

Ngalo lonke ixesha khumbula ukulandela imimiselo yendawo kunye nemimiselo yogcino oluchanekileyo⁤ kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-TNT. Ukhuseleko lubalulekile xa uphethe ezi zinto ziqhumayo, ukukhusela abantu ababandakanyekayo kunye nokuthintela nayiphi na ingozi.

6. Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kweTNT kumashishini ahlukeneyo

I-TNT, okanye i-trinitrotoluene, yikhompawundi esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo ngenxa yezinto zayo eziqhumayo nezizinzileyo. Nangona eyona njongo⁤ isetyenziswa kukwenziwa kweziqhushumbisi, kukho ezinye⁤ usetyenziso olusebenzayo lwe-TNT olunokuthi luxhamle amacandelo ahlukeneyo oshishino.

1. ⁤Ishishini lezemigodi⁢: I-TNT isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lemigodi ukuqhushumba kwamatye kunye nokutsalwa kweeminerali. Amandla alo aphezulu aqhumayo kunye nomthamo wokuqhekeka kwenza kube lukhetho oluqhelekileyo lokudilizwa okulawulwayo kunye nokwembiwa kwezinto ezininzi.Ukongezelela, ukuzinza kwayo kwexesha elide kunye nokuchasana kwamanzi Bayenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba.

2. Ishishini lomkhosi: I-TNT ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino lomkhosi. Isetyenziswa ekwenzeni iziqhushumbisi zasemkhosini, ezifana neentlawulo ezimile okwembumbulu kunye neziqhushumbisi zeplastiki. Amandla aphezulu e-TNT aqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zinempembelelo eyonakalisayo esebenzayo ekujoliswe kuyo. Ukongezelela, ukuzinza kwayo kweekhemikhali kunye nokukwazi ukumelana neemeko ezinzima kwenza kube yinto ethembekileyo kwimikhosi exhobileyo.

3. Ishishini lokwakha: Olunye usetyenziso olusebenzayo lwe-TNT kushishino lokwakha. Isetyenziselwa ukudilizwa kwezakhiwo, ezifana nezakhiwo kunye neebhulorho. I-TNT⁢ ivumela ukudilizwa okulawulwayo kunye nokukhuselekileyo, ukunciphisa umonakalo wokubambisana kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukongeza, ukulula kwayo ukuphatha kunye nokuthuthwa kuyenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezinkulu.

7. Ukukhathalelwa kunye nokugcinwa kwe-TNT ukuze isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo

1. Indawo yokugcina efanelekileyo: I-TNT, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-trinitrotoluene, kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo, nengena umoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe imeko yayo eyiyeyona. Kuphephe ukuba sesichengeni ixesha elide ekukhanyeni ilanga elithe ngqo, umswakama kunye namaqondo okushisa aphezulu, njengoko oku kunokuchaphazela kakubi iimpawu zayo eziqhumayo. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukugcina i-TNT ikude kwezinye iikhemikhali ezingahambelaniyo, ezifana namafutha okanye izinto ezineasidi, ukuthintela ukusabela okuyingozi.

2. Ukuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo: Phambi ⁢Ukuphatha⁢TNT, qiniseka ukuba unxiba izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko, ezinjengeeglavu kunye neeglasi zokhuselo. Ungaze uvumele i-TNT idibane ngqo nolusu lwakho, njengoko inokubangela ukucaphuka okanye ukutshisa okukhulu. Kubalulekile ukunqanda ukuphathwa kakubi okanye iimpembelelo kwizikhongozeli ze-TNT, njengoko oku kunokubangela ukuba ziqhushumbe. Ngalo lonke ixesha landela imiyalelo ngokungqongqo kwaye ungaze ugqithise izixa ezicetyiswayo ukunqanda iingozi ezimandundu.

3. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo: Ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-TNT, kucetyiswa ukuba uqhube ukuhlolwa rhoqo kwezikhongozeli. Jonga ngokubonakalayo iimpawu zomonakalo, ezifana nokungunda, ukubola, okanye ukuvuza, kwaye uzixele ngoko nangoko.Kwabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iileyibhile kunye nemihla yokuphelelwa kwexesha zicacile kwaye ziyafundeka. Ukuba ufumana naziphi na iingxaki, kubalulekile ukulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokulahlwa kwe-TNT eyonakele. Khumbula ukuba ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-TNT kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nempumelelo yalo naluphi na umsebenzi obandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Khumbula ukuba i-TNT sisiqhushumbisi esiyingozi kakhulu kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kakubi kunokuba nemiphumo eyintlekele. Soloko udibana neengcali eziqeqeshiweyo phambi kokuba usebenze ne-TNT kwaye ulandele ngokungqongqo imiyalelo enikiweyo. Ngokulandela ezi ngcebiso zokunonophela kunye nokugcinwa, unokuqinisekisa ukuba i-TNT yakho ikwimeko efanelekileyo kwaye isetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo.

Qaphela: Nceda uqwalasele ukuba ukuyilwa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-TNT kunokuba yingozi kwaye⁢ akukho mthethweni. Lo msebenzi wenzelwe kuphela ukuvelisa isicatshulwa esingeyonyani. Sukuzama ukwenza ⁢okanye usebenzise iziqhushumbisi ngaphandle kwemfundo efanelekileyo kunye ⁢ nogunyaziso olusemthethweni.

Phawula: Nceda ucinge ukuba ukwenziwa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-TNT kunokuba yingozi kwaye akukho mthethweni. Lo msebenzi wenzelwe kuphela ukuvelisa isicatshulwa esingeyonyani. ‍ Musa ukuzama ukwenza okanye ukusebenzisa iziqhushumbisi ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo kunye nesigunyaziso esisemthethweni.

Kule posi, ⁤ siza kukunika ingcaciso ubuchule Indlela yenza i-TNT, kodwa khumbula ukuba akumele yizame. TNT, ekwaziwa ngokuba yitrinitrotoluene, sisiqhushumbisi esisetyenziswa kushishino nakwizicelo zasemkhosini, ifuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo⁢ kunye neemvume zomthetho yokuphatha kunye nokusetyenziswa.

Ngezantsi, izithako zethiyori kunye namanyathelo aya kuchazwa. inxaxheba ekudalweni kweTNT, kodwa siyaphinda ukuba mayingaqhutywa ngaphandle⁤ i⁤ iziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo kunye⁢ nezigunyaziso. Kuba Yazi iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nemveliso yayo kunye ⁢ ekhuselekileyo nesiceloSincoma ukubonisana nemithombo ekhethekileyo kunye nabasemagunyeni abanobuchule kulo mba.