I-Interphase kunye ne-Mitosis ye-Cell Cycle

I-Interphase kunye ne-mitosis zizigaba ezibini ezibalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli, ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwahluleni nasekuveliseni iiseli. La ⁢amanqanaba antsonkothile€ kwaye⁢alawulwa kakhulu, kwaye ukuqonda kwawo kubalulekile ukuqonda ⁢ukusebenza kunye ⁢nokuziphatha ⁢kweseli. Kule nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa ngokweenkcukacha iinkqubo ze-interphase kunye ne-mitosis, iimpawu zabo eziphambili, kunye neziganeko ezenzeka kuyo nganye yazo ngokusebenzisa indlela yobugcisa kunye nethoni engathathi hlangothi, siya kujongana neengcamango ezisisiseko ⁤ezi zigaba yomjikelo weseli, ukubonelela ngenkcazo ecacileyo kunye nefutshane ye-interface kunye ne-mitosis.

Intshayelelo kumjikelo weseli kunye nezigaba zayo

El umjikelo weseli Yinkqubo apho iseli iphinda-phinda kwaye yahlulwe ibe ziiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo. Lo mjikelo unezigaba ezahlukeneyo, ngalinye linomsebenzi walo. Izigaba eziphambili zomjikelo weseli zichazwe ngezantsi:

• Isigaba G1 (Isithuba soku-1): Kweli nqanaba, iseli yonyusa ubungakanani bayo kwaye idibanise iiprotheyini kunye ne-RNA eyimfuneko ekukhuleni nasekuphindaphindeni kweDNA.
• Inqanaba le-S (Ulwakhiwo): Ngesi sigaba, i-DNA iphindaphindwa ngokuchanekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba zombini iiseli zeentombi zinolwazi olufanayo lwemfuzo njengeseli yomama.
• Inqanaba G2 (Isithuba sesi-2): Kwesi sigaba, iseli iyaqhubeka nokukhula ize ilungiselele ukwahlukana kweeseli. Iiprotheyini kunye ne-organelles eziyimfuneko zokwahlulwa kwe-DNA zenziwe.

Emva kokuba isigaba se-G2 sigqityiwe, iseli ingena kwisigaba sokwahlukana kweeseli (i-mitosis okanye i-meiosis), apho ulwahlulo lwe-DNA kunye nokubunjwa kweeseli ezimbini zeentombi zenzeka. Ezi seli zentombi, nazo, ziya kukwazi ukuphinda zingene kumjikelo weseli kwaye ziphinde inkqubo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda umjikelo weseli kunye nezigaba zayo ukuqonda ukuba iiseli ziphindaphinda njani kwaye i-homeostasis igcinwa njani kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ngaphaya koko, ulawulo olungqongqo lomjikelo weseli lubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukwakheka kweeseli zomhlaza, kuba iimpazamo ekuphindaphindeni iiseli okanye ukwahlulahlula kungakhokelela ekuguqulweni kofuzo kunye nokwanda okungalawulekiyo kweeseli ezinobungozi.

Inkcazo yojongano oluneenkcukacha

Ujongano lwethu lwemveliso lwenziwe ngokusebenziseka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle engqondweni. Ngezantsi, sikunika inkcazo ecacileyo yeempawu zayo kunye nokusebenza kwayo:

-I-Intuitive design: Ujongano lwethu lunoyilo olucocekileyo nolulula ukulisebenzisa izinto zokukhangela zichongiwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zicwangciswe ukuze abasebenzisi bakwazi ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi abayidingayo. Ukongeza, siphumeze iskimu sombala esibonelela ngamava abonakalayo akholisayo kwaye angaguquguquki kuzo zonke izikrini.

-Iimenyu ezihlayo: Sibandakanyile iimenyu eziya phantsi ukuze kwandiswe indawo yesikrini kwaye sinikeze abasebenzisi ukukhangela okusebenzayo ngakumbi. Ke, abasebenzisi baya kuba nakho ukufumana ngokukhawuleza umsebenzi ofunekayo ngaphandle kokwenza uphendlo oluninzi.

-Ukubonwa okunamandla kwedatha: Ujongano lwethu lunamandla okubonisa idatha ngexesha langempela ngamandla. Abasebenzisi baya kukwazi ukubona iigrafu ezihlaziyiweyo kunye neetafile ngoko nangoko, okubavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezizizo ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba idatha ihlaziywe ngesandla Ukongeza, siphumeze iinketho zokuhluza kunye nokuhlelwa ukwenza uhlalutyo lolwazi lube lula .

Isishwankathelo, ujongano lwethu lwenziwe ngokusebenziseka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle engqondweni. Ngoyilo olucacileyo, iimenyu zokuhla, kunye nokubonwa kwedatha eguquguqukayo, siqinisekisa amava omsebenzisi agudileyo kwaye kulula ukuwasebenzisa.-

Amanyathelo kunye nemimiselo yesigaba G1

Isigaba G1 sisigaba sokuqala senkqubo elawulwayo ekufuneka ilandelwe ukwenza izenzo ezithile. Ngezantsi ngamanyathelo kunye nemimiselo ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa kusenziwa esi sigaba:

Ukuchongwa ekujoliswe kuko: ⁢Phambi kokungena kwisigaba se-G1, kuyafuneka ukuba uchaze ngokucacileyo injongo ofuna ukuyiphumeza. Oku kubandakanya ukuchonga injongo kunye neziphumo ezilindelekileyo ukuze uqhubele phambili. ngempumelelo kwinkqubo.

Ukulungiswa kwesicwangciso somsebenzi: Nje ukuba injongo ichongiwe, isicwangciso sokusebenza esineenkcukacha kufuneka siphuhliswe. Esi sicwangciso kufuneka simisele imisebenzi ethile ekufuneka yenziwe, izixhobo eziyimfuneko, kunye noqikelelo lwemihla ebekiweyo yomsebenzi ngamnye.

Uphononongo loMgaqo: Ngexesha le-G1, kubalulekile ukuphonononga imigaqo kunye nemigangatho efanelekileyo kwisenzo onqwenela ukusenza.

Iimpawu eziphambili zeSigaba se-S

Isigaba se-S, ngaphakathi komjikelo weseli, sisigaba esibalulekileyo apho ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA kwenzeka. Ngethuba lesi sigaba, uchungechunge lwamanyathelo lwenziwa. imisebenzi ephambili eziqinisekisa ukuphinda-phindwa okuchanekileyo kolwazi lwemfuzo. Imisebenzi ephambili eyenziwa kwesi sigaba ichazwe ngezantsi:

• DNA synthesis⁢: Ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA yenye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo ezenzeka ngexesha lesigaba sika-S, ii-enzymes ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-DNA polymerases zinoxanduva lokukopa umcu we-DNA wokuqala, ukuvelisa iikopi ezimbini ezifanayo. Le nkqubo Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ⁢iseli nganye yentombi inolwazi olufanayo lwemfuzo njengeseli yomzali.
• Ukulungiswa kweDNA: Ngexesha lokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, iimpazamo okanye umonakalo kwisakhiwo singenzeka. yetsheyini. Ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kolwazi lwezofuzo, isigaba se-S sineendlela zokulungisa i-DNA Ezi ndlela zibandakanya isenzo se-enzymes ezikhethekileyo ezifumanisa kwaye zilungise iimpazamo kwi-nucleotide ngokulandelanayo, ukuthintela ukusasazwa kweenguqu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-genome.
• Ulawulo lomjikelo weseli: Isigaba S sikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni umjikelo weeseli. Ngeli nqanaba, ukubekwa esweni okufanelekileyo kunye nomqondiso kwenzeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba inkqubo yokuphindaphinda i-DNA yenzeka ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo nengaphazanyiswa. Iindlela zokulawula umjikelezo weseli, ezifana neeprotheni ze-cyclin kunye ne-cyclin-dependent kinases, ziqinisekisa ukuba isigaba se-S sisebenza ngexesha elifanelekileyo naphantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo.

Isishwankathelo, isigaba se-S somjikelo weseli sisigaba esisisiseko kubomi beseli. Ngeli nqanaba, imisebenzi ephambili efana ne-DNA synthesis kunye nokulungiswa, kunye nokulawulwa komjikelo weseli, yenziwa. ⁢Le ⁢misebenzi⁤ ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphinda-phinda okuchanekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kolwazi lwemfuza, igalelo kugcino lwemfezeko yezinto eziphilayo.

Ukubaluleka⁤ kunye neenkqubo zesigaba G2

Iinkqubo⁤ zesigaba G2

Inqanaba le-G2 linqanaba elibalulekileyo kumjikelo wokwahlulwa kweeseli owaziwa ngokuba yi-mitosis. Ngeli nqanaba, i-DNA ephindwe kabini iphinda ihlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka kunye nokuchaneka kwayo ngaphambi kokuba idlulele kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Ngale ndlela, isigaba ⁢G2 sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo kunye nolungelelwaniso lweenkqubo zeselula, iqinisekisa ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lwemathiriyeli yemfuzo kwiiseli zentombi.

Enye yeenkqubo ezibalaseleyo kwisigaba se-G2 kukuqinisekiswa komonakalo we-DNA. Kule nkqubo, iiseli zenza uthotho lweendlela zokulungisa ukulungisa nawuphi na umonakalo okanye uguquko olukhoyo. Ngezi ndlela, sifuna ukukhusela imfezeko yolwazi lwemfuzo kunye nokuthintela ukwanda kweempazamo. Ukongezelela, ngexesha lesigaba se-G2, ukufunyaniswa kokuphazamiseka kwi-DNA yokuphindaphinda kwakhona, ukuvumela iimpazamo ezinokuthi zilungiswe ngaphambi kokungena kwisigaba esilandelayo sokuhlukana kweeseli.

Omnye umba ofanelekileyo wesigaba se-G2 kukudityaniswa kunye ⁢nokuqokelelwa kwezinto eziyimfuneko⁤ ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo zemitotic⁤. Ngeli nqanaba, iseli ilungiselela ukwenza ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lweechromosome kunye nokwahlulwa kwecytoplasm. Kukho udibaniso olusebenzayo lweeprotheyini kunye nezakhi eziyimfuneko ekwenziweni kwe-mitotic spindle kunye nezinye izinto ezibandakanyekayo kulwahlulo lweeseli Ukongeza, ukukhula kweeseli kunye nokuphinda-phindwa kwezinye ii-organoids zeselula nazo zenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwayo okuchanekileyo kwi-cell. iiseli intombi.

I-Mitosis: inkcazo kunye nezigaba eziphambili⁤

I-Mitosis yinkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli eyenzeka kwizinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, apho iiseli zomama zihlula zibe ziiseli zentombi ezimbini ezifanayo ngokwemfuza. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, i-nucleus yeseli yahlula-hlulwe kwii-nuclei zeentombi ezimbini, kwaye ekugqibeleni, iseli yahlulahlulwe kwiiseli ezimbini zeentombi. I-Mitosis ibalulekile ekukhuleni, ekulungiseni nasekutshintshweni kweeseli ezonakeleyo emzimbeni.

Amanqanaba aphambili e-mitosis ngala:

• Iprophase: Ebudeni beli nqanaba, iichromosome ziyajiya zize zibonakale phantsi kwemikroskopu. Isixhobo senyukliya, esibizwa ngokuba yi-nucleolus, siyanyamalala⁢ kwaye inwebu yenyukliya iyaqhekeka.
• I-Metaphase: Ngesi sigaba, iichromosomes zilungelelaniswa kumbindi weseli, zenze ipleyiti yemetaphase. Imicu ye-mitotic spindle incamathela kwii-kinetochores zeechromosomes.
• I-Anaphase: Ngesi sigaba, iichromatids ezingoodade ziyahlukana kwaye zisiya kwiipali ezichasene neseli. Iifiber zeMitotic spindle ziyacutheka kwaye zinceda ukutsalela iichromosomes ukuya kwimimandla yepolar.

Ngamafutshane, i-mitosis yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu⁤ yolwahlulo lweeseli⁢iquka izigaba ezininzi ezichazwe kakuhle. Inqanaba ngalinye libalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukwahlulwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokusasazwa kwemathiriyeli yemfuza phakathi kweeseli zentombi. Ukuqonda i-mitosis kubalulekile kufundo lwebhayoloji yeeseli kunye nophuhliso lwezonyango zonyango ezibandakanya ukulawulwa kokwahlulwa kweeseli.

Iinkqubo ngexesha le-prophase ye-mitosis

Ukujiya kweChromatin: Ngethuba le-prophase ye-mitosis, i-chromatin ijika ibe yi-chromosomes ebonakalayo phantsi kwe-microscope. Ezi chromosome zenziwe ziichromatids ezimbini ezidityaniswe kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yicentromere. I-Chromatin condensation ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imathiriyeli yemfuza isasazwa ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli.

Ukunyamalala kwemvulophu yenyukliya: Kweli nqanaba, imvulophu yenyukliya ejikeleze i-nucleus yeseli iyanyamalala. Oku kuvumela i-chromosomes ukuba ihambe ngokukhululekileyo kwi-cytoplasm yeseli Ukunyamalala kwemvulophu yenyukliya linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni iseli kwisigaba esilandelayo se-mitosis, i-prometaphase.

Ukwenziwa kwe-mitotic spindle: Ngexesha le-prophase, i-mitotic spindle yenziwa kwii-microtubules. I-mitotic spindle sisakhiwo esimilise okwe-spindle esakhiwe ngama-microtubules asuka kwiipali ezimbini ezichaseneyo zeseli. Ezi microtubules⁢ zibalulekile ekwahluleni iichromatids ezingoodade ngexesha lesigaba esilandelayo se⁢ mitosis, metaphase.

Uhlalutyo lwe-metaphase kunye nefuthe layo kulwahlulo lweeseli

I-Metaphase lelinye lamanqanaba aphambili kwinkqubo yokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mitosis. Ngeli xesha ⁤sigaba, iikhromozomi eziphindiweyo zidwelisana ⁢ embindini weseli phambi kokwahlula ⁢kwaye zisasaze ngokulinganayo kwiiseli zentombi. Ngokufunda eli nqanaba ngokweenkcukacha, siye sakwazi ukuqonda ngcono indima esisiseko edlalwa yi-metaphase kulwahlulo lweeseli kunye nendlela ukuphunyezwa kwayo okuchanekileyo okuyichaphazela ngayo impilo kunye nokusebenza kwezinto ezintsonkothileyo.

Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kakhulu kwi-metaphase kukubunjwa kwe-achromatic spindle, inkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-protein filaments ephuma kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Le spindle inoxanduva lokucwangcisa, ukuhambisa⁤ kunye nokwahlula iichromosomes ngexesha le-metaphase. Ngaphandle kwe-achromatic spindle esebenzayo, ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo kunye nokuhanjiswa kweechromosomes akunakwenzeka, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga zofuzo kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kweselula.

Ukongeza kwi-achromatic spindle, imetaphase ikwabandakanya⁢ close⁢ ukulawulwa koomatshini bemolekyuli⁢ abalawula ukwahlulwa kweeseli. Ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo phakathi kweeprotheyini kunye nee-enzymes luyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ikhromozomu nganye ilungelelaniswa ngokufanelekileyo kumbindi weseli ngaphambi kokwahlulwa. Naluphi na utshintsho kulo mmiselo lunokuba nemiphumo emibi, njengokubunjwa kweeseli zeentombi ezinenani elingalunganga le-chromosomes, elinokukhokelela kwizifo ezifana nomhlaza.

Iinkcukacha ze-anaphase kunye nendima yayo kulwahlulo lwechromosome

I-Anaphase linqanaba elibalulekileyo lolwahlulo lweeseli⁢ apho iikhromozomi eziphindaphindwayo zahlulwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli Ngexesha lenkqubo elawulwa kakhulu, iikhromozomu ezingoodade ziyahlukana kwaye zahlukana. Ngaphandle kokwahlulo olufanelekileyo lwechromosome ngexesha le-anaphase, iimpazamo zinokubangela ukungaqhelekanga kofuzo kunye nezifo ezinjengomhlaza.

Indima ephambili ye-anaphase kukuqinisekisa ukwabiwa okulinganayo kweechromosomes eziphindaphindwayo kwiiseli zeentombi ngexesha lokwahlulahlulwa kweeseli. Le nkqubo iqhutywa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa:

• Ukusebenza kokubambisana kwe-chromosome: iiprotheni ze-cohesin complex zichithwa kwi-anaphase yokuqala, evumela ukuhlukana kwee-chromosomes zoodade.
• Ukunciphisa i-microtubules ye-spindle: i-microtubules iyancipha ukuya kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli, idonsa i-chromosomes kunye nabo kwaye iququzelele ukuhlukana kwabo.
• I-Contractile ring contraction: Kwiiseli zezilwanyana, i-ring of contractile proteins, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-contractile ring, ifom kwi-equatorial plane yeseli kunye nezivumelwano ngexesha le-anaphase, ekugqibeleni ihlukanise iseli zibe zimbini.

Isishwankathelo, i-anaphase linqanaba eliphambili lokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli apho iichromosome eziphindaphindwayo zahlulahlulwe ngokuchanekileyo kwizibonda ezichaseneyo zeseli. Ngothotho lweendlela ezilawulwayo, iichromosomes ezingoodade ziyahlukana kwaye zijoliswe kwiiseli zeentombi kulwabiwo olulinganayo. Ukuqonda kubalulekile ekuqondeni inkqubo yokwahlulwa kweeseli kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwimpilo nakuphuhliso lwabantu.

Inkcazo ye-telophase kunye nokwakheka kweeseli ezimbini zeentombi

I-Telophase sisigaba sokugqibela se-mitosis kunye ne-meiosis, apho ukwahlukana kwenyukliya kwenzeka kwaye iiseli ezimbini zeentombi zenziwe. Ngeli nqanaba, iichromosomes ziyakhululeka kwaye iiseti ezimbini ezifanayo zenza kwiseli nganye yentombi. Inkqubo ye-telophase kunye nokwakheka kweeseli zeentombi ezimbini zichazwe ngezantsi:

1. Ukuncipha kwemathiriyeli yemfuzo: Ngexesha le-telophase, i-chromosomes iyancipha kwaye ibuyele kwifom ye-chromatin ehlakazekileyo. Oku kuvumela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukuba iqalise kwakhona kwiiseli zentombi kwaye zilungiselele inqanaba elilandelayo lomjikelo weseli. I-decondensation yemathiriyeli yemfuza ibalulekile ukuze iiseli zeentombi zikwazi ukwenza i-metabolism yazo kunye nomsebenzi weselula.

2. Ukwenziwa kwenwebu yenyukliya: Njengoko iichromosomes ziphumla, inwebu entsha yenyukliya ijikeleze iseti nganye yeechromosomes. ⁢Le inwebu sisithintelo sokhuselo esahlula imathiriyeli yemfuza kwicytoplasm yeseli. Njengoko i-membrane yenyukliya isenza, iipores zenyukliya zibuyiselwa, zivumela ukutshintshiselana kweeathomu phakathi kwenucleus kunye necytoplasm.

3. Cytokinesis: I-Cytokinesis yinkqubo apho i-cytoplasm yeseli iyahlula, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa iiseli ezimbini zeentombi. Ngexesha le-telophase, i-furrow yokwahlula yenziwa kwi-cytoplasm, ebizwa ngokuba yipleyiti yeseli okanye i-contraction waist. Ukucutheka⁤ kweringi ye-actin kunye ne-myosin kule ngingqi ivelisa⁢ ukwahlukana ngokwasemzimbeni kweeseli ezimbini zentombi. Ekugqibeleni, ulwahlulo lweeseli lugqityiwe kwaye iiseli ezimbini ezifanayo ngokwemfuza kunye nezisebenzayo ezizimeleyo zifunyenwe.

Ngamafutshane, ngexesha le-telophase kunye nokwakheka kweeseli ezimbini zeentombi, ii-chromosomes zikhupha, iifom ze-membrane zenyukliya zijikeleze isethi nganye ye-chromosomes, kunye ne-cytokinesis yenzeka ukuvelisa iiseli zentombi iseli iqulethe ikopi epheleleyo kunye efanayo yemathiriyeli yemfuza yokuqala.

Imimiselo kunye neendlela zokulawula umjikelezo weeseli

Zibalulekile ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso oluchanekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezi ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwe-DNA, ukuphindaphinda okuchanekileyo kweeseli kunye nokuthintela iimpazamo ezinokwenzeka zofuzo.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula ezisebenza kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo weseli. Ezinye zazo zezi:

• Iindawo zokuhlola: Kumjikelo weseli, kukho iindawo zokutshekisha ezibizwa ngokuba ziindawo zokuthintelwa, apho kuqinisekiswa ukuba iimeko ezithile ziye zahlangatyezwa ngaphambi kokuvumela inkqubela phambili ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Ezi ndawo zokuhlola zivumela umjikelo weseli ukuba umiswe ukuba kukho umonakalo kwi-DNA okanye ukuba i-chromosomes ayizange iphindwe ngokuchanekileyo.
• Iiprotheyini ezilawulayo: Iiprotheyini ezilawulayo zingundoqo ekulawuleni umjikelo weseli. Ngokomzekelo, i-cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) ilawula utshintsho phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelezo weseli. Ezi proteni zisebenza okanye zingasebenzi ezinye iiprotheni ezibandakanyekayo kwi-DNA replication kunye nokwahlulwa kwechromosome.
• I-Tumor suppressors: I-tumor suppressors ziiprotheyini ezithintela ukukhula kweeseli ezingalawulwayo kunye nokwakheka kwethumba. Umzekelo we-tumor suppressor yiprotheyini ye-p53, ebona umonakalo we-DNA kwaye imise umjikelo weseli ukuvumela ukulungiswa okanye ukukhuthaza i-apoptosis ukuba ukulungiswa akunakwenzeka.

Ezi ndlela ulawulo lomjikelo weseli Zibalulekile ukugcina ingqibelelo ye-genomic kunye nokuthintela ukwanda kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo kuqinisekisa uphuhliso olufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo, ukukhusela ukuphuhliswa kwezifo zofuzo okanye umhlaza.

Ukubaluleka kwe-interphase kunye ne-mitosis ekukhuleni kweeseli kunye nokulungiswa

I-interphase yinkqubo esisiseko ekukhuleni kweseli kunye nokulungiswa. Ngeli nqanaba, iseli ilungiselela ukwahlula kwaye iqhube iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngexesha le-interphase, amanqanaba ahlukeneyo ayenzeka njenge-DNA synthesis, ukuphindaphinda kwechromosome kunye ⁣ nokuveliswa kweeprotheyini eziyimfuneko kulwahlulo lweeseli.

Okokuqala, i-DNA synthesis yenye yeenkqubo eziphambili ezenzeka ngexesha le-interphase. Ebudeni beli nqanaba, imathiriyeli yemfuza yeseli iyaphindwa ukuze iseli nganye yentombi ibe nekopi epheleleyo yeDNA yokuqala. Le nkqubo ⁤ibalulekile ekukhuleni kweselula, njengoko iqinisekisa ukuba iseli entsha nganye inolwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze isebenze ngokuchanekileyo.

Omnye umba ophawulekayo we-interphase kukuphindwaphindwa kweechromosomes Ebudeni bale nkqubo, iichromosomes ziphinda-phinda ukuze zenze iikopi ezimbini ezifanayo. Ukongeza, ukuphinda-phindwa kweechromosomes kukwaququzelela ukulungiswa komonakalo onokwenzeka weDNA, kuba iikopi zingasetyenziswa njengetemplates⁢ ukulungisa iimpazamo.

Iingcebiso kuphononongo kunye nokuqonda umjikelo weseli ye-eukaryotic

1.⁤ Yazi izigaba zomjikelo weseli:

Umjikelo weseli ye-eukaryotic yenziwe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ahlulahlulwe abe ngamanqanaba amabini amakhulu: i-interphase kunye ne-mitosis. Ngexesha ⁢i-interphase, iseli ilungiselela ulwahlulo, iphinda-phinda imathiriyeli yemfuza⁢ kwaye iqinisekise ukuba inayo yonke into eyifunayo. Eli nqanaba lihlulwe libe yizigaba ezintathu: isigaba se-G1, apho iseli ikhula kwaye ilungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA; isigaba S,⁤ apho i-DNA yenziwe; kunye nesigaba se-G2, apho umgangatho we-DNA ephindiweyo uqinisekiswa.⁢ Okulandelayo kuza i-mitosis, eyahlulahlulwe yazizigaba ezine: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase kunye ne-telophase. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ngasinye kwezi zigaba ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo umjikelo weseli.

2. Ziqhelanise nabalawuli bomjikelo weseli:

Umjikelo weseli ulawulwa ngoluhlu lweeprotheni ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cyclin kunye ne-cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), esebenza njengabalawuli abaphambili. Ezi proteni zijongene nokusebenza okanye ukungasebenzi kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelezo weseli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zenziwa ngendlela echanekileyo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo Kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi malunga nale mimiselo, ekubeni nayiphi na inguqu kuyo ⁤ ingakhokelela kwizifo ezifana⁤ nomhlaza.

3. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezibonwayo ukomeleza ukufunda:

Umjikelo weseli ye-eukaryotic Yinkqubo intsonkothile enokuba nzima ukuyiqonda kuphela ngeetekisi zethiyori. Ukuququzelela ukufundwa kwayo kunye nokuqonda, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo ezibonwayo njengemizobo, imizobo okanye ii-animations, ezivumela izigaba ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka kuzo zonke ukuba zibonwe ngokucacileyo. Ngale ndlela, ulungelelwaniso lolwazi luyaququzelelwa kwaye ukufunda komelezwa ngokusebenzayo ngakumbi.

Izigqibo malunga ne-interphase kunye ne-mitosis kumjikelo weseli

Ukuqukumbela, i-interphase kunye ne-mitosis zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli, ivumela uphindaphindo lwe-DNA oluchanekileyo kunye⁢ nokwahlula⁢. Ngexesha le-interphase, iiseli zilungiselela kwaye zikhulele inkqubo yolwahlulo lweeseli, ukudibanisa iiproteni kunye nokuphindaphinda imathiriyeli yemfuzo. Eli xesha lahlulahlulwe laba ngamanqanaba amathathu: isigaba se-G1, isigaba se-S, kunye nesigaba se-G2. Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iiseli zilungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwaye zikhule kakhulu. Kwinqanaba le-S, udibaniso lwe-DNA lwenzeka, apho yonke imathiriyeli yemfuza iphindwaphindwa. Ekugqibeleni, kwisigaba se-G2, iiseli ziqhubeka nokukhula kwazo kwaye zilungiselele ukungena kwi-mitosis.

I-Mitosis yinkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli apho iseli yomama yahlulahlulwe ibe ziiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo ngokwemfuza. Le nkqubo yahlulahlulwe yaba zizigaba ezine eziphambili: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase, kunye ne-telophase Ngexesha le-prophase, i-chromosomes iyajiya kwaye ibonakale, ngelixa i-mitotic spindle iqala ukwenza. Kwi-metaphase, iichromosomes zihambelana ne-equatorial plane yeseli. I-Anaphase linqanaba apho iichromosomes zahlula kwaye zihamba ukuya kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Ekugqibeleni, ebudeni be<em>telophase, ii<em>chromosomes ziyancipha kwaye iiseli ezimbini zeentombi ziqalisa ukumila. I-Cytokinesis, ukwahlukana kwe-cytoplasm, kwenzeka ekupheleni kwe-telophase kwaye igqiba i-mitosis.

Isishwankathelo, i-interphase linqanaba elibalulekileyo lomjikelo ⁢weseli apho iiseli zilungiselela i-mitosis. Ngeli nqanaba, iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zokukhula kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka, kwelinye icala, i-Mitosis yinkqubo apho iiseli ziyahlukana ukuze zenze iiseli zentombi ezifanayo. Zombini ezi nkqubo zisebenza kunye ⁢ukuqinisekisa⁢ ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo kunye nokusasazwa kwemathiriyeli yemfuza, ibalulekile⁢ ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Yintoni i-cell cycle interphase?
A: I-Interphase linqanaba lomjikelo weseli apho iseli ilungiselela ukwahlulahlula. Ngeli xesha ⁤inqanaba, iseli iqhuba iinkqubo zokukhula, ukuphindaphinda kwezinto zofuzo kunye neprotheni synthesis.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi izigaba apho i-interface yahlulwe kuzo?
A: I-Interphase ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu: G1 (isigaba sokukhula 1), S (synthesis) kunye ne-G2 (isigaba sokukhula 2).

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha lesigaba se-G1?
A: Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iseli ikhula kwaye idibanise iiprotheni eziyimfuneko kumsebenzi wayo. Ukuqinisekiswa komonakalo we-DNA nako ⁤kuqhutywa kwaye⁢ kulungiselelwe ukungena kwisigaba se-S.

Umbuzo: Yintoni⁤ ukubaluleka kwesigaba S?
A: Ngexesha le-S isigaba, i-DNA yeseli iyaphindwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi epheleleyo nechanekileyo yezinto zemfuzo. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ⁢ukugcina intembeko ⁣ kunye ⁣ echanekileyo ⁢ugqithiso lolwazi lwemfuzo.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni kwisigaba se-G2?
A: Ngethuba lesigaba se-G2, iseli iyaqhubeka ikhula, ilungiselela ulwahlulo, kwaye iphinda ihlole ingqibelelo ye-DNA. Ukongeza, amacandelo ayimfuneko ukuze mitosis aveliswa.

Umbuzo: Yintoni i-mitosis kwaye zeziphi izigaba zayo?
A: I-Mitosis yinkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli eyenzeka emva kwe-interphase. Yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamanqanaba amane: prophase, metaphase, anaphase kunye telophase.

Q: Chaza ngokufutshane isigaba ngasinye se-mitosis.
A: Ngexesha le-prophase, i-chromosomes iyajiya kwaye i-mitotic spindle iqala ukwenza. Kwi-metaphase, i-chromosomes ihambelana ne-equatorial plane. ⁢Kwi-anaphase, udade we-chromatids⁤ uyahlukana kwaye uye ngakwipali ezichasene neseli. Ekugqibeleni, kwi-telophase, ii-nuclei ezimbini ziyayilwa kwaye iseli ilungiselela ukwahlukana ngokupheleleyo.

Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kwe-mitosis?
A: I-Mitosis ⁢ibalulekile ekukhuleni,⁢ uphuhliso kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo. Ivumela ukwakheka kweeseli zeentombi ezifanayo ngokwemfuza kwiseli yomama, iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kolwazi lwemfuza kunye nokusebenza okuchanekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo.

Isiphelo

Isishwankathelo, i-interphase kunye ne-mitosis zizigaba ezibini ezibalulekileyo zomjikelezo weseli Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli ilungiselela ulwahlulo ngokuphindaphinda i-DNA yayo kunye nokudibanisa iiprotheni eziyimfuneko. Emva koko, i-mitosis iqala, ukwahlula izinto zofuzo ngokulinganayo phakathi kweeseli ezimbini zeentombi. Le nkqubo yenzeka kwizigaba eziliqela, kuquka prophase, metaphase, anaphase, kunye telophase.

I-Interphase kunye ne-mitosis zilawulwa kakhulu kwaye zilungelelaniswe iinkqubo eziqinisekisa ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lweseli⁤ kunye nokusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwemathiriyeli yemfuza.

Njengoko kusenziwa inkqubela-phambili ekuqondeni i-interphase kunye ne-mitosis, izazinzulu ziyaqhubeka nokutyhila iindlela ezichanekileyo ezilawula isigaba ngasinye somjikelo weseli kwezonyango, ngakumbi kwicandelo le-oncology.

Ukuqukumbela, i-interphase kunye ne-mitosis zibalulekile kugcino kunye nokwanda kweeseli. Uphononongo lwayo oluneenkcukacha lusivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono iindlela ezilawula umjikelo weseli kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwimpilo nakwizifo.