Indlela Eyenziwa Ngayo Iphepha

Intshayelelo yokwenziwa kwePhepha: Iphepha yenye yeentsika ezisisiseko zobomi bale mihla kwaye inkqubo yokuvelisa ngummangaliso wobunjineli kunye nekhemistri. Ukususela kuvavanyo lokuqala lwepapyrus kwi-Egypt yakudala ukuya kwiindlela zanamhlanje zokuvelisa ngobuninzi, ukwenza iphepha kuseyinkqubo enomdla nentsonkothileyo. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siza kuphonononga iinkcukacha ze Lenziwa njani iphepha?

Imvelaphi kunye ne-Evolution: Iphepha esilisebenzisa kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla linembali ende neyahlukeneyo. Ukusuka kwisiqalo esithobekileyo e-China ukuya kumatshini wanamhlanje ophucukileyo wephepha, imveliso itshintshile kwaye yavela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kweli candelo, siza kuhlalutya i imbali kunye nendaleko yokwenziwa kwephepha.

Inkqubo yoMveliso: Ngendlela yayo esisiseko, ukwenza iphepha ibandakanya ukuguqulwa kwemicu ye-cellulose kwiphepha ubhitye kwaye ubhetyebhetye. Kodwa le nkqubo intsonkothile ngakumbi kunokuba ibonakala xa uqala ukuyijonga. Apha, siza kucazulula inyathelo ngalinye lenkqubo, ukusuka ekukhetheni nasekulungiseleleni yomthi ukuya kushicilelo lokugqibela, ngokweenkcukacha. Siza kuhlalutya i inkqubo yokwenziwa kwephepha Inyathelo nenyathelo.

Izinto ezisetyenziswayo: Nangona inkuni iyeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwenzeni iphepha, eminye imithombo ye-cellulose ingasetyenziswa. Ukongeza, inani leekhemikhali kunye nezongezo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga kwi izinto ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni iphepha.

Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo: Ukuveliswa kwephepha kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi okusingqongileyo, ukusuka ekugawulweni kwemithi ukuya kusetyenziso lwamandla kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi. Kwicandelo lokugqibela, siza kuxoxa ngamaphulo okunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokuveliswa kwephepha.

Lilonke, eli nqaku lifuna ukubonelela ngombono ocacileyo kunye nobugcisa benkqubo yokwenziwa kwephepha, igxininise kwinkalo nganye ebalulekileyo kunye neengxaki.

Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Amaphepha

Ukwenziwa kwephepha Yinkqubo inomdla kwaye inzima eqala ngokufumana izinto ezisisiseko, okuyi-cellulose. I-cellulose ifumaneka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa kwimithi yemithi, kodwa nakwezinye izinto zezityalo ezifana ne-bamboo, i-straw, ikotoni, njl. Ukubola umthi kunye nokukhupha i-cellulose, izigodo zifakwe kwii-ovens ezinkulu zokupheka kunye nezinto zekhemikhali. Le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba intlama yomthi, ethi emva koko ihlanjwe kwaye ifakwe i-bleach de ifumane imveliso ecocekileyo nemhlophe.

Emva kokuba i-pulp ifunyenwe, inyathelo elilandelayo kukuguqulwa kwayo kwiphepha lephepha. Oku kufezwa ngokugalela i-pulp kumatshini omkhulu wephepha, apho amanzi asuswa khona ngenkqubo ye-sieves. Ipulp ke icudiswa phakathi kweerola ezinkulu ukuze kususwe nawaphina amanzi aseleyo kwaye ekugqibeleni yomiswe ngokudlula kwitonela lobushushu. Emva kokumisa, iphepha lifakwe kwimiqulu emikhulu yokusika kamva kunye nokupakishwa. Eli nqanaba laziwa njenge ukubunjwa kwamagqabi. Nangona le yinkqubo esisiseko yokwenza iphepha, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezongezelelweyo kunye nobuchule obunokusetyenziswa ukufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zephepha.

Amacandelo ePhepha

I amaphepha Ziqulunqwe ngezithako ezininzi ezahlukileyo ukusuka kolunye udidi ukuya kolunye, kodwa icandelo eliqhelekileyo kuzo zonke imicu yeselilulose. Le micu ifumaneka ikakhulu emithini, kodwa inokuphuma nakwezinye izityalo ezinjengomqhaphu kunye nelinen. Ukongeza kwimicu ye-cellulose, iphepha linokuba nezinye izithako ezichaphazelayo iipropati zayo, njengombala, ubunzima kunye nokuthungwa. Ezinye zezi zithako ezongezelelweyo zinokubandakanya:

• Izithako zokugcwalisa ezifana ne-calcium carbonate kunye ne-kaolin, ezenza iphepha libe mhlophe kunye nokungafihli.
• Izongezo zobukhulu ezinciphisa amandla ephepha okufunxa amanzi, aluncedo ekubhaleni okanye ekushicileleni kuwo.
• Izongezo ezomelezayo, ezinceda ukugcina imicu yephepha idibene xa imanzi.

I imicu yeselilulose Ziyimfuneko ekwenzeni iphepha ngenxa yeempawu zazo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Ziyakwazi ukuguquguquka kwaye zinamandla amangalisayo okudibanisa xa zimanzi, okuyimfuneko ekwenzeni amaphepha ephepha. Ukongeza kuhlobo lwemicu ye-cellulose esetyenzisiweyo, inkqubo yokwenza iphepha inokuchaphazela neempawu zemveliso yokugqibela. Umzekelo:

• Ukupholisha kunokuphucula ukuguda kunye neglosi yephepha.
• Ukongezwa kweekhemikhali kunokuguqula umbala okanye amandla ephepha.
• I-Calendering inokuchaphazela i-opacity kunye nokufunxwa kwephepha.

Ezi zimbalwa zamacandelo amaninzi kunye neempembelelo ezinokumisela iimpawu ezizodwa kunye neempawu zohlobo ngalunye lwephepha.

Iindlela zokuRisayikilishwa kwePhepha

El ukuphinda kusetyenziswe amaphepha Ngumxube weendlela kunye nobuchwepheshe obusetyenziswa ekuguquleni iimveliso zephepha esele zisetyenzisiwe zibe yimveliso yephepha elitsha. Iqala ngokuhlukana kunye nokuqokelelwa kwephepha kunye nekhadibhodi, ekwahlulwa ibe yimicu. Emva kwenkqubo yokucoca ukususa i-inki kunye nokunye ukungcola, le micu iphinda ihlaziywe ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi "pulping." Emva koko le micu iye yenziwa ibe ngundonda, othi ucinezelwe uze womiswe ukwenza amaphepha.

Ekugqibeleni, amaphepha afunyenweyo ahamba ngoluhlu lolawulo lomgangatho kwaye, ukuba ayahlangabezana nemigangatho emiselweyo, alungele ukusetyenziswa kwakhona.. Le nkqubo Iyahluka kancinci ngokuxhomekeka kumgangatho wephepha kunye nekhadibhodi esiqala ngayo kunye nohlobo lwephepha esijonge ukulivelisa. Umzekelo, elona phepha lomgangatho uphezulu liveliswa kwi-pulp enyulu, ngelixa amaphepha omgangatho ophantsi anokuveliswa kwipulp esetyenzisiweyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-pulp esetyenzisiweyo iyancipha kwaye ilahlekelwe amandla ayo, ngoko ngamanye amaxesha ixutywa ne-virgin pulp ukugcina umgangatho wephepha.

Izibonelelo ezinkulu zokurisayikilisha zisebenzisa oomatshini abakhulu, abaxabisa imali eninzi kule nkqubo, kodwa unokurisayikilisha iphepha ekhaya okanye kumashishini amancinci anezixhobo ezisisiseko. Ezinye zezona nzuzo ziphambili zokurisayikilishwa kwephepha ziquka ukugcinwa kwamahlathi, ukunciphisa amanzi nomoya ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa kwephepha, kunye nokugcina iindleko zokulahla inkunkuma.

Ngokuxhomekeke kumthombo wephepha eliza kuphinda lisetyenziswe kunye nohlobo lwephepha eliza kuveliswa, ezi ndlela zilandelayo zokurisayikilishwa zinokuqwalaselwa:

• Ukurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma yangaphambi kwabathengi: Oku kubhekiselele ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwenkunkuma yamaphepha eveliswe ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa kwephepha, elifana nezinto ezilahliweyo nezilahliweyo.
• Ukurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma yasemva kwabathengi: Oku kubandakanya ukuqokelelwa kunye nokurisayikilishwa kwamaphepha kunye nezinye iimveliso zephepha esele zisetyenziswa ngabathengi.
• Office Paper Recycling: Le ndlela ibandakanya ukuqokelelwa kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamaphepha asetyenzisiweyo kwiiofisi nakwezinye iindawo zokusebenza.

Ngokudibeneyo, ezi ndlela zinceda ekunciphiseni imfuno yemithi enyulu yokwenza iphepha, ethi igcine amahlathi kwaye inciphise ukulahlwa kwephepha kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imida ethile ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwamaphepha, njengokuthotywa komgangatho wefayibha kunye nomjikelo ngamnye wokurisayikilishwa kunye nemingeni ehambelana nokususa ii-inki kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo ephepheni.

Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo kunye neendlela zokuyiNciphisa

Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwephepha iye iimpembelelo eziqatha zokusingqongileyo, ukusuka ekugawulweni kwemithi ukuya kungcoliseko lwamanzi. Inani elikhulu lemithi liyagawulwa ukuze kuveliswe iphepha, elichaphazela izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kwaye libe negalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ngaphaya koko, imichiza esetyenziswa kwi-bleaching yamaphepha inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ingcolisa imithombo yamanzi, nto leyo enefuthe elithe ngqo kumgangatho wamanzi esiwasebenzisayo.

Ukunciphisa ezi mpembelelo zokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene nokuveliswa kwephepha kunokwenzeka ngokuphunyezwa kwe amanyathelo ahlukeneyoEzinye zazo zezi:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokucoca engena-chlorine: kukho itekhnoloji ehambelana nokusingqongileyo. indlela eyiyo Bayakuphepha ukusebenzisa imichiza eyityhefu kwinkqubo yokwenza mhlophe.
• Yamkela iinkqubo zolawulo lwamahlathi oluzinzileyo: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkuni ezisetyenziswayo ziphuma kumahlathi alawulwa ngokuzinzileyo kunokunciphisa impembelelo yokugawulwa kwemithi.
• Khuthaza ukurisayikilishwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephepha elisetyenzisiweyo: Ukurisayikilishwa kwephepha kunciphisa imfuno yemithi kwaye kucuthe umthamo wenkunkuma ophelela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma.

Ukwamkelwa kwala manyathelo Ayinakunciphisa kuphela iimpembelelo zephepha kokusingqongileyo, kodwa inokubonelela ngamathuba okuvelisa izinto ezintsha kunye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi kwicandelo lokurisayikilishwa kunye nokuveliswa kobuchwephesha bokucoca okuzinzileyo. Ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yephepha luxanduva olwabelwanayo phakathi kwabavelisi, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nabathengi, kwaye kufuna umgudu odibeneyo wokuphumeza utshintsho olunentsingiselo.