Ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian, ekwabizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yengqiqo ka-Aristotle, luqeqesho olusukela emva kwenkulungwane yesi-4 BC yaphuhliswa sisithandi sobulumko samaGrike, uAristotle. Le ndlela yokucinga nokuqiqa isekelwe kulwakhiwo olucwangcisiweyo oluye lwaphembelela kakhulu intanda-bulumko, inzululwazi, kunye nokucinga kohlalutyo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian igxile ekuqondeni nasekuhleleni iikhonsepthi kunye neziphakamiso, kwaye ifuna ukuseka isiseko esinengqiqo nesingqongqo sokufikelela kwizigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yakhe yokuthomalalisa, uAristotle waseka iziseko ze-syllogisms, indlela yokuqiqa apho izigqibo zithatyathwa kwindawo ethile.
Le ndlela enengqiqo yahlulwe kwiindawo ezininzi, ezifana nethiyori yodidi, apho iiklasi ezahlukeneyo zezinto kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwazo zifundwa; isiphakamiso kunye nesigwebo, apho ulwakhiwo kunye nokunyaniseka kweenkcazo zicazululwa; kunye ne-syllogism, evumela ukuba izigqibo ziqikelelwe ngokusekelwe kwizakhiwo ezimiselweyo.
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian ishiye impembelelo engapheliyo kwingcinga yaseNtshona kwaye iyaqhubeka ibalulekile okwangoku. Ugxininiso lwayo ekuchanekeni nasekuthungelaneni okusengqiqweni kube nefuthe kwiinkalo zezifundo ezifana nefilosofi, imathematika, iilwimi, nenzululwazi. Ngokusetyenziswa kwengqiqo ka-Aristotelian, siyakwazi ukuphucula amandla ethu okuxoxa ngempumelelo, bachonge ubuxoki baze bakhe ingqiqo eqinileyo.
Isishwankathelo, ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian, ejolise ekuchanekeni okusengqiqweni kunye nolwakhiwo lwengxoxo, yenza isixhobo esisisiseko sokucinga nzulu kunye nokuqiqa okungqongqo. Le nkqubo yengqiqo iyaqhubeka nokuba yinto efanelekileyo kwimeko yemfundo kwaye isifundo sayo sivumela ukuba sihlolisise imigaqo esisiseko yengqiqo.
1. Intshayelelo yengqiqo ka-Aristotelian: Iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko kunye nokubaluleka kwazo ngokwembali
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian lisebe lefilosofi egxile kufundo lweengcamango ezisisiseko zokuqiqa kunye nokucinga okuphangaleleyo. UAristotle, esinye sezithandi zobulumko ezinempembelelo yembali, waseka iziseko zale ngqiqo kwimisebenzi yakhe, eyaba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela esiliqonda ngayo ihlabathi kunye nokwakha iingxoxo zethu.
Ukufundwa kwengqiqo ye-Aristotelian isinika izixhobo ezinamandla zokuphuhlisa izakhono zokucinga nzulu kunye nokuhlalutya nokuvavanya iingxoxo ngempumelelo. Ukuqonda imiba esisiseko yale ngqiqo, njengeziphakamiso, ii-syllogisms, kunye nobuxoki, kusivumela ukuba sichonge izakhiwo ezisisiseko zeengxoxo kunye nokuvavanya ukunyaniseka kunye nokuvakala kwazo.
Ukufaneleka kwembali yengqiqo ka-Aristotelian ilele kwimpembelelo yayo ehlala ihleli kwingcinga yaseNtshona. Kangangeenkulungwane, le ngqiqo ibisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-rhetoric, i-theology, isayensi kunye nefilosofi. Indlela yayo engqongqo necwangcisiweyo yamkelwe zizithandi zobulumko kunye nabaphengululi kwimbali yonke, kwaye impembelelo yayo isabonakala nanamhlanje. Ngokufunda ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian, sinokuphonononga iziseko zokuqiqa komntu kwaye siqonde ukuba ziphuhlise njani kwaye zavela njani ekuhambeni kwexesha.
2. Ii-Syllogisms kunye nendima yazo ephambili kwi-Aristotelian logic
I-Syllogisms yinxalenye engundoqo kwingqiqo ye-Aristotelian kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqiqweni okucacileyo. I-sylogism yingxoxo enengqiqo equlathe iindawo ezibini kunye nesiphelo, kwaye isekelwe kubudlelwane bomxholo phakathi kwamagama asetyenzisiweyo. La magama anokwahlulwa abe ngamacandelo amathathu: intloko, isivisa kunye nekota ephakathi.
Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ii-syllogisms ze ngempumelelo, kubalulekile ukwazi imigaqo kunye neefom ezisungulwe ngu-Aristotle. Kukho iindlela ezine ezisisiseko ze-syllogisms, nganye inemithetho yayo yokunyaniseka. Ezi milo zaziwa njengamanani e-syllogism kwaye zimelwe ngoonobumba kunye namanani ukuchonga imigaqo kunye neendawo.
Nje ukuba ifom ye-syllogism ichongiwe kwaye indawo isungulwe, inyathelo elilandelayo kukusebenzisa imigaqo ye-inference ukufikelela kwisigqibo esifanelekileyo. Le migaqo ibandakanya umthetho ophakathi ongabandakanyiweyo, umgaqo wesazisi kunye nomgaqo wokungachasananga. Ngokulandela ngokucophelela le migaqo, umntu unokugqiba ukuba i-syllogism iyasebenza okanye ayivumelekile, kwaye ngoko ke ukuvavanya amandla engxabano. Ukwenza imizekelo ye-syllogism kunye nokuziqhelanisa kunokuba yindlela enhle yokuqhelana nale mithetho kwaye uphucule amandla akho okuyisebenzisa. ngempumelelo.
3. Ukuhlelwa kweesillogisms kunye nolwakhiwo lwazo olunengqiqo
Ii-Syllogisms ziingxoxo zokuxhuzula eziqulathe iindawo ezibini kunye nesiphelo, apho kusekwa ubudlelwane phakathi kweekhonsepthi ezimbini okanye iimbono. Ukuhlelwa kwee-syllogisms kusekelwe kwisakhiwo sazo esinengqiqo kwaye zahlulahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezahlukeneyo ngokweempawu zazo ezisisiseko.
Enye yeendlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokuhlela yileyo icetywa ngu-Aristotle, owahlula-hlula ngokwamanani amathathu kunye neendlela ezine. Amanani abhekiselele kwindawo yamagama kwindawo kunye nesiphelo, ngelixa iindlela zibhekisela ekusasazeni amagama kwiziphakamiso. Ngokomzekelo, imo ye-AAA ithathwa njenge-syllogism esebenzayo, ngelixa i-EAO mode ithathwa njengengekho mthethweni.
Olunye ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo lusekwe kubungakanani kunye nomgangatho wemigaqo kwindawo kwaye yaziwa ngokuba ngubungakanani kunye nokuhlelwa komgangatho. Kule nkqubo, ii-syllogisms zihlelwa njengehlabathi jikelele okanye ngokukodwa kwaye ziqinisekisa okanye zingalunganga. Umzekelo, i-universal affirmative syllogism imelwe yi-formula AAI.
4. Amagama anengqiqo kunye nomsebenzi wawo kwingqiqo ka-Aristotelian
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian isekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwamagama anengqiqo ukuhlalutya kunye nokuqonda iingxoxo. La magama anomsebenzi osisiseko kule nkqubo yokucinga, ekubeni esivumela ukuba siseke unxulumano olusengqiqweni phakathi kweengqikelelo neziphakamiso ezahlukeneyo.
Elinye lawona magama abalulekileyo anengqiqo kwi-Aristotelian logic "isifundo." Umxholo yinto ekuthethwa ngayo kwisiphakamiso okanye kwingxelo. Yingcamango okanye iziko ekuthi ngalo into ingqinwe okanye yaliwe. Ngokomzekelo, kwisiphakamiso esithi "Zonke iikati zizilwanyana ezincelisayo," umxholo othi "iikati." Kususela kumagama anengqiqo afana nesihloko apho iindidi kunye nokuhlelwa kunokwakhiwa.
Elinye igama elisisiseko elithi "predicate." Isivisa yinto eqinisekisiweyo okanye ekhanyelwayo malunga nesihloko kwisiphakamiso. Yingcamango okanye ingcamango ethi yayanyaniswa nomxholo. Ukuqhubela phambili nomzekelo wangaphambili, kwisiphakamiso esithi "Zonke iikati zizilwanyana ezincelisayo", isivisa "zizilwanyana ezincelisayo". Kungemigaqo enengqiqo efana nesivisa apho unxulumano lokubandakanywa okanye ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle phakathi kweendidi ezahlukeneyo kunokusekwa.
5. Iindidi ze-Aristotelian: Isixhobo esisisiseko sokuhlelwa kolwazi
Iindidi ze-Aristotelian sisixhobo esisisiseko sokuhlela kunye nokulungelelaniswa kolwazi. Ezi ndidi, ezicetywe sisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle, zibonelela ngesakhiwo sengqiqo esivumela ukuba sihlalutye ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye siqonde ihlabathi elisingqongileyo.
Udidi lokuqala yi-substance, ebhekiselele kwizinto ezizimeleyo okanye amaqumrhu, oko kukuthi, into ekhoyo ngokwayo. Umzekelo, isitulo okanye itafile zizinto kuba zizinto ezinobukho bazo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba i-substance yinto esisiseko kwaye ezinye iindidi zihambelana nayo ngandlela-thile..
Udidi lwesibini ngumyinge, obhekisa kumlinganiselo okanye kubukhulu bento. Sinokuthetha malunga nobuninzi bobunzima yento okanye isixa semali esinayo. Ubuninzi buvumela ukuba silinganise kwaye sithelekise izinto ezahlukeneyo.
Udidi lwesithathu lumgangatho, olubhekiselele kwiimpawu okanye iimpawu zento ethile. Sinokuthetha ngomgangatho yemveliso, ebhekisela kwinqanaba layo lokugqwesa, umzekelo. Umgangatho usinceda ukuba sahlule kwaye sihlele izinto ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zazo..
Ezi ndidi zintathu ze-Aristotelian zisisiqalo nje senkqubo yokuhlela ebanzi nentsonkothileyo. Ngazo, sinokucwangcisa kwaye sihlalutye ulwazi ngokufanelekileyo, ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto, ubuninzi kunye neempawu. Ukusebenzisa ezi ndidi kusinika isiseko esiluqilima sokuhlela ulwazi kwaye kusivumela ukuba siliqonde ngcono ihlabathi elisingqongileyo..
6. Umgaqo wokungachasani kunye nokubaluleka kwawo kwingqiqo ye-Aristotelian
Umgaqo wokungachasani ngomnye wemigaqo esisiseko kwi-Aristotelian logic. Lo mgaqo uthi isiphakamiso asinakuba yinyani kwaye sibubuxoki. ngaxeshanye. Ngamanye amazwi, ingxelo ayinakuziphikisa. Ngumgaqo-siseko obambekayo osisiseko sokuqiqa okuthobayo kwaye ubalulekile kulandelelwano kunye nokungaguquguquki kwingcinga enengqiqo.
Kwingqiqo ka-Aristotelian, umgaqo wokungachasani usetyenziswa njengenqobo yokumisela ukunyaniseka kwengxoxo. Ukuba ingxabano iphula lo mgaqo, ithathwa njengengekho mthethweni kwaye ayimkelwa njengengqiqo. Ngaphaya koko, umgaqo wokungachasana unxulumene nezinye iikhonsepthi ezibalulekileyo ezinengqondo, ezinjengomthetho wombindi ongabandakanywayo kunye nomgaqo wokuzazisi.
Ukubaluleka komgaqo wokungachasani kusekukwazini kwawo ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki okunengqiqo kwingqiqo yethu. Ngokusebenzisa lo mgaqo, sinokukuphepha ukungangqinelani okusengqiqweni kunye nokuphikisana kwiingxelo zethu kunye neengxoxo. Ngale ndlela, sinokwakha inkqubo engqingqwa nethembekileyo esivumela ukuba senze iingqikelelo ezifanelekileyo nezihambelanayo. Isishwankathelo, umgaqo wokungachasani yintsika esisiseko ye-Aristotelian logic kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwingcinga enengqiqo kunye nokuqiqa okunengqiqo.
7. Iikhonsepthi zokuqinisekisa kunye nokukhanyela kwi-Aristotelian logic kunye nefuthe labo ekuqiqweni.
Kwingqiqo ka-Aristotelian, iikhonsepthi zokuqinisekisa kunye nokuchaswa zisisiseko sokuqiqa. Ezi ngqikelelo zibhekisa kwindlela ekusekwe ngayo inyaniso okanye ubuxoki besiphakamiso. Ukuqinisekiswa sisindululo esithathwa njengenyani, ngelixa ukukhanyela kusisiphakamiso esithathwa njengobubuxoki. Ezi ngcamango zisetyenziselwa ukwakha iingxoxo eziqinileyo nezisebenzayo.
Kwingqiqo ka-Aristotelian, le ngxelo ichazwa ngokusetyenziswa kwegama elithi “yi” okanye elilingana nalo kwezinye iilwimi, lilandelwa luphawu olwabelwe loo mbandela. Ngokomzekelo, kwingxelo ethi "Isibhakabhaka siluhlaza," kuchazwe ukuba uphawu "oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" lusebenza kwisihloko esithi "isibhakabhaka." Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukuba siseke ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto kunye neempawu ezichazayo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ingxelo inokuba yinyani okanye bubuxoki, kodwa hayi zombini. ngaxeshanye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuchaswa kwingqiqo ka-Aristotelian kubonakaliswa ngokusetyenziswa kwamagama anjengokuthi "hayi" okanye "ayikho" elandelwa yimpawu ezimbi. Ngokomzekelo, ekuchaseni "Isibhakabhaka asibomvu," kuchazwe ukuba uphawu "obomvu" alusebenzisi kwisihloko esithi "isibhakabhaka." Ukukhanyela kusivumela ukuba silahle iinkcazo ezithile kwaye sifikelele kwizigqibo ezisekelwe kwinto engeyonyani. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokukhanyela kwayo akunakuba yinyani zombini ngexesha elinye, ngokulandela umgaqo wokungachasani.
8. Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye nefilosofi yesayensi
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian lisebe lefilosofi ehlalutya indlela ulwazi oluphunyezwa ngayo ngokuqiqa kunye nengxoxo. Le ngqiqo isekelwe kwimigaqo esekwe ngu-Aristotle kumsebenzi wakhe othi "Organon", apho waphuhlisa inkqubo esemthethweni yokucinga ngokuqhawula. Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian ibe sisiseko kwifilosofi yesayensi, njengoko ibonelela ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko zokuvavanya ukunyaniseka kunye nokuhambelana kweengxoxo zesayensi.
Kwifilosofi yenzululwazi, indlela yenzululwazi ixhomekeke kwimigaqo eqiqiweyo nengqiqweni ukufikelela kwizigqibo malunga nendalo. Ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian idlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo, njengoko ibonelela ngemithetho yokuqikelelwa okusebenzayo kunye nobungqina obubambekayo. Ngokusebenzisa ii-syllogisms, eziluhlobo lokuqiqa okuxhuzulayo, ubudlelwane be-causal bunokusekwa kunye noqikelelo lwenzululwazi. Ezi sylogisms zisekelwe kwimigaqo Aristotelian yesazisi, non-ukuphikisana kwaye ngaphandle phakathi.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwengqiqo ka-Aristotelian kunye nefilosofi yenzululwazi ibonakaliswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokuqulunqwa kunye novavanyo lweethiyori zenzululwazi, ukuchongwa kweempazamo ezivakalayo kwingqiqo yesayensi, kunye nokutolikwa kunye nokunxibelelana kweziphumo zenzululwazi. Ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian inika isiseko esiluqilima sengxoxo yezenzululwazi, iqinisekisa ukuyondelelana kunye nokuba semthethweni kweengxoxo. Ukongezelela, isenza sikwazi ukuchonga iimpazamo ezinengqiqo kunye neengcamango zengqondo ezinokugqwetha ukucinga kwenzululwazi. Ke ngoko, ulwazi lwengqiqo ka-Aristotelian lubalulekile ukuze uqonde kwaye usebenzise ifilosofi yesayensi ngendlela engqongqo negxekayo.
9. Ukugxekwa kwanamhlanje kwengqiqo ka-Aristotle kunye neentsilelo zayo
Ukugxekwa kwanamhlanje ngengqiqo ka-Aristotelian kuye kwatyhila iimpazamo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwinkqubo eyaphuhliswa sisithandi sobulumko samaGrike. Esinye sezigxeko eziphambili kukuba i-Aristotelian logic isekwe kwinkqubo yokubini yeendidi eziqinileyo, ezithintela amandla ayo okujongana nobunzima kunye nokungaqondakali okukhoyo kwiingxaki ezithile.
Esinye sezigxeko eziphambili ze-Aristotelian logic kukungakwazi kwayo ukuphatha ingqiqo engaqondakaliyo. Ngelixa i-Aristotelian logic ihlela izinto kwiindidi ezichanekileyo nezikhethekileyo, ingqiqo engaqondakaliyo iyayiqonda into yokubakho kweedigri eziphakathi. Ngokomzekelo, inkcazo ethi "eli gumbi lishushu" alikwazi ukuhlelwa njengenyani okanye ubuxoki ngokwengqiqo ye-Aristotelian, ekubeni umda phakathi kokutshisa kunye nokungashushu akuchazwanga ngokucacileyo.
Olunye ugxeko olubalulekileyo lwengqiqo ka-Aristotelian kukuthambekela kokuwela kwiimpazamo ezinengqiqo. Umzekelo, i-argument ad ignorantiam ibandakanya ukuxela ukuba into ethile iyinyani kuba ayikafunyaniswa ibubuxoki, okanye ngokuphendululekileyo. Olu hlobo lokuqiqa lunokugqalwa njengobubuxoki, ekubeni lungasekelwanga kubungqina obubambekayo okanye kubungqina obubambekayo. Le ntsilelo yengqiqo ye-Aristotelian ikhokelele kuphuhliso lweendlela ezintsha ezifana ne-modal logic, i-deontic logic kunye ne-non-classical logic, efuna ukoyisa le mida kunye nokwandisa umda wengqiqo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi.
10. Ukwamkelwa kunye nelifa lengqiqo ka-Aristotelian kwifilosofi yanamhlanje
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian ifundwe ngokubanzi kwaye ixatyiswe kwifilosofi yangoku ngenxa yokwamkelwa kwayo okumangalisayo kunye nelifa. Indlela yakhe ecwangcisiweyo nengqongqo kulwakhiwo lokuqiqa ibe nefuthe elikhulu kuluhlu olubanzi lwezifundo zefilosofi nezenzululwazi.
Okokuqala, ukwamkelwa kwengqiqo ye-Aristotelian kunokugqanyiswa kwifilosofi yohlalutyo, apho ibe sisixhobo esisisiseko sokuhlalutya kunye nokusombulula iingxaki. Iintanda-bulumko zala maxesha ziye zasebenzisa imigaqo ka-Aristotelian esengqiqweni ukuhlolisisa nokuvavanya iingxoxo, ukuchonga ubuxoki nokuseka isiseko esiluqilima sengxoxo esengqiqweni.
Ngaphaya koko, ilifa lengqiqo ka-Aristotelian liye lanwenwela kwimimandla efana nefilosofi yesayensi kunye ne-rhetoric. Kwifilosofi yenzululwazi, ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo ye-Aristotelian kuye kwavumela ukuphuhliswa kwethiyori kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweengcamango zesayensi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekufundweni kwe-rhetoric, imigaqo ka-Aristotelian ibe sisiseko sokuhlalutya ukukholisa kunye nentetho ekhohlisayo, ukubonelela ngesakhiwo esiqinileyo sokuqonda kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza kweengxoxo zobuciko.
Ngamafutshane, ziphawuleka ngenxa yempembelelo yazo kwiinkalo ezifana nefilosofi yohlalutyo, ifilosofi yesayensi, kunye ne-rhetoric. Imigaqo yayo ecwangcisiweyo kunye nengqiqweni engqingqwa inike isiseko esiluqilima sohlalutyo olunengqiqo, ukuqinisekiswa kwenzululwazi, kunye novavanyo lokukholisa. Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian iyaqhubeka isisixhobo esisisiseko kwisifundo sefilosofi yangoku kunye nokusebenza.
11. Ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo ye-Aristotelian ekufundeni kweenkqubo ezisemthethweni
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufundweni kweenkqubo ezisesikweni ngenxa yokukwazi ukubonelela ngesakhelo esicwangcisiweyo nesingqongqo sohlalutyo nokuqonda ezi nkqubo. Olu hlobo lwengqiqo, olwaphuhliswa sisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle, lusekelwe ekutsalweni nasekusetyenzisweni kweengongoma eziziintlobo ngeentlobo ukuze kufunyanwe izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.
Ukusebenzisa ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian kufundo lweenkqubo ezisesikweni, kubalulekile ukuqonda amacandelo ayo aphambili. Oku kubandakanya iikhonsepthi zesiphakamiso, isigama kunye ne-sylogism. Isindululo yingxelo enokuthi ibe yinyani okanye bubuxoki, ngelixa igama libhekisa kumbono othile okanye kwiziko elithile. Kwelinye icala, i-syllogism sisizathu sokuqiqa esiqulathe iindawo ezibini kunye nesiphelo.
Nje ukuba ukuqonda okusisiseko kwengqiqo ka-Aristotelian kufunyenwe, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchule bunokusetyenziswa ukuhlalutya kunye sombulula iingxaki kwiinkqubo ezisesikweni. Ukusebenzisa imizobo yeVenn kunye neetheyibhile zenyaniso kunokunceda ukujonga kunye nokuvavanya ukunyaniseka kweengxoxo. Kukwaluncedo ukusebenzisa imigaqo nemigaqo enengqiqo, njengomthetho wesazisi kunye nomthetho wombindi ongabandakanywayo, ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kweziphakamiso kunye nokufikelela kwizigqibo eziqinileyo. Ukongeza, hlola imizekelo kwaye usebenzise ukuqiqa okuthobayo Inyathelo nenyathelo inokuba sisicwangciso esisebenzayo sokuqonda kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ezinzima.
12. Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ekusombululeni iingxaki eziphathekayo
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ekusombululeni iingxaki ezisebenzayo ngenxa yendlela yayo ecwangcisiweyo kunye necwangcisiweyo. Le ndlela yokucinga isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba iingxaki zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amancinane, ahlalutywe ngokusengqiqweni, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukufumana izicombululo ezisebenzayo.
Ukusebenzisa ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian ekusombululeni ingxaki, kubalulekile ukulandela inkqubo yenyathelo ngalinye. Inyathelo lokuqala kukuchonga ngokucacileyo ingxaki kwaye uchaze injongo yokugqibela ekufuneka iphunyeziwe. Emva koko, iinketho ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kufuneka zihlalutywe kwaye izibonelelo zabo zivavanywe. okuhle nokubi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela zonke iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo kwaye uqwalasele naluphi na ulwazi olongezelelweyo olunokuba yimfuneko.
Nje ukuba zonke iinketho zivavanyiwe, isigqibo kufuneka senziwe kwaye kuyilwe isicwangciso sokusebenza. Esi sicwangciso kufuneka siquke imisebenzi eyimfuneko ekufezekiseni injongo, kunye nezibonelelo eziyimfuneko kunye nexesha eliqikelelweyo lomsebenzi ngamnye. Ngethuba lokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso, kubalulekile ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwinkqubela phambili kwaye wenze uhlengahlengiso xa kuyimfuneko.
13. Amagalelo engqiqo ka-Aristotelian kwifilosofi yolwimi kunye nesemantiki
Ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian yenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwifilosofi yolwimi kunye nesemantiki, njengoko ibonelela ngesakhelo sengqiqo eqinileyo yokuhlalutya nokuqonda indlela ulwimi olusebenza ngayo kunye nendlela olunxulumana ngayo nehlabathi. Elinye igalelo eliphawulekayo kuphuhliso lwethiyori yamagama kunye nezivakalisi, nto leyo eseka iziseko zokuqonda iintsingiselo zamagama kumxholo othile. Le nkcazo-bungcali igxininisa ukuba amagama anokuthi ahlelwe ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo kwaye izivisa zibhekisela kwiimpawu okanye iimpawu zamagama.
Elinye igalelo elibalulekileyo lengqiqo ka-Aristotelian kukuphuhliswa kwemithetho kunye nemigaqo yokuqonda okusebenzayo. Ngokutsho kuka-Aristotle, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcamango ezichanekileyo nezifanelekileyo. Le migaqo kunye nemigaqo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-syllogisms, isivumela ukuba sinqume ukuba ingxabano ivumelekile okanye ayikho. Ii-Syllogisms zenziwe ngezakhiwo kunye nesiphelo, kwaye zilandela ulwakhiwo oluqiqileyo oluqiqisayo oluqinisekisa ubunyani bokuqiqa.
Ngaphaya koko, ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian nayo ibe negalelo kwisemantics ngokubonelela ngesiseko sofundo lwesakhiwo sesivakalisi kunye nokwakheka. Ithiyori yeendidi zegrama ephuhliswe ngu-Aristotle imisela ukuba amagama anokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo, njengezibizo, izenzi, izichazi, njl. Ezi ndidi zidlala indima ephambili ekumiseleni intsingiselo yezivakalisi kunye nendlela izindululo ezakhiwa ngayo. Ngoko ke, ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian inike isiseko esiluqilima sokuhlalutya kunye nokuqonda ulwimi ngokwembono ye-semantic. [ISIPHELO
14. Izigqibo: Iingcinga zokugqibela malunga nokuba semthethweni kunye nokufaneleka kwengqiqo ye-Aristotelian kwimeko yangoku.
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian ibe ngumxholo wengxoxo kunye nokucamngca kwiinkulungwane zonke, kwaye ukuqinisekiswa kwayo kwimeko yangoku kungumba ofanelekileyo. Ngophononongo oluneenkcukacha lwemigaqo kunye nolwakhiwo, sinokuyixabisa indlela le ngqiqo enokuthi isetyenziswe ngayo kuhlalutyo kunye nokuqiqa kweemeko ezahlukeneyo kwimeko yethu yangoku.
Esinye sezizathu zokuba i-logic ka-Aristotelian ihlala ifanelekile kukukwazi ukuseka ubudlelwane obucacileyo kunye noluhambelanayo kunye nezakhiwo zokucinga. Ugxininiso lwayo kwiindidi, ii-syllogisms, kunye nemigaqo yokuqiqa ekhuphayo inika isakhelo esiqinileyo sokuqonda izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian sinokuphonononga izindululo, iingxoxo kunye nezigqibo ngendlela ecacileyo necokisekileyo, evumela ukuqonda okuqinileyo nokungqongqo kweendlela zethu.
Kwimeko yangoku, ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian ikwasinika isixhobo sokuchongwa kunye nokuvavanya iingxoxo ezisebenzayo neziqinileyo. Uhlalutyo olusengqiqweni lusenza sikwazi ukwahlula phakathi kweendawo eziyinyani nezingeyonyani, kunye nokuchonga ubuxoki kunye neempazamo ekuqiqeni. Esi sikhundla sokuqonda sibaluleke ngakumbi kweli xesha lethu lokufikelela ngokukhawuleza nangokukhulu kulwazi, apho yonke imihla sihlaselwa ngeengxoxo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian isinceda ukuba sihluze kwaye sivavanye ezi ngxoxo ngokungakhethi cala nangqongqo, sisomeleza amandla ethu agxekayo kunye nokuhlalutya.
Ukuqukumbela, ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian ime njengenkqubo engqongqo nechanekileyo yokufunda ukuqiqa okufanelekileyo. Le ngcamango, eyaveliswa sisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle, iye yanyamezela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane yaye iye yanempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhlisweni okwalandelayo kwengqiqo nentanda-bulumko yaseNtshona.
Ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian isekelwe kumgaqo wesazisi, uMthetho weSithathu esiKhutshiweyo kunye nomgaqo wokungachasananga, ngaloo ndlela kuqulunqa inkqubo yokunciphisa evumela ukuba izigqibo zithathwe kwiindawo ezenziwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ngezixhobo zayo, ezinje ngee-syllogisms kunye neendidi, ingqiqo ye-Aristotelian isinike indlela eqinileyo yokuhlalutya kunye nokuvavanya iingxoxo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi.
Ngaphandle kweminyaka yayo, ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian isasebenza nanamhlanje, ukufumana isicelo kungekuphela kwifilosofi, kodwa nakwizifundo ezifana nezibalo, iilwimi, kukubhadla okungeyonyani kunye nesayensi yekhompyuter. Indlela yayo ecwangcisiweyo kunye nogxininiso ekubambeni kunye nokuhambelana kokuqiqa kuyenza ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufunda kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ezinengqondo.
Isishwankathelo, ingqiqo ka-Aristotelian inikezelwa njengoqeqesho olusisiseko ekuqondeni iinkqubo zokucinga kunye nohlalutyo olusesikweni lweengxoxo. Indlela yayo engqongqo kunye nemigaqo yayo esengqiqweni ishiye ilifa elihlala lihleli kwimbali yobukrelekrele, ebonakala inegalelo elibalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili kolwazi nakumandla oluntu okuqiqa ngokufanelekileyo.
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