Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nemfuno ekhulayo yezixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo ziqhubele inguquko ye-Intanethi, ivelisa imfuno yotshintsho olubalulekileyo kwindlela iidilesi ze-IP ezabiwa ngayo. Apha kulapho iiprothokholi ze-IPv6 kunye ne-IPv4 ziqala ukudlala, imigangatho emibini evumela izixhobo ukuba zichongwe kwaye zichazwe kuthungelwano. Kweli phepha limhlophe, siza kuxoxa ngeyantlukwano yobugcisa kunye notshintsho olusisiseko olubandakanya ezi protocols, sibonelela ngokujongwa ngokweenkcukacha kwiimpawu kunye neenzuzo zabo. emhlabeni idijithali yangoku.
Umahluko kubugcisa phakathi kwe-IPv6 ne-IPv4
Umahluko kwezobuchwephesha phakathi kwe-IPv6 kunye ne-IPv4 mkhulu kwaye ubonisa utshintsho olusisiseko oluye lwenziwa luyilo lwe-Intanethi. Apha ngezantsi, sibonisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweeprothokholi zombini:
1. Iidilesi ze-IP: Ngelixa i-IPv4 isebenzisa iidilesi ze-IP ezingama-32-bit, i-IPv6 isebenzisa iidilesi ze-IP eziyi-128-bit. Oku kuvumela inani elikhulu kakhulu leedilesi ukuba zifumaneke kwi-IPv6, ngaloo ndlela isombulula ukudinwa kwedilesi obekuyingxaki nge-IPv4. Ngapha koko, i-IPv6 ibonelela ngeedilesi ze-IP ezimalunga nama-340, iqinisekisa ubonelelo olungenamda lwezixhobo kunye neenkonzo ze-intanethi.
2. Ukhuseleko: IPv6 ibandakanya uphuculo olubonakalayo ngokwemiqathango yokhuseleko xa kuthelekiswa ne-IPv4. Olunye lolona tshintsho luphambili kukubandakanywa komthonyama we-IPSec (iProtocol yoKhuseleko lwe-Intanethi), ebonelela ngokuqinisekiswa kunye nokubethelwa kwedatha edlulisiweyo. Oku kuqinisekisa imfezeko kunye nemfihlo yolwazi oluthunyelwe ngaphezulu komsebenzi womnatha.
3. Umgangatho wenkonzo: IPv6 ibonelela ngophuculo kumgangatho wenkonzo (QoS) xa kuthelekiswa ne-IPv4. Oku kufezekiswa ngokubandakanya imimandla eyongezelelweyo kwintloko yepakethi yedatha nganye, ukuvumela ii-router zenethiwekhi ukuba zibeke phambili ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zilawule iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi. Ukongeza, i-IPv6 yazisa indlela yokuhlelwa kwetrafikhi, ebizwa ngokuba "yindlela yokuhamba," evumela ukuchaneka ngakumbi kunye nolawulo lwegranular lweepakethi zedatha.
Ngamafutshane, i-IPv6 kunye ne-IPv4 ziyahluka kwimiba emininzi ebalulekileyo yobugcisa. Inani elonyukayo leedilesi ze-IP ezikhoyo, uphuculo lokhuseleko, kunye nomgangatho weempawu zenkonzo zezinye zeenguqu ezisisiseko ezenza i-IPv6 ibe yindlela ephezulu yokuxhasa ukukhula kunye neemfuno ze-Intanethi.
Utshintsho olusisiseko xa ufuduka ukusuka IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6
Olunye lolona tshintsho lukhulu lufunyenweyo xa ufuduka ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6 ngumahluko wobugcisa phakathi kwemigaqo yomibini. IPv4 isebenzisa idilesi ye-IP engama-32, enqanda ukukwazi kwakho ukunika iidilesi ezizodwa kwisixhobo ngasinye kumsebenzi womnatha. Kwelinye icala, i-IPv6 isekwe kwidilesi ye-IP ye-128-bit, ivumela inani elikhulu kakhulu leedilesi ezizodwa, eziyimfuneko kwihlabathi apho izixhobo ezininzi nangakumbi zifuna uqhagamshelo lwe-Intanethi.
Olunye utshintsho olusisiseko xa ufudukela kwi-IPv6 luphuculo lokhuseleko kunye nemfihlo yoqhagamshelo IPv6 yazisa i-IPSec njengenxalenye yenkqubo yomthetho, ebonelela ngenqanaba eliphezulu loqinisekiso kunye nobumfihlo kunxibelelwano. Ukongeza, i-IPv6 iphumeza ulungiselelo oluzenzekelayo lwedilesi, olunciphisa ukuthembela kwisabelo sedilesi ye-IP yesandla, enokuba nzima ukuyilawula kuthungelwano olukhulu.
Ukongeza kwiyantlukwano yobugcisa kunye nokuphuculwa kokhuseleko, ukufudukela kwi-IPv6 kukwabandakanya utshintsho kwindlela idatha kunye neepakethi zenethiwekhi eziphathwa ngayo. I-IPv6 isebenzisa ii-headers ezisebenzayo kunye neziphuculweyo, ezikhawuleza ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kwinethiwekhi Ukongeza, iquka inkxaso yendalo yokusasazwa kwezinto ezininzi, evumela ukuba ulwazi lwabelwane ngezixhobo ezininzi. ngexesha elinye, ngaphandle kokuthumela ezininzi iikopi zedatha efanayo.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezinto ezingeloncedo IPv6
Ukuvela kwe-Intanethi kunye nemfuno ekhulayo yeedilesi ze-IP kukhokelele kuphuhliso lwe-IPv6 njengomlandeli we-IPv4. I-IPv6 yazisa uphuculo oluninzi lobugcisa kunye notshintsho olusisiseko xa kuthelekiswa nolwandulelayo. Apha ngezantsi kukho izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo ze IPv6 xa kuthelekiswa ne IPv4:
- Iidilesi ze-IP ezaneleyo: Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili ze-IPv6 kukukwazi ukubonelela ngenani elikhulu leedilesi ze-IP. Ngelixa i-IPv4 ibonelela ngeedilesi ezininzi, i-IPv6 iyoyisa kakhulu esi sithintelo, ivumela phantse inani elingenamda leedilesi ezizodwa. ukuqhagamshela kwinethiwekhi.
- Ukusebenza ngcono kwendlela: IPv6 iphucule kakhulu indlela yokusebenza kakuhle. Ulwakhiwo lwayo olulula kunye noluphuculweyo lwedilesi, ludityaniswe nemigaqo yomgaqo esebenzayo, ibonelela ngokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye inciphisa ukuxinana. kwinethiwekhi. Oku kuvumela ukuhamba kakuhle kwedatha kunye namava okukhangela ngokukhawuleza kubasebenzisi.
- Ukuphucula ukhuseleko kunye nemfihlo: IPv6 idibanisa iindlela zokhuseleko eziphuculweyo xa kuthelekiswa ne IPv4. Uqinisekiso kunye noguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo lwakhelwe kwiprothokholi, inceda ukukhusela unxibelelwano kunye nedatha egqithiselwa kwinethiwekhi Ukongeza, i-IPv6 ikwabonelela ngezakhono zabucala eziphuculweyo ngokuvumela Izixhobo zifihla ngokuzenzekelayo idilesi yeprotocol ye-Intanethi, isenza kube nzima ukuchonga nokulandelela abasebenzisi.
Ukuphelelwa kweedilesi ze-IPv4
ibingumxholo ophindaphindiweyo kwishishini letekhnoloji kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngokukhula okubonakalayo kwezixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kwi-Intanethi, ukukwazi ukwabela iidilesi ezaneleyo ze-IPv4 kuye kwaba yinto engazinzanga. IPv4 isebenzisa idilesi 32 ungazama, esinciphisa umthamo wayo ukuya malunga ne-4.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedilesi ezizodwa.
Ngethamsanqa, isisombululo sale ngxaki siselundini ngokuziswa kwe IPv6. IPv6 luhlobo lwamva nje lweProtokholi ye-Intanethi, esebenzisa iidilesi ze-128-bit, enikezela ngenani eliphantse lingenakucingeleka leedilesi ezizodwa. Ngokwenyani, oku kuthetha ukuba i-IPv6 inokuxhasa malunga nama-340 eedilesi ze-IP ze-sextillion, ngaphezulu kokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zanamhlanje kunye noluntu lwedijithali lwangomso.
Ukongeza ekuphuculweni komthamo weedilesi, i-IPv6 ibonelela ngezinye iimpawu zobugcisa kunye notshintsho olusisiseko xa kuthelekiswa ne-IPv4. Owona mahluko ubalulekileyo uquka ukhuseleko olukhulu kunye nobumfihlo, iheader esebenza kakuhle kunye nelula, kunye nolawulo olungcono lwendlela. Olu phuculo lwenza i-IPv6 ithembeke ngakumbi kwaye ihlaziywe, nto leyo ibalulekile xa kujongwa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwe-Intanethi kunye nokwanda kwezixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo.
Ngamafutshane, utshintsho ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6 lubalulekile ekugcineni ukukhula kunye nokusebenza kwe-Intanethi kwixesha elizayo. Ngokuncipha kweedilesi ze-IPv4, kuyafuneka ukuba wamkele i-IPv6 kwaye uthathe inzuzo yomahluko wayo wobugcisa kunye notshintsho olusisiseko ukuze kuqinisekiswe inqanaba elilelona lilungileyo loqhagamshelwano kunye nokhuseleko kuthungelwano. kwakuyidijithali.
I-Advantes ye-IPv6's ebanzi yokukwazi ukwenza idilesi
IPv6 luguqulelo lwamva nje lweProtokholi ye-Intanethi kwaye ibonelela ngenani leenzuzo ezibalulekileyo xa kuthelekiswa neyandulelayo, IPv4. Enye yezona zinkulu kukukwazi ukuxhasa inani elikhulu kakhulu leedilesi ze-IP ezizodwa. Ngelixa i-IPv4 isebenzisa ifomathi yedilesi ye-32-bit, enciphisa inani leedilesi ezikhoyo, i-IPv6 isebenzisa ifomathi yedilesi ye-128-bit, evumela inani elingenamda leedilesi ze-IP.
Ubuchule obunabileyo bokulungisa i-IPv6 buneziphumo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zobugcisa. Enye yezi mpembelelo kukukwazi ukwabela iidilesi ze-IP ezizodwa kwisixhobo ngasinye esiqhagamshelwe kwi-Intanethi. Oku kuvumela isixhobo ngasinye ukuba sibenedilesi yaso IP ikwenza kube lula ukuyichonga kunye ngokufanelekileyo idatha yendlela. Ukongeza, ukukwazi ukwenza idilesi okubanzi kwe IPv6 kukwavumela iibhloko zeedilesi ze IP ukuba zinikezelwe kwimibutho kunye nenkonzo yeIntanethi. ababoneleli, ukubonelela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kunye nokuqina.
Ayipheleli nje ekubeni i-IPv6 inamandla okulungisa okubanzi avumela inani elingenamda leedilesi ze-IP, kodwa ikwabonelela ngolunye uphuculo olubalulekileyo lobugcisa. Umzekelo, IPv6 yazisa a ukusebenza ngakumbi kusetyenziso lwesithuba sedilesi, njengoko isebenzisa i-syntax eyenziwe lula kwaye isusa imfuno yemephu kunye nezisombululo zokuguqulela ezisetyenziswa kwi-IPv4. Ukongeza, i-IPv6 ikwaphucula ukhuseleko kunye nomgangatho wenkonzo ngokuzisa iimpawu ezifana nokuqinisekiswa kunye nofihlo lwedatha, kunye nokukwazi ukubeka phambili i-traffic ngokusekelwe kukubaluleka kwayo.
Ukubaluleka kokhuseleko kwi-IPv6
Utshintsho ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6 ibe lutshintsho olubalulekileyo kwihlabathi letekhnoloji yothungelwano. IPv6 ibonelela ngothotho lweeyantlukwano zobugcisa eziyenza ibe phezulu kuneyandulelayo. Enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo ze-IPv6 kukukwazi ukubonelela ngeedilesi ze-IP ezizodwa ukuya phantse inani elingenamda lezixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi. ye IP iidilesi. Lo buchule bokwenza idilesi obukhethekileyo be-IPv4 ayiqinisekisi kuphela unikezelo olungenakuphela lweedilesi ze-IP, kodwa ivumela nolawulo olungcono lokhuseleko lwenethiwekhi.
Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo wobugcisa phakathi kwe-IPv6 kunye ne-IPv4 yindlela ephathwa ngayo ipakethe. Kwi-IPv4, iirotha zenza inkqubo entsonkothileyo ukumisela eyona ndlela ilungileyo yeepakethi ekufuneka ziyithathe ukuze zifike kwindawo eziya kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-IPv6, indlela yenziwa lula enkosi kulwakhiwo olusebenza ngakumbi lweheader. Oku akugcini nje ukukhawuleza umzila, kodwa kunciphisa ubuninzi bolwazi olungadingekile kwipakethi nganye, okwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa kakubi.
Ukhuseleko lukwayingqwalasela ebalulekileyo kwinguqulelo kwi-IPv6. Ngokungafaniyo ne-IPv4, enendlela esebenzayo ngakumbi ngokwemiqathango yokhuseleko, i-IPv6 iyilwe ngamanyathelo okhuseleko owakhelwe ngaphakathi ukususela ekusekweni kwayo. I Imigaqo yokhuseleko IPv6, njenge-IPsec, iyinxalenye yolwakhiwo lwayo. Ezi prothokholi zivumela ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokubethelwa kwedatha kwi-IP umaleko, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olukhulu kwizisongelo zokhuseleko Ukongeza, i-IPv6 ibandakanya iindlela zokucoca iipakethi kunye nolawulo lokufikelela kumda wokuhamba kwedatha ngenethiwekhi kunye nokukhusela kuhlaselo olunokwenzeka.
Iingqwalasela zokuphunyezwa kwe-IPv6
Ukuphunyezwa kwe-IPv6 kubandakanya uthotho lweengcinga zobugcisa kunye neenguqu ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Ngezantsi zezinye zezona ngqwalasela zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni xa utshintshela kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6:
1. Ukufikeleleka: Omnye wowona mahluko uphambili phakathi kwe-IPv6 kunye ne-IPv4 kubuchule bazo bokwenza iidilesi Ngelixa i-IPv4 isebenzisa iidilesi ze-32-bit, ezinciphisa inani leedilesi ezikhoyo, i-IPv6 isebenzisa iidilesi ze-128-bit, evumela inani elingenamda leedilesi. Oku kwandiswa kwesakhono sokulungisa kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kwekamva kwe-Intanethi kunye noqhagamshelo lwezixhobo kwixesha le-IoT.
2. Iisetingi zeNethiwekhi: IPv6 ifuna utshintsho kubumbeko bothungelwano ukuyivumela ukuba isebenze ngokuchanekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo, iirotha kunye ne-firewall zihambelana ne-IPv6 kwaye zinenkxaso efunekayo yokuphunyezwa kwazo. Ukongeza, iiprothokholi zendlela kufuneka zihlaziywe kwiinguqulelo ezixhasa i-IPv6, nto leyo ethetha inkqubo yokufuduka kunye nohlaziyo lwesoftware kunye nehardware.
3. U khu seleko: Xa usebenzisa i-IPv6, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imiba yokhuseleko. I-IPv6 yazisa imisebenzi emitsha, efana ne-IPSec, evumela ukhuseleko olukhulu kunye nokuqinisekiswa kolwazi olugqithisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubuthathaka obutsha kunye nezoyikiso zokhuseleko zinokuveliswa ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Kubalulekile ukuphumeza amanyathelo okhuseleko awongezelelweyo kunye nokuvavanya rhoqo amaziko ukuze ukuqinisekisa idatha kunye nokhuseleko lwenethiwekhi.
Izindululo zotshintsho oluyimpumelelo ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6
Omnye weyona mingeni ibalulekileyo ejongene noluntu lwe-Intanethi lutshintsho ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6. Njengoko inani lezixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kwi-Intanethi liqhubeka likhula ngokukhawuleza, indawo yedilesi ye-IPv4 iyancipha ngokukhawuleza. IPv6 yaphuhliswa njengesisombululo kulomda kwaye inikezela ngoluhlu olukhulu lweedilesi. Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6 ayenzi njalo yinkqubo ilula kwaye ifuna ukucwangciswa ngononophelo kunye nolungiselelo.
Kukho iingcebiso ezininzi eziphambili zokuqinisekisa utshintsho oluyimpumelelo ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6:
- Uvavanyo nocwangciso: Phambi kokuba uqalise utshintsho, kubalulekile ukwenza uhlolo olucokisekileyo lweziseko ezingundoqo ezikhoyo kunye neenkqubo ezixhomekeke kwi-IPv4. Oku kuya kuvumela iingxaki ezinokubakho ukuba zichongwe kwaye zisonjululwe phambi kokufuduka Ukongeza, kufuneka kwenziwe ucwangciso oluneenkcukacha ezibandakanya izibonelelo eziyimfuneko, imihla ebekiweyo yokuphunyezwa kwayo, kunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi.
- Uvavanyo olubanzi: Phambi kokuphumeza ngokupheleleyo i-IPv6, uvavanyo olubanzi kufuneka lwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana neenkqubo kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo. Uvavanyo kufuneka lubandakanye uqinisekiso loqhagamshelo lwe-IPv6, uvandlakanyo lokusebenza, kunye nobhaqo longquzulwano olunokubakho kunye nezicelo kunye neenkonzo ezisetyenziswayo.
- Ukuphunyezwa ngezigaba: Endaweni yokutshintsha ngesiquphe ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuphunyezwe utshintsho kancinci kancinci. Oku kubandakanya ukunika inkxaso kabini IPv4 kunye ne-IPv6 kwisiseko sesiseko, ukuvumela iinkqubo ezikhoyo ukuba ziqhelane ne-IPv6 ngokuqhubekayo. Oku kuya kunciphisa impembelelo kunye nokunciphisa naziphi na iingxaki ezinokuvela ngexesha lenkqubo yenguqu.
Ngamafutshane, utshintsho ukusuka kwi-IPv4 ukuya kwi-IPv6 ngumsebenzi onzima ofuna ixesha kunye nomzamo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nokukhula kwe-Intanethi. Ngokulandela ezi ngcebiso kunye nokwamkela indlela ehamba kancinci, imibutho iya kukwazi ukujongana ngempumelelo nalo mngeni wezobuchwepheshe kwaye ixhamle kuncedo olunikezwa yi-IPv6.
Ukuqukumbela, iyantlukwano yobugcisa kunye notshintsho olungundoqo phakathi kwe IPv6 kunye ne IPv4 ziyabonakala. Ngelixa i-IPv4 iye ingowona mgangatho uphambili kangangamashumi eminyaka, ukudinwa kweedilesi ze-IP kunye nemida ekhoyo kuyilo lwayo iyenze yacaca ukuba i-IPv6 i indlela yokuhamba.
Ngokujolisa ngokukaleka, ukhuseleko, kunye nenkxaso yezixhobo ezikhula rhoqo, i-IPv6 ilungise uninzi lweziphene ze-IPv4. Indawo yayo enkulu yedilesi kunye nokukwazi ukuxhasa inani elingenasiphelo lezixhobo zenza i-IPv6 ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kwikamva le-Intanethi.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutshintshela ngokupheleleyo kwi-IPv6 akuyona inkqubo elula Kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukuhambelana neenkqubo ezikhoyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufuduka okugudileyo ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka kuqhagamshelwano. Ukongeza, ulwazi oluninzi kunye nokwamkelwa kuyafuneka ngababoneleli ngenkonzo ye-Intanethi kunye namashishini ngokubanzi.
Ngaphandle kwemingeni eyayanyaniswa nokuphunyezwa kwe-IPv6, ukwamkelwa kwayo akunakuphepheka kwaye kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuqhubeka kwe-Intanethi kwixesha lezixhobo ezinxibeleleneyo kunye nemfuno ekhulayo yeedilesi ze-IP. Ukuvela kwe-IPv6 kumele inyathelo eliya phambili kubuchwephesha bothungelwano, libonelela ngesiseko esiyimfuneko sokuqhubeka nokwakha kunye nokwandisa ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi kwihlabathi liphela.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.