I-Inductive Method luhlobo lokuqiqa olunengqiqo olusebenzisa ukujonga kunye nokulinga ukwenza izigqibo ngokubanzi kwiimeko ezithile. Le ngcamango, eyaveliswa ngokubanzi sisithandi sobulumko saseBritani uFrancis Bacon ngenkulungwane ye-17, iye yaba sisiseko sokuqhubela phambili kwenzululwazi neendlela zenzululwazi. Eli nqaku liza kuhlolisisa ngokubanzi indlela yokufundisa, inkcazo yayo, iimpawu kunye nomzekelo othile ocetywayo nguBacon ukubonisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngombono wobugcisa kunye nethoni engathathi hlangothi, siya kufuna ukuhlalutya ukubaluleka kunye nempembelelo yale ndlela kuphando lwesayensi.
1. Intshayelelo yendlela yokufundisa kwingcinga yenzululwazi
Indlela yokufundisa sisixhobo esisisiseko kwingcinga yezenzululwazi, kuba ivumela ukuba kufikelelwe kwizigqibo ngokubanzi ngokuqwalasela okuthile. Le ndlela isekelwe kwisiseko sokuba ukuba ingxelo iyinyani kuluhlu oluthile lweziganeko okanye iimvavanyo, ngoko kunengqiqo ukucinga ukuba kuya kuba yinyani nakwiziganeko ezifanayo kwixesha elizayo. Ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo yokunciphisa, iithiyori zenzululwazi kunye nemithetho iyamiselwa echaza isenzeko sendalo kwaye isinike ukuqonda okunzulu ngehlabathi elisingqongileyo.
Indlela yokufundisa isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi zenzululwazi, ezifana nefiziksi, ikhemistri kunye nebhayoloji. Ibandakanya ukuqokelela ngononophelo idatha kunye nemigqaliselo, ukuchonga iipateni kunye nokuqhelekileyo kwezi datha, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuqulunqwe i-hypothesis okanye ithiyori echaza ezi patheni. Ezi ngqikelelo zithathwa njengethutyana kwaye zifuna uvavanyo olongezelelweyo kunye nemifuniselo ukuba iqinisekiswe okanye iphikiswe. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba indlela yokufundisa ayinikezeli ingqiniseko epheleleyo, kodwa isekelwe kwintelekelelo kunye namathuba.
Ukwenza indlela yokufundisa ngempumelelo, kubalulekile ukulandela uthotho lwamanyathelo. Okokuqala, uqwalaselo oluneenkcukacha nolucwangcisiweyo kufuneka lwenziwe malunga neziganeko okanye izehlo onqwenela ukuziphanda. Olu qwalaselo kufuneka luchaneke kwaye, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, lube nobungakanani. Okulandelayo, iipateni okanye iimeko eziqhelekileyo kwidatha eqokelelweyo kufuneka ichongwe. Ezi patheni zinokubonakala njengobudlelwane bemathematika, iintsingiselo, okanye uphindaphindo. Nje ukuba iipateni zichongiwe, kuqulunqwa ingcamango okanye ithiyori ukucacisa ezi patheni. Le ngcamango kufuneka ihambelane nemigqaliselo eyenziweyo kwaye kufuneka ikwazi ukufakwa kwiimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo zokuqinisekisa.
Isishwankathelo, indlela yokufundisa sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekucingeni kwezenzululwazi esivumela ukuba senze ngokubanzi ukusuka kwimigqaliselo ethile. Ngale ndlela, iingqikelelo kunye neethiyori ziyasekwa ezikhokela ukuqonda kwethu ngendalo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba indlela yokufundisa ayinikezeli ingqiniseko epheleleyo, kodwa isekelwe kwiingcamango kunye namathuba. Ngokulandela uthotho lwamanyathelo acwangcisiweyo, sinokusebenzisa indlela yokufundisa ye ngempumelelo en la investigación científica.
2. Inkcazo kunye nengqiqo yendlela yokufundisa
Indlela yokufundisa sisixhobo esisetyenziswa kwinkalo yophando lwezenzululwazi ukufumana izigqibo ngokubanzi kuqwalaselo oluthile. Injongo yayo kukumisela imithetho, imigaqo okanye iithiyori ezisekelwe kubungqina obufunyenweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nendlela yokunciphisa, eqala kwizakhiwo ngokubanzi ukufikelela kwizigqibo ezithile, indlela yokufundisa iqala kwiimeko ezithile ukuseka ngokubanzi. Oku kubandakanya ukuthabatha imigqaliselo ethile kunye nokukhangela iipateni okanye iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezivumela ukuba i-hypothesis ngokubanzi iqulunqwe.
Inkqubo ye-inductive inezigaba ezininzi. Okokuqala, uqwalaselo oluneenkcukacha lweziganeko ezithile okanye iimeko ziyenziwa. Emva koko, iipateni okanye iimeko eziqhelekileyo ziyajongwa kolu qwalaselo. Ezi patheni ziba yindawo eqhelekileyo okanye uqikelelo, oluthi ke luvavanywe ngokuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kunye nemifuniselo. Ekugqibeleni, kufikelelwa kwisigqibo esiqhelekileyo esinokugqalwa njengomthetho okanye umgaqo jikelele.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba indlela yokufundisa ayiqinisekisi ubunyani obupheleleyo bezigqibo ezifunyenweyo, kuba zisekwe kubungqina obunobungqina obulinganiselweyo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokufundisa sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuvelisa ulwazi lwesayensi kunye kunokuba luncedo njengesiseko sokuqulunqwa kweethiyori nemithetho. Isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nefiziksi, ibhayoloji, inzululwazi ngentlalontle kunye nesayikholoji, phakathi kwezinye.
3. Amanyathelo endlela yokufundisa kuphando lwezenzululwazi
Indlela yokufundisa yindlela esetyenziswa kuphando lwenzululwazi ukuvelisa ithiyori okanye iikhonsepthi ngokuqwalasela idatha ethile. Ngale ndlela, abaphandi baqokelela kwaye bahlalutye ubungqina obunobungqina kwaye emva koko benze izigqibo ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kwiipateni okanye iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezibonwe kwidatha. Amanyathelo endlela yokufundisa abalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunyaniseka nokuthembeka kweziphumo ezifunyenwe kuphando lwezenzululwazi.
Amanyathelo aphambili endlela yokufundisa kuphando lwezenzululwazi achazwe ngezantsi:
- Ukuqwalasela: Kweli nyathelo lokuqala, umphandi uqokelela idatha efanelekileyo kwaye aqwalasele ngononophelo iziganeko, iziganeko okanye imiba anqwenela ukuyiphanda. Ukuqwalaselwa kunokwenziwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, kuxhomekeke kwinto yokufunda. Esi sigaba sibalulekile, kuba umgangatho woqwalaselo lokuqala uya kubeka imeko yophuhliso lophando lonke..
- Ukuchongwa kweepateni: Nje ukuba idatha iqokelelwe, umphandi uhlalutya ulwazi olujongiweyo kwaye ajonge iipateni okanye iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezinokuvela. Ukuchongwa kwezi patheni kubalulekile ukuseka ubudlelwane kunye nokuvelisa ithiyori okanye iikhonsepthi.. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo zobalo okanye ubuchule bokuququzelela uhlalutyo kunye nokuchongwa kwezi patheni.
- Uphuhliso lweethiyori okanye iikhonsepthi: Ngokusekwe kwiipateni ezichongiweyo, umphandi unokuphuhlisa ithiyori okanye iikhonsepthi ezichaza okanye ziqikelele isenzeko esiqatshelweyo. Umphandi kufuneka athathele ingqalelo ukuyondelelana okunengqiqo kunye nokungqinelana kweethiyori okanye iikhonsepthi eziphuhlisiweyo. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ezi thiyori okanye iikhonsepthi zezethutyana kwaye zinokulungiswa njengoko kuqokelelwa idatha eninzi okanye ubungqina.
Ngamafutshane, indlela yokufundisa kuphando lwezenzululwazi ibandakanya ukujonga idatha, ukuchonga iipateni, kunye nokuvelisa ithiyori okanye iikhonsepthi. Ngala manyathelo, abaphandi banokufumana ukuqonda ngakumbi kweziganeko ezifundiweyo kwaye babe negalelo ekuqhubeleni phambili kolwazi lwesayensi kwindawo yabo yokufunda.
4. Ukubaluleka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokufundisa kwimisebenzi yenzululwazi
Indlela yokufundisa ibaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yenzululwazi ngenxa yokukwazi ukuvelisa ulwazi olutsha ngokuqwalasela kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha. Yinkqubo ingqiqo eqala ekujongeni isenzeko esithile ukuya kuthi ga kwizigqibo ngokubanzi. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi ezifana nefiziksi, ikhemistri, ibhayoloji kunye nentlalontle, phakathi kwezinye.
A yezicelo Eyona miba ixhaphakileyo yendlela yokufundisa kukuqulunqwa kweengqikelelo zenzululwazi. Ngokuqwalasela izinto ezenzekayo okanye iimvavanyo, izazinzulu ziqokelela idatha kunye neepateni ezibavumela ukuba benze izigqibo kwaye bacebise iingcaciso ezinokwenzeka zeziphumo ezifunyenweyo. Ezi ngqikelelo, zisekwe kuqheliso, zisisiseko sokwenziwa kweethiyori eziluqilima zenzululwazi.
Ukongeza, indlela yokufundisa ikwasetyenziswa ekusombululeni iingxaki zenzululwazi. Ukusombulula ingxaki, izazinzulu zisebenzisa le ndlela yokusebenza, ukuqokelela idatha efanelekileyo, ukuhlalutya iipateni kunye neendlela, kwaye ekugqibeleni zenze izigqibo eziqhelekileyo ezivumela ukuphendula umbuzo owenziwe. Le ndlela yokufundisa ibonelela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo nengqongqo enceda izazinzulu ukuba zifumane iziphumo ezithembekileyo nezinokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona.
5. Uhlalutyo lwendlela yokufundisa kwifilosofi kaFrancis Bacon
Kuyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwale mihla yefilosofi kuphuhliso lwenzululwazi yanamhlanje. I-Bacon, ithathwa njengomnye wootata bendlela yesayensi, ikhusele ukusetyenziswa kwe-induction njengendlela esebenzayo yokufumana ulwazi olunenjongo kunye nokuqinisekisa iithiyori zesayensi.
Indlela yokufundisa ye-Bacon ixhomekeke ekubonweni nasekuqokeleleni idatha ye-empirical ukufikelela kwizigqibo ngokubanzi. I-Bacon yagcina ukuba, ngokuqokelela inani elikhulu lokuqwalaselwa okuthe ngqo, umthetho jikelele unokuchazwa ukuchaza okwenzekayo. Oku kwakuchasene nendlela yokuxhuzula, eyayisekwe kwingqiqo evakalayo kwizakhiwo ngokubanzi.
Esinye sezigxeko eziphambili zeBacon's inductive approach yingcinga yakhe yokuba indalo ilandela iipatheni eziqhelekileyo neziqikelelwayo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokufundisa ecetywayo yiBacon yabeka isiseko sendlela yenzululwazi yanamhlanje kunye nendlela yayo ecwangcisiweyo yokujonga, ukuvavanya, kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, nangona iindlela ezintsonkothileyo nezintsonkothileyo zikhona namhlanje, indlela yokufundisa ye-Bacon yayilinyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwenzululwazi yanamhlanje..
6. Ilifa likaFrancis Bacon kunye negalelo lakhe kwindlela yokufundisa
Ilifa likaFrancis Bacon libaluleke kakhulu kwinkalo yendlela yokufundisa. UBacon wayesisithandi sobulumko nesazinzulu saseNgesi senkulungwane ye-17 esaqulunqa indlela yoguqulo ekufumaneni ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Igalelo labo lisisiseko kuphuhliso lwendlela yenzululwazi kunye nokuqulunqwa kweethiyori ngovavanyo kunye noqwalaselo olucwangcisiweyo.
Enye yeengcamango eziphambili zikaBacon sisidingo sokwenza uphononongo olucacileyo nolucokisekileyo lwenyani, ngaphandle komkhethe okanye ukucingelwa kwangaphambili. Indlela yokufundisa ecetywayo yiBacon imisela ukuba ekubonweni kwamatyala athile, izigqibo eziqhelekileyo zinokufumaneka malunga nohlobo lwento ethile.. Oku kubandakanya ukuqokelela idatha ekhethwe ngononophelo kunye nokuqhuba imifuniselo elawulwayo ukufumana iziphumo ezithembekileyo.
I-Bacon iphinde yagxininisa ukubaluleka kokuhlalutya kunye nokuhlelwa kwedatha efunyenweyo, eqaqambisa imfuneko yokuseka iipateni, iimeko eziqhelekileyo kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwazo. Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga izizathu kunye nemiphumo yesiganeko kunye nokuseka imithetho jikelele enokuthi isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela ingqongqo necwangcisiweyo yenze ukuba kubekho inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kwaye iye yabeka isiseko sophuhliso lwenzululwazi yanamhlanje.
Isishwankathelo, ilifa likaFrancis Bacon lilele kwigalelo lakhe kwindlela yokufundisa, egxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqwalaselwa, ukuvavanya, kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha yokufumana ulwazi lwesayensi. Indlela yakhe iye yavumela izigqibo ngokubanzi ukuba zisekwe ngokusekelwe kuqwalaselo oluthile. kwaye ubeke iziseko zophuhliso lwendlela yenzululwazi njengoko siyayazi okwangoku. Ilifa le-Bacon liyaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwindlela uphando lwenzululwazi olwenziwa ngayo kwaye igalelo lakhe libonwa njengophawu olubalulekileyo kwimbali kwengqondo yenzululwazi.
7. Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwendlela yokufundisa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi
Indlela yokufundisa yindlela esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi engqineke inempumelelo ekusombululeni iingxaki nasekuveliseni ulwazi. Ngezantsi, imizekelo emithathu ebalaseleyo yokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo iya kuboniswa.
1. Ibhayoloji yemolekyuli: Kulo mmandla, indlela yokufundisa isetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya nokuqonda ubume kunye nomsebenzi wamacandelo ebhayoloji. Ubuchwephesha obufana nolandelelwano lwe-DNA kunye neeproteomics zingasetyenziselwa ukufumana idatha yovavanyo, ehlalutywa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ze-bioinformatics. Olu hlalutyo lusivumela ukuba sichonge iipateni kunye nokuqhelaniswa kolwazi lwemfuza kunye neprotheyini, ethi yona ibe negalelo ekuqondweni kwebhayoloji yemolekyuli. Indlela yokufundisa kule ndawo isekelwe kuqokelelo olucwangcisiweyo lwedatha kunye nengqiqo yezigqibo eziqhelekileyo ezivela kubo..
2. I-Experimental physics: Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokufundisa kwifiziksi yovavanyo kubalulekile ekufumaneni nasekuqinisekiseni iziphumo. Ngokusebenzisa imifuniselo eyilwe ngononophelo, izazinzulu ziqokelela idatha kwaye zirekhode uqwalaselo oluchanekileyo. Emva koko bahlalutya le datha kwiipateni kunye nobudlelwane be-causal. Ukuqokelela okucwangcisiweyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa ngononophelo zizinto eziphambili ekusebenziseni ngempumelelo indlela yokufundisa kule ndawo.. Izinto ezifunyaniswe ekusetyenzisweni kwale ndlela ziye zaba sisiseko sokuphuhlisa iithiyori kunye nemithetho yendalo elawula ukuziphatha. ngalo mba y la energía.
3. Isayikholoji yeklinikhi: Indlela yokufundisa iphinda isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kuphando kunye novavanyo lwengqondo yeklinikhi. Iingcali zeengqondo zeklinikhi ziqokelela ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neempawu zezigulane kunye neempawu, usebenzisa iindlela ezifana nodliwano-ndlebe, imibuzo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa. Emva koko bahlalutya le datha ukuchonga iipatheni kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kubungqina. Indlela yokufundisa kwisayikholoji yeklinikhi inika isiseko esiluqilima sokuvelisa ulwazi kunye nokuqonda iinkqubo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu..
Isishwankathelo, indlela yokufundisa ibonise impumelelo yayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi, ezifana nebhayoloji yemolekyuli, ifiziksi yovavanyo kunye nesayikholoji yeklinikhi. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufuna ukuqokelelwa kwedatha okucwangcisiweyo, ukujonga ngokucophelela, kunye nohlalutyo lwepateni. Ngale ndlela, izazinzulu zinokufikelela kwizigqibo ngokubanzi kwaye zivelise ulwazi olutsha kwiinkalo zazo. Indlela yokufundisa sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokusombulula iingxaki kunye nokuvelisa ithiyori zenzululwazi..
8. Imida kunye nezigxeko zendlela yokufundisa kuphando
Indlela yokufundisa kuphando inemida ethile kwaye ibe ngumxholo wokugxekwa kuluntu lwezemfundo. Omnye weyona mida iphambili ixhomekeke ekunqongophaleni kwayo isiqinisekiso sokunganyaniseki nokwenziwa ngokubanzi kweziphumo ezifunyenweyo. Nangona le ndlela ivumela ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ngokusekelwe kuqwalaselo oluthile, ayinikezeli ingqiniseko epheleleyo yokuba ezi zigqibo ziyasebenza kwiimeko ezifanayo.
Olunye ugxeko olubalulekileyo lwendlela yokufundisa kukuchaphazeleka kwayo neempembelelo zomkhethe kunye neempazamo zokuqonda. Ngokuthembela ngokukodwa ekuqokeleleni idatha kunye nokuqwalaselwa, abaphandi banokuphenjelelwa yimibono kunye neenkolelo zabo, ezinokuthi zithintele iziphumo kwaye zichaphazele injongo yophando. Kubalulekile ukuba kuthatyathwe amanyathelo okulawula nokunciphisa oku kuthath' icala, njengokusetyenziswa kobuchule bokwenza unxantathu kunye nokuphononongwa koontanga kwiziphumo ezifunyenweyo.
Ngapha koko, indlela yokufundisa inokulinganiselwa ngokwexesha kunye nezibonelelo. Le ndlela yophando ifuna ukuqokelelwa kwedatha ngokubanzi kunye nenkqubo yokuhlalutya, ebandakanya utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwexesha kunye nezibonelelo. Oku ingayenza Indlela yokufundisa isenokungafanelanga kakhulu kwiimeko apho kufuneka impendulo ekhawulezileyo okanye xa izibonelelo zinqongophele. Kule meko, ezinye iindlela zophando, ezifana nendlela yokunciphisa, inokusebenza ngakumbi kwaye isebenze.
9. Ukuthelekisa phakathi kwendlela yokufundisa kunye nendlela yokunciphisa
Indlela yokufundisa kunye nendlela yokuxhuzula ziindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi ukufikelela kwizigqibo ezinengqiqo nezinokuboniswa. Nangona zombini ezi ndlela ziluncedo kakhulu, zineyantlukwano ebalulekileyo ngokwendlela yokuqiqa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Emva koko, enye iya kuboniswa, igxininisa iimpawu zayo ezahlukileyo.
Indlela yokufundisa Isekelwe ekuqwalaselweni kwamatyala athile kunye nokwenziwa ngokubanzi kweziphumo ezifunyenwe kuzo. Kule ndlela, idatha iqokelelwa kwaye ihlalutywe ukufikelela kwisigqibo esibanzi kunye nehlabathi jikelele. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwisayensi yezentlalo kunye neyobuchule, kunye nakwizifundo zomgangatho. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba izigqibo ezifikelelwe ngendlela yokufundisa aziqinisekanga ngokupheleleyo, kuba kuhlala kukho ithuba lokuba idatha entsha iya kuchaphazela ukwenziwa ngokubanzi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indlela yokunciphisa Iqala ngesiseko jikelele okanye uthotho lwezakhiwo kwaye isetyenziselwa ukufikelela kwisigqibo esithile ngokuqiqa okunengqiqo. Ngale ndlela, siqala kwiithiyori ngokubanzi okanye imigaqo kwaye sisebenzise ukuqiqa okuthobayo ukufikelela kwizigqibo ezichanekileyo nezinokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili. Isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezifana nemathematika, ingqiqo kunye nefilosofi. Enye yeenzuzo zendlela yokunciphisa kukuba, ukuba indawo ichanekile kwaye ingqiqo isemthethweni, isigqibo esifikelelweyo siyinyaniso.
10. Indlela yokufundisa njengesixhobo esiphambili sokujonga kunye nokulinga
Indlela yokufundisa sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokujonga kunye nokulinga. Isekelwe kwingqokelela yedatha kunye nokuchongwa kweepateni okanye iintsingiselo ezivumela ukuba izigqibo ngokubanzi zigqitywe. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yokufundisa, sinokuseka ubudlelwane be-causal kwaye sifumane imigaqo yendalo yonke kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.
Ukusebenzisa indlela yokufundisa ngokufanelekileyo, kubalulekile ukulandela uthotho lwamanyathelo. Okokuqala, kufuneka siqokelele idatha efanelekileyo kwimibono yethu kunye nemifuniselo. Ezi nkcukacha kufuneka zibe neenkcukacha kwaye zichaneke, kuba ziya kusebenza njengesiseko sohlalutyo olulandelayo. Kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo zokurekhoda, ezinje ngeerekhoda zevidiyo okanye iincwadana zamanqaku, ukuze ubambe ulwazi ngokuchanekileyo.
Nje ukuba sinayo idatha yethu, siqhubela phambili siyihlalutya kwiipateni eziphindaphindiweyo okanye iindlela. Kule nto, sinokusebenzisa iindlela zokucwangcisa kunye nokuhlelwa, njengeetafile okanye iigrafu. Kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwidatha ephindaphindwa rhoqo, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo ibonisa ubudlelwane be-causal. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngeli nqanaba kubalulekile ukugcina ingqondo evulekileyo kwaye uphephe ukwenza umkhethe okanye ukwenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza.
11. Inkqubo yokwenziwa ngokubanzi kwindlela yokufundisa: izigaba kunye nokuqwalaselwa
Kwindlela yokufundisa, ukwenziwa ngokubanzi linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufikeleleni kwizigqibo ezibanzi kuqwalaselo oluthile kunye nemizekelo. Le nkqubo Iqhutyelwa kwizigaba ezininzi kwaye idinga ukuqwalaselwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqinisekiswa kweziphumo ezifunyenweyo. Amanqanaba aphambili kunye neengqwalasela kwinkqubo yokwenziwa ngokubanzi kwindlela yokufundisa ichazwe ngezantsi:
1. Ukuchongwa kweepateni: Kweli nqanaba, idatha eqokelelweyo iyacazululwa kwaye iipatheni eziqhelekileyo kunye nentsingiselo ziyajongwa. Kubalulekile ukuphonononga zombini ukufana kunye nomahluko phakathi kwemizekelo nganye ukuchonga izinto eziphindaphindiweyo.
2. Ukuqulunqwa kweengqikelelo ngokubanzi: Nje ukuba iipateni zichongiwe, iingcamango eziqhelekileyo zingaqulunqwa ezichaza ezi patheni. Ezi ngqikelelo zibanzi, iinkcazo ezibonisa ukuba zingavavanywa kwaye zingaphikiswa ngokuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kunye nemifuniselo.
3. Ukuvavanya nokuphonononga iingcamango: Kweli nqanaba, ubungqina obongezelelweyo bufunwa ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa iingcamango eziqhelekileyo ezenziweyo. Uqwalaselo olongezelelweyo, imifuniselo, okanye uhlalutyo lwedatha lunokwenziwa ukuvavanya ukunyaniseka kwezigqibo zokufundisa.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba inkqubo yokwenziwa ngokubanzi kwindlela yokufundisa ayiqinisekisi ukuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo kwezigqibo. Ezi zigqibo ziqikelelo ezisekelwe kubungqina obulinganiselweyo kwaye kusoloko kukho ithuba lokuba idatha entsha okanye uhlalutyo lunokuguqula okanye luchase izigqibo ezithatyathiweyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba usebenzise ukucinga okunzulu kwaye uvulekele ukuphonononga kunye nokuguqula izigqibo njengoko ulwazi oluninzi lufunyanwa.
12. Ukubaluleka kokungakhethi cala kunye nokungakhethi cala kwindlela yokufundisa
Injongo kunye nokungakhethi cala yimiba engundoqo yendlela yokufundisa. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezifunyenweyo ziyinyani kwaye zithembekile. Ukufezekisa injongo, kuyimfuneko ukuba umphandi ahlale engathathi hlangothi kwaye agweme nayiphi na i-bias okanye ubandlululo olunokuthi lube nefuthe kuhlalutyo lwakhe kunye nezigqibo. Oku kubandakanya ukuphononongwa ngokungenamkhethe nokuqwalasela yonke imiba echaphazelekayo yalo mbandela sithetha ngawo.
Kwindlela yokufundisa, kubalulekile ukulandela indlela ecwangcisiweyo kunye nengqongqo. Oku kubandakanya ukuseka isakhelo esicacileyo sereferensi kunye nokuchaza amanyathelo ekufuneka alandelwe kuphando. Inkqubo kufuneka icace, ukuze nabani na akwazi ukuyiphindaphinda kwaye afumane iziphumo ezifanayo. Ukongeza, izixhobo kunye nobuchule kufuneka zisetyenziswe ezivumela idatha ukuba iqokelelwe ngokufanelekileyo, kuthintelwe ukuzithoba ekutolikeni kwabo.
Ubulungisa bukwathetha ukuqwalasela zonke iingcaciso okanye izisombululo ezinokwenzeka kwingxaki. Kubalulekile ukuba ungalahli naluphi na ukhetho ngaphandle kovavanyo olufanelekileyo. Ukufezekisa oku, ungasebenzisa ubuchule obunjengokwenza uluhlu lwe pros y contras, ukuthelekiswa kweengqikelelo ezahlukeneyo okanye ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezilawulwayo. Ngale ndlela, sifuna ukunciphisa nayiphi na i-bias okanye impembelelo yomntu kwindlela yokufundisa kwaye siqinisekise ukunyaniseka nokuthembeka kweziphumo ezifunyenweyo.
13. Indima yobungqina obubonakalayo kwindlela yokufundisa
Indlela yokufundisa isekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kobungqina obunobungqina bokufikelela kwizigqibo ngokubanzi ukusuka kwimigqaliselo ethile. Kule nkqubo, ubungqina obunobungqina budlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneleleni ngedatha eyimfuneko ukuxhasa izigqibo ezifikelelweyo. Ukusetyenziswa okuchanekileyo kolu hlobo lobungqina kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka nokuthembeka kweziphumo ezifunyenweyo.
Ukusebenzisa ubungqina obunobungqina ngokufanelekileyo kwindlela yokufundisa, kubalulekile ukulandela obunye amanyathelo aphambili. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ingxaki okanye umbuzo wophando ojoliswe ukusonjululwa. Okulandelayo, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwaye kuqokelelwe idatha efanelekileyo ehambelana ngqo nengxaki. Ezi datha zinokufunyanwa ngovavanyo, izifundo zentsimi okanye imithombo ethembekileyo yolwazi.
Nje ukuba idatha iqokelelwe, kubalulekile ukuyihlalutya ngokucwangcisiweyo nangokungakhethi cala. Oku kubandakanya ukuchonga iipateni, iintsingiselo okanye ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweeseti zedatha ezahlukeneyo. Ubungqina obunobungqina bunokuboniswa ngendlela yeegrafu, iitheyibhile, okanye izibalo, okwenza kube lula ukuchonga ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo. Ngokugxininisa ezona patheni zibalulekileyo kunye nonxulumano, kunokwenzeka ukwenza izigqibo ngokubanzi kunye nokwenza iingcamango ezinokuthi zifakwe kuvavanyo olongezelelweyo usebenzisa indlela yesayensi.
14. Izigqibo zendlela yokufundisa kunye nokufaneleka kwayo kwisayensi yanamhlanje
Ukuqukumbela, indlela yokufundisa idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisayensi yanamhlanje, kuba ibonelela ngesiseko esiluqilima kwisizukulwana solwazi lwesayensi. Ngokuqwalasela kunye nokuqokelela idatha yobungqina, le ndlela ivumela ukuqulunqwa kwemithetho kunye neethiyori ezisisiseko kwinkqubela phambili yesayensi.
Ukufaneleka kwendlela yokufundisa kuxhomekeke ekukwazini ukubonelela ngeziphumo ezithembekileyo kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona. Ngokulandela ulandelelwano olusengqiqweni lwamanyathelo, kumiselwa izigqibo ezisekelwe kubungqina obubambekayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukungathathi ntweni kunye nokuba semthethweni kwezigqibo ekufikelelwe kuzo.
Ngaphaya koko, indlela yokufundisa ivumela ukwenziwa ngokubanzi kweziphumo ezifunyenweyo. Ukusuka kwisampulu emele, iingxelo ezisebenzayo zinokwenziwa malunga nabemi abaninzi okanye isenzeko. Oku kubalulekile ekusekweni kwemithetho-siseko yendalo yonke kunye nokuqulunqwa kweethiyori ezivakalayo zenzululwazi.
Ukuqukumbela, indlela yokufundisa sisixhobo esisisiseko sokukhangela ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Ngokuqwalasela kunye nokuqokelelwa kwedatha, kunokwenzeka ukuseka iipateni, ukuqulunqa iingcamango kwaye ekugqibeleni kuveliswe imithetho jikelele esinceda siqonde kwaye sichaze iziganeko zendalo.
Umzekelo obalaseleyo wokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokufundisa ufunyenwe emsebenzini yesithandi sobulumko nesazinzulu uFrancis Bacon. Indlela yakhe engqongqo necwangcisiweyo yokuqokelela idatha kunye nokulinga yabeka isiseko sendlela yenzululwazi yanamhlanje.
I-Bacon yaqaphela ukubaluleka kokulinga kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwendalo njengendlela ephambili yokufumana ulwazi. Ngokujonga ngononophelo iziganeko zendalo, waqokelela idatha yobungqina kwaye wayihlalutya ukuze afumane izigqibo ngokubanzi malunga nokusebenza kwehlabathi.
Ilifa le-Bacon, ngendlela yakhe yokufundisa, liye langena kwisayensi kwaye liye lasetyenziswa zizazinzulu ezingenakubalwa kwiinkulungwane. Indlela yayo esekelwe kubungqina kunye nenjongo ivumele inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kumasebe ohlukeneyo olwazi, ukusuka kwifiziksi kunye nekhemistri ukuya kwibhayoloji kunye neyeza.
Isishwankathelo, indlela yokufundisa, eyakhiwe nguFrancis Bacon, iyaqhubeka ibe yintloko yengcinga yesayensi. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokungqongqo kuqhubele phambili ukuqhubela phambili kolwazi kwaye kwabeka iziseko zophuhliso lwezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunyaniswe zenzululwazi kunye neethiyori. Ngokwamkela le ndlela, izazinzulu zinokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokunyaniseka kwezigqibo zabo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela zifaka isandla kwinkqubela phambili yoluntu.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.