Ukwetyisa kweSellula, okwakwaziwa ngokuba yi-autophagy, yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokugcina nokusinda iiseli. Ngalo matshini untsonkothileyo, iiseli ziyakwazi ukuphelisa izinto ezonakeleyo, ziphinde zisebenzise izondlo, kwaye zilawule eyazo i-homeostasis. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga nzulu njani le nkqubo yokugaya amaselula, ibalaselisa iindlela eziphambili kunye neempembelelo zayo ekusebenzeni kunye nempilo yezinto eziphilayo. Ukusebenzisa indlela yobugcisa kunye nethoni engathathi hlangothi, siya kuhlolisisa le nkqubo yezinto eziphilayo ezinomdla ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nobunzima.
Intshayelelo kwi-digestion yeselula
La digestión cell phone yinkqubo Okubalulekileyo okwenzeka kuzo zonke iiseli ukufumana izondlo eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwazo ngokufanelekileyo. Ngamanyathelo ahlukeneyo kunye nee-enzyme ezithile, iiseli ziqhekeza iimolekyuli zokutya kunye nenkunkuma yezinto ezincinci ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwakhona. indlela esebenzayo. Kule ntshayelelo, siza kuphonononga imiba ephambili yokugaya iiseli kunye nokubaluleka kwayo ekugcineni i-homeostasis kunye nokukhula kwamaselula.
Ukugaya iiseli zenzeke kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-intracellular, ezifana ne-cytoplasm kunye nee-organelles ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-lysosomes. La macandelo aqulethe ii-enzymes zokugaya ezisebenza kwii-substrates ezithile ukuze ziphule zibe ngama-molecule amancinci. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba izondlo eziyimfuneko kwi imetabolism yeseli ziyafumaneka kwaye imveliso yenkunkuma isusiwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngexesha ukugaya iselula, izigaba ezahlukeneyo zenziwa, kubandakanywa ukuxutywa, ukugaya ngokwayo kunye nokufunxa. Ngexesha lokungeniswa, iiseli zithatha izinto zangaphandle kwaye zenze ii-vesicles ezithi emva koko zidibanise kunye namacandelo okugaya i-Intracellular digestion yenziwa ngee-enzymes ze-hydrolytic eziqhekeza i-substrates kwii-molecule ezincinci, ezifana ne-amino acids, i-monosaccharides kunye ne-fatty acids. Okokugqibela, iimveliso zokwetyisa zifunxwa ngeenwebu zeseli ukuze zisetyenziswe kwimetabolism okanye zipheliswe njengemveliso yenkunkuma. Isishwankathelo, ukugaya kwamaselula kuyinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokugcina ubomi kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kweeseli kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Ukubaluleka kokucolwa kweeseli kwizinto eziphilayo
Ukucolwa kweeseli, okwabizwa ngokuba yi-autophagy, yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwazo ngokupheleleyo. Yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu ye-intracellular evumela ukuthotywa kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto ezonakalisiweyo, eziphelelwe lixesha okanye ezingafunekiyo zeselula. Ngale nkqubo, iiseli ziyakwazi ukugcina i-homeostasis yazo kwaye ziqhelane notshintsho lwemo engqongileyo.
I-cell digestion idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlaziyweni kwee-organelles, ukuchithwa kwe-cellular kunye nokuphendula kwiimeko zoxinzelelo. Ngokwenza i-membranous structure ebizwa ngokuba yi-autophage, iiseli zikhupha i-lysosomal enzymes esebenza kumacandelo akhethwe ukuthotywa. I-Autophagy nayo idlala indima ephambili ekupheliseni i-intracellular pathogens, igalelo kwimpendulo ye-immune kunye nokugcinwa kwempilo yeselula.
Ukongeza, ukugaywa kwamaselula kunceda ukufunyanwa kwezondlo eziyimfuneko ezigcinwe kwi-organelles okanye ii-macromolecules ezinokuthi zingabikho kwiseli. Le nkqubo yokuphinda isetyenziswe ivumela ukuveliswa kwamandla kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko kwi-synthesis kunye nokulungiswa kweeseli. Ngokufanayo, ukugaya kwamaselula kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-embryonic, ukuhlukana kwamaselula kunye nokuguqulwa kweeseli ze-stem kwiindlela zonyango ezivuselelayo.
Iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo ezibandakanyekayo kwi-digestion yeselula
Ukwetyisa kweeseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokusebenza okuchanekileyo kweeseli. Ngoluhlu lweendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye neenkqubo, izondlo ziguqulwa zibe ziifom ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe yiseli. Ezi ndlela kunye neenkqubo zenzeke kwii-organelles zeselula kwaye zilawulwa ngeendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-metabolic pathways.
Enye yeendlela eziphambili ezibandakanyekayo kwi-digestion yeselula yi-endocytosis, equka ukubanjwa kwamasuntswana okanye iimolekyuli ezivela kwindawo engaphandle. Le nkqubo inokuthi idityaniswe zizamkeli ezithile kwinwebu yeseli, eziqaphela kwaye zibophelele kwiimolekyuli ekujoliswe kuzo. Emva kokubanjwa, iinqununu zifakwe ngaphakathi kwi-vesicles kwaye zihanjiswe kwiseli.
Xa sele ingaphakathi kwiseli, i-vesicles idibanisa kunye ne-lysosomes, i-organelles equkethe i-enzymes yokugaya. Ezi enzymes zisebenza kwindawo eneasidi kwaye—zithobe iimolekyuli ezibanjiweyo kwinkqubo ye-endocytosis. Ukugaya i-cell cell kunokuphinda kwenzeke kwezinye ii-organelles, ezifana ne-peroxisomes kunye ne-mitochondria, apho i-lipid kunye ne-carbohydrate molecules zichithwa ngokuthe ngqo, ngokulandelanayo. Iimveliso zokugaya zisetyenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezintsha zeselula okanye ukuvelisa amandla.
Indima ye-lysosomes kwi-digestion yeselula
I-Lysosomes zi-organelles ezibalulekileyo zokuqhuba ukugaya kwiiseli. Ezi zakhiwo ze-membranous ziqulethe ii-enzymes zokugaya ezijongene nokuthotywa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-macromolecules, ezifana neeprotheni, i-carbohydrates kunye ne-lipids. Umsebenzi oyintloko we-lysosomes kukudiliza i-debris yeselula kunye nemveliso yenkunkuma, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezinto eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kweselula.
I-Lysosomes ibalulekile kwinkqubo ye-autophagy, yindlela esetyenziswa yiseli ukuthobisa iinxalenye zayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela ifumana amandla kunye nezondlo. Ngexesha le-autophagy, i-lysosomes ixuba kunye ne-autophagosomes, i-vesicles equkethe i-macromolecules kunye ne-organelles engasebenziyo, kunye nokukhulula ii-enzymes zokugaya ukuthobisa imixholo yazo. Oku kuthotywa okukhethiweyo kuvumela iseli ukuba isuse izinto ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingafunekiyo, ngaloo ndlela zithintele ukuqokelela kwazo kunye negalelo kwi-homeostasis yeselula.
Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwi-autophagy, i-lysosomes nayo ibandakanyeka kwi-endocytosis, inkqubo apho iiseli zithatha iimolekyuli kunye neengqungquthela ezivela kwindawo yangaphandle. Ngexesha le-endocytosis, i-lysosomes idibanisa kunye ne-endocytic vesicles equlethe izinto ezibanjiweyo, ikhupha i-enzymes yokugaya ukuze ithobe ezi molekyuli kwaye iququzelele ukusetyenziswa kwazo okulandelayo yiseli. Ngale ndlela, i-lysosomes ithatha inxaxheba ekufunxeni izondlo kunye nokupheliswa kwezinto ezingafunekiyo okanye ezinobuthi.
Ukugaya iiseli kwikhonkco lokuphefumla
Ukucolwa kweeseli yinkqubo esisiseko kwikhonkco lokuphefumla, apho uthotho lweekhemikhali eziyimfuneko zenzeke ukufumana amandla kwiiseli. Ezi ntshukumo zenzeka kwimitochondria, enoxanduva lokuphefumla kweselula.
Okokuqala, ukugaya kweselula kuqala nge-oxidation yokutya kwi-cytoplasm yeseli. Ebudeni bale nkqubo, iswekile iyancipha ngokwezigaba ezininzi, ivelisa iimolekyuli zeATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), ezingowona mthombo wamandla weseli.
Emva koko, ezi molekyuli ze-ATP zithuthwa nge yetsheyini Mitochondrial ukuphefumla. Kweli nqanaba, ii-athomu ze-ATP zifumana uluhlu lwee-enzymatic reactions, ngokuqhubekayo zikhulula amandla azo kwaye zivelise i-molecule ze-ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate). Le nkqubo ye-phosphorylation ye-oxidative ingundoqo kwi-digestion yeselula, njengoko ivumela ukuveliswa kwamandla okusebenzayo ngokugqithiselwa kwee-electron.
Indima ye-autophagy kwi-digestion yeselula
I-Autophagy yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwi-digestion yeselula, evumela ukuthotywa kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto ezonakalisiweyo, eziphelelwe lixesha okanye ezingeyomfuneko. Ngale ndlela, iseli inokugcina i-homeostasis yayo kwaye iqhelane neemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo.
Enye yeendima eziphambili ze-autophagy kukupheliswa kweeprotheyini ezingalunganga okanye ezifakwe kwi-denatured, ezinokuqokelelana kwiseli kwaye zikhokelele kukungasebenzi kakuhle kweeseli. Ngokuqulunqwa kwenwebu ebizwa ngokuba yi-autophagosome, iiprotheni ezonakeleyo zisongelwa ukuthotywa okulandelayo kwi-lysosomes. Le proteni yokucoca kunye nenkqubo yokuphinda isetyenziswe ibalulekile ukukhusela uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nokugcina ingqibelelo yamaselula.
Ukongeza kokubandakanyeka kwayo ekususweni kweeprotheni ezingaqhelekanga, i-autophagy idlala indima ephambili ekuthotyweni kwe-organelles endala okanye eyonakalisiweyo, njenge-mitochondria, i-endoplasmic reticulum, kunye ne-peroxisomes. Ezi organelles zigutyungelwe ngokukhethiweyo yinwebu ye-autophagic kwaye emva koko iqondiswe kwi-lysosomes yokuthotywa. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-autophagy ekhethiweyo, ivumela uhlaziyo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamacandelo eeselula, ngaloo ndlela igalelo ekugcinweni kwempilo yeselula kunye nokuthintela izifo ezifana nomhlaza kunye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
Izinto ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-cell digestion
Ukwetyisa kweeseli yinkqubo esisiseko yokusebenza kakuhle kwezinto eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokuphembelela ukusebenza kakuhle kwayo, ngaloo ndlela zibeke esichengeni ukusebenza okuchanekileyo kweeseli. Apha ngezantsi zezona zinto zibalulekileyo:
1. Ukuxinana kwee-enzymes zokwetyisa: Ukusebenza kakuhle kokugaya kweselula kuxhomekeke kakhulu kugxininiso lwee-enzymes zokugaya ezikhoyo. Ezi enzymes, ezifana neeproteases, lipases kunye ne-amylases, zinoxanduva lokuqhekeza izondlo zibe ziimolekyuli ezincinci ezinokusetyenziswa ziiseli. Ukugxininiswa okuphantsi kwezi enzyme kunokwenza kube nzima ukwetyisa kunye nokulinganisa izondlo.
2. pH ye-intracellular medium: I-pH ngumlinganiselo we-acidity okanye i-alkalinity yesisombululo Kwimeko yokugaya iselula, i-pH ye-intracellular medium inokuchaphazela umsebenzi we-enzymes yokugaya. I-enzyme nganye inoluhlu lwe-pH olufanelekileyo apho inokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuba i-pH ye-intracellular medium ingaphandle kolu luhlu lufanelekileyo, umsebenzi wee-enzymes unokuncipha, uchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokugaya.
3. Ubushushu: Ubushushu bukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kokucolwa kwamaselula. Ii-enzymes zokwetyisa zinobushushu obufanelekileyo apho zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuba ubushushu bungaphantsi okanye bungaphezulu kolu luhlu lufanelekileyo, umsebenzi we-enzyme unokuncipha, uchaphazela isantya sokugaya kwamaselula. Ukongeza, utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiqondo lobushushu lunokubangela ukukhutshwa kwee-enzymes, ezinokuthi zichaphazele ukusebenza kwazo kakuhle.
Iingcebiso zokuphucula ukwetyisa kweselula
Ukufezekisa ukugaya okufanelekileyo kweselula, kubalulekile ukulandela iingcebiso ezithile ezikhuthaza le nkqubo ibalulekileyo kumzimba wethu. Nazi ezinye izicwangciso onokuthi uziphumeze:
1. Gcina ukutya okunesondlo: Ukutya ukutya okunesondlo okunezondlo kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ukucoleka kweseli. Qinisekisa ukuquka ukutya okufana neziqhamo, imifuno, ukutya okuziinkozo, kunye neeproteni ezibhityileyo kukutya kwakho kwemihla ngemihla. Ezi zibonelela ngee-amino acids, iivithamini kunye neeminerali eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni ngokugqibeleleyo kweeseli.
2. Hidrátate adecuadamente: Ukufakwa kwamanzi kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwazo zonke iinkqubo zethu, kuquka ukwetyisa kweselula. Ukusela amanzi aneleyo kusivumela ukuba sigcine ibhalansi yamanzi kwiiseli zethu, ngaloo ndlela siququzelela iinkqubo ze-metabolic eziyimfuneko zokugaya izondlo.
3. Bandakanya umthambo rhoqo: Ukuzivocavoca umzimba rhoqo akuncedi kuphela ukugcina ubunzima obunempilo, kodwa kwakhona kukhuthaza ukufunxwa kwezondlo kwiiseli zethu. Ukwenza imisebenzi efana nokuhamba, ukugijima, ukubhukuda okanye ukudlala imidlalo kukhuthaza ukujikeleza kwegazi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezondlo kuzo zonke iiseli zomzimba.
Ukugaya iiseli kunye nobudlelwane bayo nempilo kunye nezifo
Ukugaya iiseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kakuhle komzimba wethu kwaye inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nempilo yethu kunye nokubonakala kwezifo. Ngale nkqubo intsonkothileyo, iiseli zifumana izondlo eziyimfuneko ukuze ziphile kwaye ziphelise inkunkuma enokuba yingozi.
Kukho izigaba ezahlukeneyo kwi-digestion yeselula, ezibandakanya ukuxutywa, ukugaya kunye nokufunxa izondlo. Ekufunweni, iiseli zithatha iimolekyuli eziyimfuneko ekutyeni esikutyayo. Ngexesha lokwetyisa, ezi molekyuli ziqhekeka zibe ngamacandelo amancinci ngokusabela okukhethekileyo kweekhemikhali. Okokugqibela, ekufunxeni, iiseli zifunxa izondlo eziyimfuneko ngenwebu yazo, ngelixa inkunkuma ikhutshwa.
Ukwetyisa kweeseli kubalulekile kwimpilo yethu, kuba kusivumela ukuba sifumane amandla kunye nezondlo eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwemizimba yethu. Ukuba le inkqubo ichaphazeleka nangayiphi na indlela, izifo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuphazamiseka kunokuvela. Ngokomzekelo, ukusilela kwe-enzyme yokugaya kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zokufunxa izondlo, ezifana ne-malabsorption yamafutha, iivithamini kunye neeminerali. Ukongeza, ukuqokelelana kwenkunkuma kwiiseli ngenxa yokungacoleki kakuhle kweseli kunokubangela izifo ezinjenge-Parkinson okanye i-Alzheimer's.
Inkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe ekuqondeni ukugaya kweselula
Ukuqhubela phambili kwezenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe kuye kwaguqula uphononongo lokucolwa kweeseli, ukuvumela ukuqonda nzulu iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezenzeka emzimbeni wethu. Besebenzisa ubuchule be-microscopy obuphezulu, abaphandi baye bakwazi ukujonga kwinqanaba leeseli Indlela izondlo eziqhekeka ngayo kunye nendlela ezifunxwa ngayo ziiseli. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekufumaneni iimolekyuli ezintsha kunye neeprotheni ezibandakanyekayo ekucoleni.
Ngapha koko, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yolandelelwano lwe-DNA yenze ukuba kube lula ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokubonakalisa ii-microorganisms ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwindlela yokugaya. Ezi microorganisms zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwetyisweni nasekufunxeni kokutya, kwaye uphononongo lwazo luveze ubukho boluntu oluntsonkothileyo lwemicrobial olusebenzisanayo kunye kunye neeseli ezibambayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetyenziswa kweemodeli zokubala kunye nokulinganisa kuye kwaququzelela ukuqonda kweendlela ze-biochemical kunye nezomzimba ezibandakanyekayo kwi-digestion yeselula. Ngokusebenzisa le mifuziselo, izazinzulu zinokulinganisa indlela okwenzeka ngayo imichiza kunye notshintsho lwesakhiwo ngexesha lokwetyisa, lunika imbono eneenkcukacha yeenkqubo ezenzeka kwinqanaba lemolekyuli. Oku kusivumele ukuba sichonge amanqaku anokwenzeka okungenelela ekuphuhliseni unyango olujoliswe ekuphazamisekeni kokugaya.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Biotechnological yokugaya kweselula
Ukucolwa kweeseli yinkqubo esisiseko kwibhayoloji evumela iiseli ukuba zifumane izondlo kwaye ziphelise inkunkuma. Ukongeza kukubaluleka kwebhayoloji, le nkqubo ikwabonelela ngezicelo ezingenasiphelo zebhayoloji ezithe zaguqula iinkalo ezininzi zokufunda. Ngezantsi zezinye eziphambili:
Producción de enzimas: Ukwetyisa kweSelula ngumthombo oxabiseke we-enzymes, eziyiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezibangela ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezithile. Ezi enzymes zinokubekwa zodwa kwaye zisetyenziswe kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso, ezifana nokuveliswa kokutya, i-detergents, i-biofuels kunye neemveliso zamayeza. Eminye imizekelo Eziphawulekayo ziquka i-amylase, esetyenziselwa ukuchithwa kwesitashi kwi-sugars elula, kunye ne-lipase, esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-detergents kunye ne-synthesis ye-biodiesel.
Unyango lwe-gene: Ukwetyisa kweeseli kukwavumele uphuhliso lweendlela zonyango lwemfuza, ezinokulungisa okanye zithathe indawo yemfuza enesiphene emzimbeni. Ngokusebenzisa ii-enzymes zokwetyisa, izazinzulu zinokuzisa imathiriyeli yemfuza elungisiweyo kwiiseli, ezivumela ukulungiswa kwezifo ezifuzeneyo okanye ezifunyenweyo. Le ndlela ithembisayo ibonise iziphumo ezithembisayo kunyango lweziphazamiso zemfuzo ezifana ne-cystic fibrosis, i-hemophilia, kunye nomhlaza.
Uphando lwezenzululwazi: Ukugaya iiseli kube negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni iindlela ezisisiseko zobomi. Ngezifundo zokucolwa kweeseli, abaphandi baye bafumanisa iinkqubo ezisisiseko ezifana ne-autophagy, inkqubo yokuthotywa kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe iiseli zeseli, ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni i-homeostasis yeselula kunye nokuthintela izifo. Olu lwazi luqhube uphando kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwezonyango ukuya kwezolimo, kwaye lubeke isiseko sokuphuhliswa konyango olutsha kunye nobuchule be-biotechnological.
Ukugaya iiseli njengonyango kwizifo ze-metabolic
Ukwetyisa kweeseli kuye kwaba lunyango oluthembisayo kunyango lwezifo ze-metabolic. Le ndlela yokuvelisa ithatha ithuba lobuchule obungaphakathi beeseli ukudiliza kwaye ziphinde zisebenzise amacandelo azo, nto leyo iluncedo ngakumbi kwiziphazamiso ezifana nesifo sogcino lwe-glycogen okanye isifo seFabry.
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zokugaya iiseli kukukwazi ukuphelisa iimolekyuli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingasebenziyo eziqokelela ngaphakathi kweeseli. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-autophagy, iinxalenye zeseli ezingabalulekanga, ezifana neeprotheyini ezonakeleyo okanye ezingaqhelekanga, ziqhekezwe zibe zizakhiwo ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yi-lysosomes. Ezi lysosomes zisebenza "njengamaziko okurisayikilisha" njengoko ziqhekeza iimolekyuli zibe ziibhloko zazo zokwakha ezisisiseko, ezinokuthi ke ziphinde zisetyenziswe ukwenza iiproteni ezintsha.
Ngokuvuselela ukugaya kweselula, umsebenzi unokubuyiselwa. iselfowuni eqhelekileyo kwaye ubuyekeze iziphene ezisisiseko zemetabolism. Ukongeza, ukusebenza kwe-autophagy kunokukhuthaza ukupheliswa kwezinto ezinobuthi eziqokelelweyo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwamalungu ngokubanzi. Le ndlela yonyango ethembisayo iye yabangela umdla omkhulu kuluntu lwenzululwazi kwaye iphantsi kophuhliso oluqhubekayo ukujongana noluhlu olubanzi lwezifo ze-metabolic.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokugaya kweselula kunye nezinye iinkqubo zeselula
Ezi zibalulekile ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukugaya iiseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo apho izondlo zichithwa kwaye ziguqulelwe kwiimolekyuli ezincinci zokusetyenziswa yiseli. Ngaloo ndlela, le nkqubo isebenzisana nezinye izinto eziphambili zeselula, ezifana nokuphefumla kweselula kunye neprotheni synthesis, ukugcina ibhalansi yeselula kunye ne-homeostasis.
Enye yezona nkqubo zibaluleke kakhulu kolu nxibelelwano lunxibelelwano phakathi kokugaya kweselula kunye nokuphefumla kweselula. Ngexesha lokugaya, i-glucose kunye nezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-organic compounds zichithwa zibe ngama-molecule alula, njenge-pyruvate. Le pyruvate ke ingena kwindlela yemetabolism ebizwa ngokuba yi-cellular respiration, apho iye i-oxidized ukuvelisa amandla ngendlela ye-ATP. Ngale ndlela, ukugaywa kweselula kunika i-substrates eziyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokuphefumla kwaye, ngokulandelelana, izibonelelo zokuphefumla. amandla ayimfuneko ukwenza ukwetyisa.
Ukongeza, ukugaywa kwamaselula kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo neprotein synthesis. Ngexesha lokugaya, ii-amino acids ezibonelelwa ngokuqhekeka kweeprotheni zisetyenziswa njengeebhloko zokwakha ukuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni ezintsha. Ezi proteni ziyimfuneko ekwenzeni imisebenzi yeselula kwaye ziyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezicubu kunye nokulungiswa. Ke ngoko, ukucolwa kweeseli kunye neprotheyini yeprotheyini idityanisiwe, kuba ukugaywa kunika i-amino acids eziyimfuneko kwiprotein synthesis, ngelixa iprotein synthesis idinga iimveliso zokugaya ukwakha iimolekyuli ezintsha.
Imingeni kuphando lokucolwa kweeseli kunye nekamva layo elithembisayo
Uphando lokucolwa kweeseli luzisa imingeni emininzi efuna indlela yenzululwazi engqongqo kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kweenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kweeseli. Enye yeengxaki ezibaluleke kakhulu kubunzima beendlela zokugaya iiseli, ezibandakanya uchungechunge lwe-enzymes, i-subcellular organelles kunye ne-intracellular signaling pathways. Ukuqonda indlela ezi nkqubo zilawulwa ngayo kunye nendlela ezisebenzisana ngayo enye kwenye kubalulekile ukutyhila iimfihlelo zokugaya iiseli.
Omnye umngeni kuphando lwe-cell digestion kukufikelela kwizixhobo zokusika kunye neendlela ezivumela ukuhlalutya kunye nokubona iinkqubo ezenzeka kwinqanaba le-intracellular. Ngethamsanqa, ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kubonelele ngamathuba amatsha okufunda ukugaywa kwamaselula kumanqanaba emolekyuli kunye ne-subcellular. I-high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, isizukulwana esilandelayo sokulandelelana kwe-DNA, kunye ne-bioinformatics yimizekelo nje embalwa yezixhobo eziye zaguqula intsimi yophando lwebhayoloji yeseli.
Nangona kukho imingeni, ikamva lophando lokugaya amaselula libukeka lithembisa. Ubuchwephesha obutsha kunye netekhnoloji ivumela izazinzulu ukuba ziveze iinkcukacha ezintle ngakumbi malunga neenkqubo zokugaya iiseli, ezinokuthi zikhokelele kwinkqubela phambili enkulu ekuxilongeni nasekunyangelweni kwezifo ezinxulumene nokucolwa kweeseli, ezinjengomhlaza kunye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphuhliswa konyango olusekwe ekusetyenzisweni kokugaya kweseli luvula umnyango wezicwangciso ezintsha zonyango ukujongana nezifo ezinganyangekiyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Isishwankathelo, uphando lokwetyisa kweselula lumele intsimi eyonwabisayo nethembisayo eqhubeka nokwandisa ulwazi lwethu malunga nobomi ngokwabo.
Imibuzo neempendulo
Umbuzo: Kuthetha ukuthini "ukukhupha i-cell digestion"?
Impendulo: "Ukuqhuba ukugaya kweselula" yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kweeseli ezibandakanya ukuchithwa kweeamolekyu kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla asetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ze-metabolic.
Umbuzo: Yiyiphi i-organelle yeselula enoxanduva lokuqhuba ukugaya kweselula?
A: I-lysosome yi-organelle yeselula enoxanduva lokuqhuba ukugaya kweselula. Iqulethe i-enzymes yokugaya ekwazi ukuphula iimolekyuli eziyinkimbinkimbi kwiiyunithi ezilula, ngaloo ndlela ikhulula amandla kunye neemetabolites.
Umbuzo: Iyintoni indima ye-lysosome kwi-digestion yeselula?
A: I-lysosome idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-digestion yeselula ngokuxuba kunye ne-vesicles okanye amaqhekeza aqulethe izinto eziza kugaywa. Nje ukuba idityanisiwe, ikhupha ii-enzymes zokugaya ukutya eziqhekeza iimolekyuli zibe zizinto zazo ezisisiseko, njenge-nucleic acids, lipids, kunye necarbohydrates. Oku kuthotywa kuvumela ukukhululwa kwamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa okulandelayo kwamacandelo asisiseko kwezinye iinkqubo zeselula.
Umbuzo: Ilawulwa njani ukwetyisa kweselula?
IMPENDULO: Ukwetyisa kweeseli kulawulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Enye yeendlela eziphambili ngummiselo wentshukumo ye-enzymatic ngaphakathi kwe-lysosome. I-Enzymes zifuna imeko-bume eneasidi kunye nobushushu obufanelekileyo kunye neemeko ze-pH ukuba zisebenze kakuhle. I-Lysosomes igcina i-pH ene-acidic kunye nendawo efanelekileyo yokusebenza kwe-enzymatic Ukongeza, iiseli zikholelwa ukuba zilawula inani le-lysosomes kunye ne-enzymes yokugaya esekelwe kwiimfuno ze-metabolic.
Umbuzo: Kubaluleke kangakanani ukucolwa kweeseli? ngenxa yempilo kunye nokusebenza komzimba?
IMPENDULO: Ukwetyisa kweeseli kubalulekile ekugcinweni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle komzimba. Ivumela ukufunyanwa kwamandla ayimfuneko kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ukurisayikilishwa kwezinto ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezigugileyo zeselula kunye nokupheliswa kwezinto eziyingozi okanye ezingafunwayo. Ukongezelela, ukugaya kwamaselula nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni iinkqubo eziphambili, ezifana nokuphendula komzimba kunye nokuhlukana kwamaselula.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi ezinye izifo okanye iziphazamiso ezayanyaniswa notshintsho lweseli yokugaya?
A: Utshintsho kwindlela yokucolwa kweseli kunokukhokelela kwiziphazamiso nezifo ezahlukeneyo. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya izifo ze-lysosomal, ezifana ne-glycogen storage disease type II (isifo sePompe) kunye nesifo se-Tay-Sachs. Ezi zifo zibonakaliswe ngokuqokelelwa kweeamolekyu ezingaxutywanga ngaphakathi kwe-lysosomes, ekhokelela ekungasebenzi kakuhle kwamaselula kunye nokubonakaliswa kweklinikhi ethile. Uphando kule ndawo lubalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuphuhliseni unyango lwezi pathologies.
Ukuququmbela
Ukuqukumbela, ukugaywa kwamaselula kuyinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokugcina kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kweeseli. Ngoluhlu lwamanyathelo e-biochemical alawulwa kakhulu, iiseli zilawula ukuthotywa kunye nokuthatha ithuba lezondlo eziyimfuneko ukuze ziphile. Ukwetyisa kweSelula kuqhutywa kwii-organelles ezikhethekileyo ezifana lysosomes, apho ii-enzymes ezithile ziqhekeza izinto eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic, ikhupha iimolekyuli ezilula ezinokuthi zingasetyenziselwa ukufumana amandla kunye nokudibanisa iimolekyuli ezibalulekileyo.
Le nkqubo ibalulekile ukugcina ubomi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezicubu kunye namalungu. Ukugaya okuchanekileyo kweselula kunegalelo ekugcinweni kwe-homeostasis kunye nokupheliswa kwenkunkuma yeselula, ukuphepha ukuqokelelwa kwee-toxins kunye negalelo kwimpilo jikelele yomzimba.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba naluphi na utshintsho kwiindlela zokugaya iiseli lunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwimpilo. Ke ngoko, uphononongo oluneenkcukacha lwale nkqubo kunye nolawulo lwayo lubalulekile ukuqonda izifo ezinxulumene nokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo.
Isishwankathelo, ukucolwa kweeseli yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya uthotho lweempendulo ezilawulwa kakhulu ze-biochemical. Ukusebenza kwayo okuchanekileyo kubalulekile kubomi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweeseli. Uphononongo nokuqonda kumgangatho wemolekyuli zibalulekile kuphuhliso lwamayeza kunye nebhayoloji yeeseli.
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