IiPostulate zoLwakhiwo lweSelula

Imiyalezo ye isakhiwo seseli Ziyisethi yemigaqo esisiseko echaza ulungelelwaniso kunye nokusebenza kweeseli, iiyunithi ezisisiseko zobomi. Ezi postulates, esekwe zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo kwimbali yonke, ziye zasivumela ukuba siqonde ngokweenkcukacha ukuntsokotha kweeseli kwaye sibeke iziseko zebhayoloji yeseli yanamhlanje. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga nzulu nganye postulates yesakhiwo seselula, sihlalutya ukubaluleka kwayo kwisifundo sobomi kwinqanaba microscopic kunye nokufaneleka kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yobugcisa kunye nethoni engathathi hlangothi, siya kuphonononga kwii-postulates eziphambili zesakhiwo seselula, sityhila ubuchwephesha obumangalisayo kunye nokuguquguquka okubonakaliswa kweeseli kuyilo kunye nomsebenzi wazo.

Intshayelelo kwii-postulates zesakhiwo seselula

Ii-postulates zesakhiwo seselula zibalulekile ekuqondeni umbutho kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezi postulates ziseka imigaqo esisiseko elawula indlela iiseli ezilungelelaniswa ngayo neziqhuba ngayo imisebenzi yayo. Apha ngezantsi, ezinye zezona postulates zibalulekileyo zesakhiwo seselula ziya kuboniswa ngokufutshane:

1. Iseli yiyunithi esisiseko yobomi: Ngokwale postulate, zonke izinto eziphilayo zenziwe ngeseli enye okanye ngaphezulu. Iiseli ziziseko ezisisiseko kunye neeyunithi ezisebenzayo zezinto eziphilayo, eziqhuba yonke imisebenzi eyimfuneko ukuze ziphile.

2. Zonke iiseli ziphuma kwezinye iiseli: Le postulate imisela ukuba iiseli zisuka kulwahlulo lweeseli esele zikhoyo. Oko kukuthi, zonke iiseli ezintsha zivela ekuveliseni enye iseli ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezifana ne-mitosis okanye i-meiosis.

3. Iiseli zinesakhiwo kunye nombutho osebenzayo: Iiseli zilungelelaniswe ngokobuqhetseba kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo obunzima, ukusuka kwizakhiwo ezilula ezifana ne-organelles yeselula ukuya kwizakhiwo ezinzima ngakumbi ezifana nezicubu kunye namalungu. Lo mbutho uvumela iiseli ukuba zenze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ekhethekileyo enegalelo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kwezinto eziphilayo.

Iseli njengeyunithi esisiseko yobomi

Ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwento ephilayo: Iseli

Iseli sisiseko sobomi yaye ibumba isiseko sayo yonke into ephilayo. Eli qumrhu lincinci linoxanduva lokwenza yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo eyimfuneko ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwemizimba yethu. Nangona iiseli zingafani ngobukhulu, ukumila nokusebenza kwazo, zonke zineempawu ezisisiseko ezibangela ukuba zibe yimfuneko ebomini.

Iseli yenziwe ngama-organelles ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linomsebenzi othile. Ezinye ze-organelles zibaluleke kakhulu yi-nucleus, egcina ulwazi lwezofuzo; i-plasma membrane, elawula ukutshintshiselwa kwezinto kunye nokusingqongileyo; kunye necytoplasm, ijeli enamanzi apho kukho ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezininzi. Ukongezelela, ngaphakathi kweseli kukho izakhiwo ezifana ne-mitochondria, ejongene nokuveliswa kwamandla, kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum, ejongene neprotheni synthesis kunye nokuthutha.

• Iseli iyakwazi ukuzilawula kunye nokugcina ibhalansi yangaphakathi ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezifana ne-osmoregulation, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kunye nokulawula ukushisa.
• Iiseli zinokuzala kwaye zivelise iiseli ezintsha ngokuhlukana kweeseli. Le nkqubo iyimfuneko ekukhuleni nasekulungiseni izicubu.
• Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, ezifana neeseli zeprokaryotic, ezingenayo i-nucleus echaziweyo, kunye neeseli ze-eukaryotic, ezine-nucleus ejikelezwe yi-membrane. Ukongeza, kukho iiseli ezikhethekileyo kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, efana nezihlunu, imithambo-luvo okanye iiseli zegazi.

Ngamafutshane, iseli imele iyunithi esisiseko yobomi kwaye uphononongo lwayo lusivumela ukuba siqonde indlela izinto eziphilayo ezilungelelaniswa ngayo kwaye zisebenza ngayo. Ubume bayo obuyinkimbinkimbi kunye nobukhulu obukhethekileyo bubonisa amandla amangalisayo obomi malunga nokulungelelanisa, ukuzilawula kunye nokuzala. Ukuphonononga umhlaba weseli kusivumela ukuba singene kweyona mfihlelo inzulu yobomi ngokwayo.

Ithiyori yeseli kunye neziseko zayo

Ithiyori yeseli ngumgaqo osisiseko kwibhayoloji echaza umbutho kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo ezisekelwe kwiiseli. Le nkcazo-bungcali imisela ukuba iseli yeyona yunithi isisiseko yobomi, ibe yeyona nto iphantsi neyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni nasekuqhubekeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Yaqulunqwa ngu Matthias Schleiden kunye noTheodor Schwann ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwaye yamkelwe ngokubanzi kwaye yaxhaswa luvavanyo oluninzi lwezenzululwazi kunye nemigqaliselo.

Iziseko zethiyori yeeseli zisekelwe kwisithathu iingqiqo eziphambili. Okokuqala, zonke iintlobo zobomi zenziwe ngeeseli, nokuba i-unicellular (eyenziwe ngeseli enye) okanye i-multicellular (eyenziwe ngamaseli amaninzi). Ngaphaya koko, zonke iiseli zivela kwezinye iiseli esele zikho ngokuhlukana kweeseli. Okwesibini, iiseli zenza yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efunekayo ukuze ziphile kwaye ziphinde zivelise izinto eziphilayo. Le misebenzi ibandakanya ukufumana amandla, iprotein synthesis, ukuthuthwa kwezinto, ukugcinwa kunye nokuzilawula. Okwesithathu, inkcazelo yemfuza, ekwiDNA, idluliselwa ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye ngeeseli.

Ithiyori yeseli iye yaguqula indlela esiyiqonda ngayo ibhayoloji kwaye iqhubele phambili phambili kwinzululwazi ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Enkosi kule thiyori, sikwazile ukuqonda indlela izifo ezikhula ngayo, indlela amayeza asebenza ngayo kunye nendlela ukuphendulwa kwe-biochemical ngaphakathi kweeseli. Ukongezelela, iye yavula indlela eya kwiinkalo ezintsha zokufunda, ezinjengobunjineli bemfuza nebhayoloji, efuna ukusebenzisa ubuchule beeseli ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi bomntu. Isishwankathelo, ithiyori yeeseli sisiseko esisisiseko sokuqonda kwethu ubomi kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwinqanaba le-microscopic.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo zesakhiwo seselula

Inzululwazi yebhayoloji iye yatyhila ukuba iiseli zezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ezi yunithi zolwakhiwo zenziwe ngamacandelo amaninzi ayimfuneko awenza asebenze. ngokufanelekileyo kwaye iyasebenza. Okulandelayo, siza kuphonononga ezona zinto ziphambili kubume beeseli kunye nendima yazo kwimisebenzi yeselula.

Inwebu yeseli:

I-membrane yeseli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-plasma membrane, ngumqobo okhuselayo ojikeleze kwaye uchaze iseli. Sisakhiwo esiqulunqwe kakhulu yi-phospholipids kunye neeprotheni ezilawula ukuhamba kwezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli. Ezinye zeempawu zayo eziphambili ziquka:

• Ukulawulwa kokuthuthwa kweeathomu kunye neeoni.
• Ukuqatshelwa kunye nokunxibelelana nezinye iiseli.
• Ukukhuthaza ukunamathela kweeseli kunye nokwakheka kwezicubu.

Umongo:

I-nucleus yindawo yokulawula iseli kwaye iqulethe ulwazi lwemfuza ngendlela ye-DNA. Eli candelo libalaseleyo lingqongwe yinwebu ephindwe kabini ebizwa ngokuba yimvulophu yenyukliya kwaye igcina imathiriyeli yemfuza kwizakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba ziichromosomes. Imisebenzi ephambili ye-kernel yile:

• Lawula ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA kunye noshicilelo.
• Ukulawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kunye nokuveliswa kweeprotheni.
• Ukulawula ukukhula kweeseli kunye nokwahlukana.

Ii-organelles zeSelula:

Iiseli nazo ziqulethe iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-organelles ezinemisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Ezinye ze-organelles ezibaluleke kakhulu ziquka:

• IMitochondria: Bavelisa amandla ngendlela ye-ATP ngokuphefumla kweselula.
• Aparato de Golgi: Ithatha inxaxheba kuhlengahlengiso, ukuhlelwa kunye nokupakishwa kweeprotheni zokuthutha ukungena okanye ukuphuma kwiseli.
• IiRibosome: Benza iiprotheyini ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lwemfuzo olusuka kwi-DNA.
• I-Endoplasmic reticulum: Ithatha inxaxheba kwi-synthesis, ukuguqulwa kunye nokuthuthwa kweeprotheni kunye ne-lipids.

Ezi zezinye zezinto ezivumela ukuba isebenze ngokufanelekileyo kwaye iqinisekise ukusinda kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngamnye wabo udlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yeselula, esebenza kunye ukugcina i-homeostasis kunye nokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo.

I-membrane yeplasma: imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo

I-plasma inwebu sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo kwiiseli zezinto eziphilayo, ezizalisekisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo ukuze ziphile. Esi sakhiwo sinokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokulungelelaniswa okukuvumela ukuba udlale indima yayo njengomqobo okhethiweyo kunye nokulawula izinto.

Imisebenzi ephambili ye-plasma membrane ibandakanya:

• Lawula ukudlula kwezinto ukungena nokuphuma kwiseli, enkosi kwipropathi yayo yokuba i-semipermeable.
• Ukuthatha inxaxheba kunxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli ngokusebenzisana kweeprotheni kunye ne-lipids kumphezulu wazo.
• Igalelo kuzinzo kunye nokugcinwa kobume beseli ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo kunye ne-elastic nature.
• Proteger el umxholo weselula ukusuka kwii-arhente zangaphandle kunye nokugcina imo engqongileyo eyaneleyo yangaphakathi.

Ubume be-membrane ye-plasma ikakhulu yenziwe nge-lipid bilayer eyenziwe nge-phospholipids. Le bilayer inesakhiwo apho amaqela e-polar e-phospholipids ahlelwe ngokubhekisele ngaphandle, ngokuqhagamshelana ne-extracellular kunye ne-intracellular aqueous medium, ngelixa amaqela angenayo i-nonpolar avame ukuba ngaphakathi. Ukongeza kwi-phospholipids, i-membrane iqulethe iiprotheni kunye ne-carbohydrates, eyenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kwayo ngokufanelekileyo.

I-cell nucleus: iziko lolawulo lwemfuza

I-nucleus yeseli sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo kwiiseli. Irhangqwe yinwebu ephindwe kabini eyaziwa ngokuba yimvulophu yenyukliya, ekhusela imathiriyeli yemfuza equlethwe ngaphakathi. Le organelle idlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwemisebenzi yeselula, ithathwa njengeziko lolawulo lwemfuza.

Enye yeenxalenye ezibalulekileyo zenucleus yiDNA, okanye ideoxyribonucleic acid. I-DNA iqulethe zonke iinkcukacha zofuzo eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kweseli kunye nelifa leempawu ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye. Ngaphakathi kwinucleus, sifumana iichromosomes, izakhiwo ezimile okwentambo apho iDNA ilungelelaniswe yaza yapakishwa ngendlela elungeleleneyo. Umntu ngamnye uneechromosomes ezingama-46 zizonke, ezingama-23 zizuzwe kumzali ngamnye.

Ukongezelela kwiDNA neechromosomes, iseli nucleus igcina ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo, njengenucleoli. Ezi organelles zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-synthesis kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwee-ribosomes, ezijongene nokuveliswa kweeprotheni kwiseli. Ngokukwanjalo, i-nucleus ilawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, ukulawula ukuba zeziphi iijini ezisebenzayo okanye zivaliwe kuhlobo ngalunye lweseli. Ngaphandle kwenucleus, iseli ayinakukwazi ukusebenza kakuhle, nto leyo echaphazela ukuphila nophuhliso lwayo.

I-cytoplasm kunye ne-organelles yayo: ukujonga okuneenkcukacha

I-cytoplasm yenye yezakhiwo ezisisiseko kwiseli, eyenza uninzi lwangaphakathi lweseli kwaye idlala indima ephambili kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yamaselula. Kweli candelo, i-cytoplasm kunye ne-organelles yayo iya kuphononongwa ngokubanzi, ibonise ubunzima babo kunye nokubaluleka kokusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kweseli.

I-cytoplasm ifumaneka phakathi kwe-membrane yeplasma kunye ne-nucleus yeseli. Iqulunqwe yinto ye-gelatinous eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cytosol, equlethe izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-organelles. Ezi organelles zenza imisebenzi ethile ebalulekileyo ukuze uphile kunye nomsebenzi weseli.

Phakathi kwee-organelles ezibalaseleyo kwi-cytoplasm yi-mitochondria, "ijeneretha zamandla" zeseli. Ezi zakhiwo zivelisa i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), imolekyuli enika amandla ayimfuneko kwimisebenzi yeselula. Enye i-organelle ebalulekileyo yi-endoplasmic reticulum, edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-protein synthesis kunye nokuthutha. Ukongeza, kukho izixhobo zeGolgi, ezinoxanduva lokusetyenzwa kunye nokupakishwa kweeprotheyini ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kwindawo yazo yokugqibela.

Isishwankathelo, i-cytoplasm kunye ne-organelles yayo zizinto ezibalulekileyo zeseli, ezijongene noluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Uphononongo lwabo oluneenkcukacha lubonisa ukuntsonkotha kunye nokunxibelelana kwezi organelles, kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kukusinda kweeseli. Ukuqonda ubume kunye nomsebenzi wala macandelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni iinkqubo zeselula kunye nokukhuthaza inkqubela phambili kwicandelo lebhayoloji. iselula kunye nemolekyuli.

Inkqubo ye-endometrine: uthutho kunye nonxibelelwano

Inkqubo ye-endometrine yinethiwekhi yee-organelles ezisebenzisanayo ekuthuthweni kunye nokunxibelelana kweseli. Iquka izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ze-membranous, ezifana ne-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, i-endosomes kunye ne-vesicles. Ezi organelles zisebenza kunye ukuqondisa ukuhlanganiswa, ukuthutha, kunye nokuhanjiswa kweeprotheni kunye ne-lipids ngaphakathi kweseli.

I-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) yinethiwekhi yeengxowa ze-membranous kunye neetyhubhu ezidlula kwi-cytoplasm. Ikwahlulwe ibe yimimandla emibini: i-ER erhabaxa (ene-ribosomes encanyathiselwe kumphezulu wayo) kunye ne-ER egudileyo (ngaphandle kwe-ribosomes). I-ER rough inoxanduva lokwenziwa kweeprotheni, ngakumbi ezo zimiselwe ukukhutshwa okanye ukufakwa kwi-membrane yeplasma. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ER egudileyo ithatha inxaxheba kwi-lipid synthesis kunye ne-toxin metabolism.

Elinye icandelo elibalulekileyo lenkqubo ye-endometrine yi-apparatus yeGolgi. Le organelle yenziwe ngoluhlu lweengxowa ezisicaba ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cisternae kwaye inoxanduva lokuguqula, ukuhlelwa kunye nokupakisha iiprotheni kunye ne-lipids ezivela kwi-ER. Isixhobo se-Golgi siphinda sivelise i-lysosomes, i-organelles equkethe i-enzymes yokugaya kwaye ibandakanyeka ekuthotyweni kunye neenkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwi-cell components. Ukuthuthwa kwezinto phakathi kwe-ER, i-Golgi apparatus kunye ne-vesicles eyahlukeneyo iqhutyelwa nge-vesicles yokuthutha kunye ne-secretory vesicles.

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi we-ribosomes

I-Ribosomes zizakhiwo zeselula ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiprotheni synthesis. Ezi organelles zincinci zifumaneka kwiiseli zeprokaryotic kunye ne-eukaryotic kwaye zenziwe ngamacandelo amabini ahlukeneyo: i-subunit enkulu kunye ne-subunit encinci. Nganye kwezi subunits yenziwe ribosomal RNA (rRNA) kunye ribosomal proteins.

Umsebenzi ophambili we-ribosomes kukuguqulela ulwazi lofuzo oluqulethwe kwi-RNA yesithunywa (mRNA) kwi-amino acid ulandelelwano ukwenza iiprotheni. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yinguqulelo, yenzeka kwizigaba ezibini: ukubophelela kwe-amino acids ukudlulisa i-RNA (tRNA) kunye nokwakheka kweebhondi zepeptide phakathi kwazo. IiRibosomes zisebenza njengoomatshini bemolekyuli abanoxanduva lokuphembelela olu tshintsho lunzima kunye noluchanekileyo lwekhemikhali.

Ukongeza kwindima yazo esisiseko kwiprotein synthesis, iiribosomes zikwaqhuba neminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiseli. Oku kubandakanya ukulawulwa kwezinga lokuguqulelwa kwee-RNA zezithunywa kunye nokusebenzisana kunye neeprotheni ezilawulayo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukwanjalo, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-ribosomes iyakwazi ukubopha i-RNA engeyiyo ikhowudi kwaye idlala indima kulawulo lwemfuza kunye nokhuselo lweselula ngokuchasene ne-pathogens.

Isishwankathelo, i-ribosomes ziziseko zeselula ezibalulekileyo zeprotheni synthesis, ezinoxanduva lokuguqulela ulwazi lwemfuzo oluqulethwe kwi-mRNA kulandelelwano lwe-amino acid. Ezi organelles zinesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo, esakhiwe ngamasuntswana e-rRNA amaninzi kunye neeproteni ze-ribosomal. Ukongeza kulo msebenzi uphambili, iiribosomes zineminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiseli, njengokulawula ukuguqulela kunye nokusebenzisana neeproteni ezilawulayo kunye ne-RNA engabhaliyo.

I-endoplasmic reticulum: iprotheni synthesis kunye nokuthutha

I-Golgi complex: ukulungiswa kunye nokupakishwa

I-complex ye-Golgi yi-subcellular structure ekhoyo kuzo zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic. Iqulunqwe ngothotho lwamacandelo acandekileyo, afunxiweyo abizwa ngokuba ngamaqula, alungelelaniswe ngokwemilo emile okweceba. Itanki nganye inomsebenzi othile kwinkqubo yokuguqula kunye nokupakisha iiprotheni kunye ne-lipids ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kwindawo yazo yokugqibela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli.

Umsebenzi oyintloko we-complex ye-Golgi kukuguqulwa kweeathomu ezingena kuyo ukusuka kwi-reticulum endoplasmic. Oku kubandakanya ukongezwa kwamaqela emichiza, njengeswekile kunye neephosphates, kwiiprotheni kunye neelipids. Olu hlengahlengiso lubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kunye nomsebenzi webhayoloji weeamolekyuli, kuba ziyakwazi ukuguqula ubume bazo obunemigangatho emithathu kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukusebenzisana nezinye iimolekyuli.

Nje ukuba iimolekyuli ziguqulwe, iGolgi complex inoxanduva lokupakisha kwii-vesicles zokuthutha. Ezi vesicles zenziwe kwi-cis ubuso beGolgi kwaye ziqulethe iimolekyuli eziguquliweyo zokuthutha kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeseli okanye ukukhutshwa ngaphandle. Ukupakishwa okukhethiweyo kweeamolekyu kwii-vesicles kuvumela ukuhanjiswa kwazo kunye nokukhululwa okulawulwayo ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nendawo efanelekileyo.

Mitochondria: izityalo amandla iseli

I-Mitochondria zii-organelles zeselula ezinoxanduva lokuvelisa amandla ekusebenzeni kweeseli. Ezi zakhiwo zine-membrane yangaphandle kunye nengaphakathi, zombini zenziwe nge-phospholipids kunye neeprotheni. I-membrane yangaphakathi ibonakala ngokugoba okuninzi okubizwa ngokuba yi-mitochondrial cristae, eyandisa kakhulu umphezulu wenwebu, ivumela ukuveliswa kwamandla amakhulu.

Umsebenzi ophambili we-mitochondria kukuphefumla kweselula, inkqubo apho amandla afunyanwa kwiglucose. Ukwenza le nkqubo, i-mitochondria inezinto zayo zofuzo, i-mitochondrial DNA, kunye ne-enzymes eziyimfuneko zokuqhuba ikhonkco lokuphefumla kunye ne-phosphorylation ye-oxidative.

• I-Mitochondria iyakwazi ukwahlula kunye nokudibanisa, ivumela ukuba iqhelane neemfuno zamandla zeseli.
• Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwimveliso yamandla, i-mitochondria ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubonakalisweni kweeseli, i-lipid metabolism, kunye nolawulo lwe-intracellular calcium.
• Ezinye izifo zofuzo zidibene nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwi-mitochondria, enokubangela ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kwamandla kwaye kubangele iingxaki zempilo.

I-cytoskeleton: inkxaso yeseli kunye nokuhamba

I-cytoskeleton yinethiwekhi ye-intracellular ye-protein filaments ebonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwaye ivumela ukuhamba kweeseli. Idityaniswe yi-microtubules, i-filaments ephakathi kunye ne-microfilaments, le nethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeeprotheyini ikhona kuzo zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni nasekugcinweni kwe-eukaryotic. uhlobo lweseli, kunye nokusasazwa kwee-organelles kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ayimfuneko ekufudukeni kweeseli kunye nokwahlula.

I-Microtubules, eyenziwe yi-protein tubulin, yizona zinto zinzima kwaye zingqongqo kwi-cytoskeleton, ezenza isakhiwo se-tubular esingenanto. Ezi filaments ziyimfuneko ekuhambeni kweeseli, ukuvumela ukuhamba kwe-organelles kunye ne-vesicles ngokusebenzisa iseli, kunye nokuhamba kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella. Ukongeza, ii-microtubules zibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni iichromosomes ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-filaments ephakathi inikezela ukuchasana komatshini kwiseli, ukuyikhusela ekwandiseni kunye noxinzelelo. Ezi filaments zinamandla kwaye zingaphantsi kwamandla kune-microtubules, kwaye ukubunjwa kwazo kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweeseli. Iifilaments eziphakathi zidibene nokuzinza kwesakhiwo sezicubu kwaye zibandakanyeka ekuhanjisweni kwamandla omatshini. Eminye imizekelo Ziquka i-keratin filaments kwiiseli ze-epithelial kunye neurofilaments kwi-neurons.

Izigqibo kunye neengcebiso zokufundwa kwesakhiwo seselula

Ukuqukumbela, ukufundwa kolwakhiwo lweeseli kubalulekile ukuqonda iinkqubo eziphambili kwibhayoloji yezinto eziphilayo. Ngolu hlalutyo, siye sakwazi ukuchonga nokuqonda amacandelo ahlukeneyo eselula kunye ne-organelles, kunye nombutho kunye nomsebenzi wabo. Oku kuqonda kusivumela ukuba sibe nombono ocacileyo wendlela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo eyenziwa ngayo kwizinto eziphilayo.

Ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo zibalulekile ukwenza uphononongo olusebenzayo lwesakhiwo seselula:

• Yenza uphononongo oluneenkcukacha zodidi ngalunye lwe-organelle kunye nomsebenzi wayo othile. Oku kusinika imboniselo epheleleyo yeenkqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwiseli.
• Sebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu be-microscopy ukuphonononga ngokuchanekileyo i-morphology kunye nokusebenzisana kwamacandelo eselula. Oku kusivumela ukuba sifumane imifanekiso ecacileyo kunye neenkcukacha zezakhiwo zeselula.
• Gcina ulwazi lwesayensi lusexesheni kwinkalo yebhayoloji yeseli, kuba uphando kule ndawo luhlala luvela. Oku kusivumela ukuba sihlale sinolwazi ngenkqubela phambili yamva nje kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo kulwakhiwo lweeselula.

Isishwankathelo, uphononongo lwesakhiwo seselula lubalulekile ukuqonda iinkqubo zebhayoloji. Ngolu hlalutyo kunye nokuphumeza ezi ngcebiso zikhankanywe ngasentla, sinokufumana ulwazi olunzulu lwentlangano yamaselula kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwi-biology. Ukuqhubeka nokuphanda nokuzihlaziya kule ntsimi kuya kusivumela ukuba siqhubeke sifumanisa iimfihlelo zeseli kunye nokusebenza kwayo.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Ziziphi ii-postulates zesakhiwo seselula?
A: I-postulates yesakhiwo seselula yimigaqo-siseko okanye iziphakamiso ezichaza iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi yeeseli, kwizinto eziphilayo ezingabonakaliyo kunye nakwii-multicellular organisms.

Umbuzo: Zeziphi ezinye ze-postulates zesakhiwo seeseli?
A: Ezinye ze-postulates zesakhiwo seselula zezi zilandelayo:

1. Iseli yinxalenye esisiseko yobomi: Zonke izinto eziphilayo ziyilwe yiseli enye okanye ezingakumbi yaye ezi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi.

2. Iseli nganye iphuma kwenye iseli esele ikhona: Iseli nganye isuka kulwahlulo kwenye iseli esele ikhona. Akukho kuveliswa okuzenzekelayo kweeseli.

3. Yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yenzeke ngaphakathi kweeseli: Iiseli ziisayithi apho zonke ii-biochemical reactions eziyimfuneko ekugcinweni kobomi zenzeka. Ngaphakathi kwabo, i-synthesis ye-molecule, i-metabolism, ukuveliswa, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo, yenziwa.

Umbuzo: Kutheni i-postulates yesakhiwo seseli ibalulekile?
A: I-postulates yesakhiwo seselula ibalulekile kuba isinika isakhelo esiqinileyo sethiyori ukuqonda umbutho kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphaya koko, ezi postulates zibalulekile ekuqondeni inkqubela phambili kwibhayoloji yeeseli kunye nokuphuhlisa unyango kunye nonyango.

Umbuzo: Ngubani ocebise i-postulates yesakhiwo seselula?
A: I-postulates yesakhiwo seselula yayicetywa kakhulu ngoososayensi uMatthias Schleiden kunye noTheodor Schwann ngekhulu le-19. U-Schleiden ucebise i-postulate yokuqala, ngelixa uSchwann wagqiba ithiyori yeseli kunye nezinye ii-postulates.

Umbuzo: Ngaba i-postulates yesakhiwo seselula isebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo?
A: Ewe, i-postulates yesakhiwo seselula isebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ezi postulates zizonke kwaye zisebenza kuzo zombini izinto eziphilayo ze-unicellular, ezifana neebhaktheriya kunye nama-protists, kunye ne-multicellular organisms, kuquka izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu.

Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kokwazi i-postulates yesakhiwo seselula okwangoku?
A: Okwangoku, ulwazi lwee-postulates zesakhiwo seselula lubalulekile kwinkqubela phambili yebhayoloji kunye neyeza. Ezi postulates zisivumela ukuba siqonde indlela iiseli ezilungelelanisa ngayo kunye nokusebenza kwazo, kunye nendlela oku kuhambelana ngayo nezifo kunye neenkqubo ze-pathological. Ngaphaya koko, uphononongo lweeseli lukhokelele kuphuhliso lwezonyango olusebenzayo noluchanekileyo kunye nonyango.

Amanqaku aphambili

Isishwankathelo, ii-postulates zesakhiwo seselula zibalulekile ekuqondeni umbutho kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo kwinqanaba le-microscopic. Ezi postulates ziseka iimpawu ezisisiseko kunye neempawu zeeseli, kunye nemisebenzi ephambili yamacandelo kunye ne-organelles. Ngokufunda ubume beselula, izazinzulu zinokutyhila iindlela ezichanekileyo zebhayoloji kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphaya koko, ezi postulates zisisiseko sophuhliso lophando olutsha kunye nenkqubela phambili kwicandelo lebhayoloji yeeseli. Ukuqukumbela, i-postulates yesakhiwo seselula sisixhobo esiyimfuneko sokuqonda ukuntsonkotha kunye nokwahlukahlukana kobomi kolona hlobo lusisiseko.