El umjikelo weseli Yinkqubo esisiseko kubomi beeseli, ebonakaliswa luluhlu lweziganeko ezilandelelanayo ezivumela ukuphindaphinda kunye nokuveliswa kweeseli ezintsha. Ezi zigaba, ezenza umjikelo weseli, zilawulwa kakhulu kwaye zilawulwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe imfezeko kunye nokusebenza okuchanekileyo kombutho ekuthethwa ngawo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ukuba yintoni umjikelo weseli kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo ayenzayo, ebonelela ngombono wobugcisa kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kule nkqubo yezinto eziphilayo.
Intshayelelo kumjikelo weseli
Umjikelo cell phone yinkqubo kubalulekile kubomi bezinto eziphilayo. Iqulathe uthotho lweziganeko ezilungelelanisiweyo ezenzeka ukusuka ekwenziweni kweseli entsha ukuya kulwahlulo lwayo kwiiseli ezimbini zeentombi. Ngethuba le nkqubo, iseli ifumana ukukhula kunye nokuphindaphinda kwezinto zayo zofuzo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-DNA, kunye nokwahlulwa kwe-chromosomes kunye nokwahlulwa ngokulinganayo kwee-organelles zeselula. Umjikelo weseli wahlulahlulwe waba ngamanqanaba amaninzi, ngalinye linomsebenzi othile kwaye lilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kweDNA kunye nokulungisa ukuveliswa kweeseli.
Izigaba eziphambili yomjikelo weseli Ziyi-interphase kunye ne-mitosis. Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli ilungiselela ukwahlula kunye nokwahlula, ngokulandelelana, ibe ngama-subphase amathathu: isigaba se-G1, isigaba se-S, kunye nesigaba se-G2. Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iseli iyakhula kwaye i-synthesis yeeprotheni kunye ne-organelles eziyimfuneko kwi-cell division elandelayo iyenzeka. Kwinqanaba elingu-S, iseli iphinda i-DNA yayo ukuze iseli nganye yentombi ikwazi ukufumana ikopi epheleleyo. Isigaba se-G2 lixesha elongezelelweyo lokulungiselela ngaphambi kokungena kwi-mitosis.
I-Mitosis sisigaba apho iseli yahlulahlulwe ibe ziiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo neseli yomama. Esi sigaba sahlulwe sibe ngamanqanaba amane: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase kunye ne-telophase. Ngexesha le-prophase, i-chromosomes iyajiya kwaye i-mitotic spindle iqala ukwenza. Kwi-metaphase, i-chromosomes ihambelana ne-metaphase plate. Emva koko, kwi-anaphase, i-chromosomes iyahlukana kwaye ihambela kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Ekugqibeleni, kwi-telophase, i-chromosomes ifikelela kwiipali ezichaseneyo kunye ne-membrane yeseli entsha yenze malunga neqela ngalinye le-chromosomes, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa iiseli ezimbini zeentombi.
Fases del ciclo celular
Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo eqhubekayo kwaye elawulwa kakhulu eyenzeka kuzo zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic. Inokwahlulwa ibe zizigaba ezine eziphambili: interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis kunye neG0. Ngasinye kwezi zigaba zineempawu ezithile kunye nemisebenzi, kwaye kunye ziqinisekisa ukukhula okufanelekileyo kweeseli kunye nokuphindaphinda.
1. Ujongano
I-Interphase yenza esona sigaba side somjikelo weseli kwaye sahlulwe saba ngama-subphase amathathu: G1, S kunye ne-G2. Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli ilungiselela ukwahlula kwaye iqhube imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efana nokukhula kunye nokuphindaphinda imathiriyeli yemfuzo. Iimpawu eziphambili zesubphase nganye zichazwe ngezantsi:
- G1: Iseli ibuyisela kwakhona kwisahlulo sangaphambili, ubungakanani bayo buyanda kwaye iiprotheyini eziyimfuneko kumjikelo weseli ziyadityaniswa.
- S: Uphindaphindo lwe-DNA lwenzeka, luvelisa ikopi echanekileyo yemathiriyeli yemfuza.
- G2: Iseli ilungiselela ulwahlulo emva kokuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA, iiprotheyini ziyadityaniswa kwaye ingqibelelo yezinto zofuzo ibekwe iliso.
2. IMitosis
I-Mitosis sisigaba apho i-nucleus yeseli ihlukana ibe yi-nuclei ezimbini ezifanayo. Esi sigaba senziwe ngama-subphase amane: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase kunye ne-telophase. Ngexesha le-mitosis, iichromosomes ziyajiya kwaye zilungelelaniswe kwinqwelomoya ye-equatorial ngaphambi kokuba zahlukane ziye kwiipali zeseli. Ekupheleni kwesi sigaba, iiseli ezimbini zeentombi ezinemfuzo efanayo ziyafunyanwa.
3. I-Cytokinesis kunye ne-G0
I-Cytokinesis yinqanaba apho ulwahlulo lwamacandelo e-cytoplasmic lugqityiwe. Kwii-unicellular organisms, i-cytokinesis iphumela ekubunjweni kweeseli ezimbini zeentombi ezizimeleyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi, esi sigaba sinokuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli olubandakanyekayo. Ekugqibeleni, isigaba se-G0, esaziwa ngokuba sisigaba sokuphumla, simele isimo apho iiseli ziphuma kumjikelo weseli kwaye zihlale kwisigaba esithe cwaka de zifumane i-stimuli eyaneleyo yokubuyela kwi-interphase.
Ukubaluleka kokulawulwa komjikelo weeseli
Ukulawulwa komjikelo weseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokusebenza okuchanekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo. Iseli nganye idlula kumjikelo weseli oquka izigaba ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-interphase kunye ne-mitosis, ekufuneka ilawulwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuphepha ukwanda kweeseli okungalawulekiyo kunye nokuthintela izifo ezinjengomhlaza.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo lomjikelo weseli, njengeprotein kinases, i-cell cycle inhibitors, kunye nezinto zokukhula. Ezi zixhobo zenza inethiwekhi yomqondiso onzima olawula ukuqhubela phambili kweeseli ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo. Ngokomzekelo, iprotein kinases isebenza njengokutshintsha okuvula okanye ukucima iziganeko eziphambili zomjikelezo weseli, ezifana nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kunye nokwahlula i-chromosome ngexesha le-mitosis.
Ukugcina ukulawulwa okufanelekileyo komjikelezo weseli kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa impilo kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezicubu kunye nezitho kwizinto eziphilayo. Xa iimpazamo zenzeka kule nkqubo, ezifana nokulawulwa okungalunganga okanye ukuhlukana kweeseli ezingalawulwayo, izifo ezinzulu zinokuvela. Umhlaza, umzekelo, sisiphumo sokunyuka okungalawulekiyo kweeseli, ngenxa yokuguqulwa kofuzo okanye ukungaphumeleli kweendlela. ulawulo lomjikelo weseli.
Inkqubo yophindaphindo lweDNA
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Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, okwakwaziwa ngokuba yi-DNA replication, yinkqubo esisiseko eyenzeka kuzo zonke iiseli eziphilayo. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, imathiriyeli yemfuzo equlethwe kwi-DNA iyakotshwa ukuze ibonelele ngokufana. Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka kwi-nucleus yeeseli ze-eukaryotic kunye ne-cytoplasm yeeseli zeprokaryotic.
Yintoni injongo yokuphindaphindwa kweDNA? Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kubalulekile ekuveliseni iiseli kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi lwemfuzo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye. Ngaphandle kwale nkqubo, iiseli azinakwahlula kwaye izinto eziphilayo azinakukhula okanye ziphuhle. Ngaphaya koko, uphindaphindo lwe-DNA yindlela yokulungisa, kuba ivumela ukuba silungise iimpazamo ezinokuthi zenzeke ngexesha lokuphindaphinda.
Ukuphindaphindwa kweDNA kulandela uthotho lwamanyathelo achanileyo aquka ukwahlulwa kwemisonto yeDNA, ukuhlanganiswa kwemisonto emitsha ephelelisayo, nokudibanisa imisonto emitsha. Inkqubo iqala ngokuchithwa kwe-DNA kabini i-helix ngee-enzyme ezibizwa ngokuba yi-helicases. I-Polymerase enzymes ke ibophelela kwimicu ye-DNA eyahluliweyo kwaye iqalise ukudibanisa imicu emitsha encedisanayo, isebenzisa imicu ekhoyo njenge template. Ekugqibeleni, i-DNA ligase inoxanduva lokudibanisa imicu esanda kwenziwa, ngaloo ndlela yenze iimolekyuli ezimbini ezifanayo zeDNA.
Isigaba se-G1: ukulungiselela ukuphinda-phindwa kwe-DNA
Isigaba se-G1 somjikelo weseli sibalulekile ekulungiseleleni iseli ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA. Ngesi sigaba, iseli ifumana ithuba lokukhula kwaye iqhube imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-metabolic ukuqinisekisa ukuba ikulungele ukwenza iikopi ezichanekileyo zemathiriyeli yemfuza. Ngezantsi ezinye zeempawu eziphambili zesigaba se-G1:
Ukuqokelelwa kwezondlo: Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iseli igxile ekufunxeni nasekugcineni izondlo eziyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokuphindaphinda i-DNA. Oku kuquka ukufunyanwa kweglucose, iiamino acids kunye nezinye iiamolekyuli ezibalulekileyo ukwenzela ukuhlanganiswa okulandelayo kweenxalenye zeDNA.
Ukwenziwa kweeproteni: Isigaba se-G1 lixesha lokwenziwa kweprotheyini enzulu. Iseli ivelisa iindidi ngeendidi zeeproteni ezifunekayo ukuze kulungiswe indawo efanelekileyo yokuphindaphinda iDNA. Ezi proteni ziquka izinto ezibhaliweyo kunye ne-enzymes ezibandakanyekayo kwi-DNA replication.
Ulawulo lomjikelo weeseli: Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iseli ihlola ngokucophelela ukunyaniseka kwezinto zayo zofuzo kwaye ivavanye nawuphi na umonakalo okanye iimpazamo kwi-DNA ekhoyo. Ukuba kufunyenwe izinto ezingaqhelekanga, iseli inokumisa inkqubo yokuphindaphinda i-DNA kwaye iqalise iindlela zokulungisa okanye ekugqibeleni yenze i-apoptosis, inkqubo ukufa kweeseli ecwangciswe ukuthintela ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo yemfuza ephosakeleyo.
Isigaba S: I-DNA synthesis
Kwisigaba sika-S somjikelo weseli, ekwaziwa ngokuba sisigaba se-DNA synthesis, inkqubo eyimfuneko yokuphindaphinda imathiriyeli yemfuzo iyenzeka. Ngeli nqanaba, i-DNA iyaphindwa ukuze yenze iikopi ezimbini ezichanekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ulwazi olupheleleyo lwemfuza. Isigaba S sibalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni izinto eziphilayo, njengoko siqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuzinza kwe-genome.
Ngexesha le-S isigaba, oomatshini beeselula bayasebenza kwaye baqala ukusebenza kwi-DNA replication. Le nkqubo iqhutywa ngendlela ye-semiconservative, okuthetha ukuba i-strand nganye yasekuqaleni ye-DNA isebenza njenge template yokwenza i-strand entsha ehambelanayo. Uphindaphindo lwenziwa ngocwangco nangendlela echanekileyo, enkosi kuthotho lwee-enzymes ezikhethekileyo kunye neeproteni ezisebenza kunye.
Ukufezekisa ukuphindaphinda okuyimpumelelo, i-DNA kufuneka ikhutshwe kwaye ihlulwe ibe yimisonto nganye. I-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-helicase idlala indima ephambili kule nkqubo, njengoko inoxanduva lokuqhawula amabhondi e-hydrogen phakathi kweziseko ze-nitrogen kunye nokukhulula i-helix ephindwe kabini. Iiprotheni ezibophelelayo ze-DNA ke zibophelela kwimisonto eveziweyo ukuze zihlale zahlukene kwaye zibathintele ukuba badibanise kwakhona. Oku kuvumela i-DNA polymerase, i-enzyme enoxanduva lokudibanisa i-DNA strand entsha, ukujoyina i-template kwaye iqale ukongeza i-nucleotides eyongezelelweyo. Ngale ndlela, imicu emibini ye-DNA iyafana neyokuqala.
Isigaba se-G2: ukulungiselela ulwahlulo lweeseli
Inqanaba le-G2 linqanaba elibalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli apho iiseli zilungiselela ukwahlula kwaye zivelise iiseli ezimbini zeentombi. Ngesi sigaba, uthotho lweziganeko ezisisiseko zenzeka eziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokwahlulwa kweeseli iqhutywa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngaphandle kweempazamo.
Okokuqala, ngexesha lesigaba se-G2, ukuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni kunye ne-RNA eyimfuneko kwisinyathelo esilandelayo sokuhlukana kweeseli kwenzeka. Oku kubandakanya ukuphindaphinda kunye nokuveliswa kwee-enzyme ezibalulekileyo kunye neemolekyuli eziya kuba yimfuneko ekuphindaphindweni kwezinto zofuzo kwisigaba esilandelayo. Ukongeza, iiseli zikwaqhuba uhlolo olungqongqo lweDNA yazo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho monakalo okanye utshintsho olunokuchaphazela uzinzo lwemfuza yeeseli zentombi.
Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yesigaba se-G2 kukulungiswa kwe-microtubules ye-cytoskeleton ye-cell division. Ngeli nqanaba, ii-microtubules zilungelelaniswe kwaye zilungiselelwe ukwenza i-mitotic spindle, isakhiwo esibalulekileyo sokwahlulwa okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweseli. Ukongeza, ukuphindaphinda kunye nokuhanjiswa kwee-organelles zeselula, ezifana ne-mitochondria kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum, kwenzeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iiseli zeentombi zinazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ukwenza imisebenzi yazo. imisebenzi yayo ngokufanelekileyo.
Isigaba se-M: i-mitosis kunye ne-cell division
Inqanaba le-M linqanaba elibalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli, apho iseli yoomama ihlukana ibe ziiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo. Esi sigaba sahlulwe saba ziinkqubo ezininzi ezilungelelanisiweyo: i-mitosis kunye ne-cytokinesis. Ezi nkqubo zivumela ukuhanjiswa okufanelekileyo kwezinto zofuzo kunye nomxholo we-cytoplasmic phakathi kweeseli zentombi ezibangelwayo.
I-Mitosis yinkqubo ephambili yesigaba se-M kwaye ngokwayo yahlulwe yaba ngamanqanaba abalulekileyo. Ezi zigaba ziquka i-prophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase, kunye ne-telophase. Ngexesha le-prophase, i-chromosomes ebonakalayo idibanisa kunye neefom ze-mitotic spindle, ezivumela ukubanjwa kunye nokuhamba kwee-chromosomes nge-microtubules. Kwi-metaphase, i-chromosomes ihambelana ne-equatorial plane, ngelixa i-anaphase, i-chromosomes yodade iyahlukana kwaye ihambela kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Ekugqibeleni, kwi-telophase, i-chromosomes iyancipha kwaye i-membrane entsha yenyukliya ijikeleze isethi nganye yechromosomes.
I-Cytokinesis yinkqubo ehambelanayo kwi-mitosis ekhokelela ekuhlukaneni komzimba kweeseli zentombi. Oku kwenzeka ngokuqulunqwa kwendandatho yekhontrakthi eyenziwe yi-myosin kunye neeprotheni ze-actin kummandla we-equatorial weseli. Le ringi iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe, ihlula iseli yomama kwiiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. I-Cytokinesis inokuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweeseli kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezibandakanyekayo, kwaye ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwakheka okuchanekileyo kwezicubu kunye nezitho ngexesha lophuhliso.
Iindawo zokuhlola kunye nolawulo lomjikelo weeseli
Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu eqinisekisa ukuphinda-phinda okuchanekileyo kunye nokusasazwa kwemathiriyeli yemfuza. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwe-DNA kunye nokuthintela ukwanda kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye iiseli ezinokuguqulwa kofuzo, iindlela zokulawula ezaziwa ngokuba ziindawo zokukhangela ziye zaphuhliswa.
Iindawo zokuhlola ze umjikelo cell are iindawo zokuhlola ezibalulekileyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo omjikelo. Ezi ndawo zokuhlola zijongene nokuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwe-DNA, ukuphindaphinda okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes kunye nombutho ofanelekileyo we-microtubules. Ukuba kufunyenwe ukungaqhelekanga kuyo nayiphi na yezi nkqubo, iindawo zokukhangela zinokumisa okwethutyana ukuqhubeka komjikelo weseli ukuvumela ukulungiswa komonakalo okanye, kwiimeko ezingafumanekiyo, kubangele i-apoptosis ukuphelisa iseli.
Kukho iindawo ezintathu zokukhangela eziphambili kumjikelo weseli: i-G1 checkpoint, i-G2 checkpoint kunye ne-metaphase checkpoint. Kwi-checkpoint ye-G1, kuyaqinisekiswa ukuba i-DNA ikhuselekile kwaye ikwiimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuphindaphinda. Kwi-checkpoint G2, kuyajongwa ukuba ngaba onke amanyathelo okuphindaphinda kwe-DNA agqityiwe kwaye akukho ziphoso kwiichromosomes. Ekugqibeleni, i-checkpoint ye-metaphase ivavanya ukulungelelaniswa okuchanekileyo kwe-chromosomes kwi-spindle ye-mitotic ngaphambi kokuhlukana kwee-chromatids zodade ngexesha le-anaphase.
Ukulawulwa komjikelo weeseli kunye nokuthintela umhlaza
Kwii-multicellular organisms, ukulawulwa komjikelo weeseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokugcina ingqibelelo ye-genomic kunye nokwanda kweeseli. Le ndlela eyinkimbinkimbi iqinisekisa ukuba iiseli ziyahlula ngendlela elawulwayo nechanekileyo, ukukhusela ukuphuhliswa kwezifo ezifana nomhlaza.
Ukulawulwa komjikelo weseli kubandakanya uluhlu lweendawo zokuhlola, apho kuvandlakanywa ukuba ngaba iiseli zigqibe ngokuchanekileyo isigaba ngasinye ngaphambi kokuqhubela phambili ukuya kwelinye. Ezi ndawo zokuhlola zisebenza njengabagcini bemfezeko ye-genome, ukumisa ukuqhubela phambili komjikelo weseli ukuba kukho izinto ezingaqhelekanga ze-DNA, iimpazamo zokuphindaphinda okanye umonakalo we-chromosome. Ukuba kukho izitenxo ezifunyenweyo, iiseli zivula iindlela zokulungisa okanye zinokude zingene kwi-apoptosis, ukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo, ukuthintela ukwanda kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo.
Ukuthintela umhlaza kusekelwe kulawulo olusebenzayo lomjikelo weseli. Xa le nkqubo isebenza ngokufanelekileyo, iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ziyapheliswa ngaphambi kokuba zande kwaye ziphuhlise amathumba ayingozi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezithile, iiseli ziyakwazi ukuqokelela iinguqu ezenza ukuba kusebenze iindlela zokulawula umjikelezo weeseli, ukuvumela ukuphindaphinda okungalawulwayo kunye nokulawulwayo.
Ukuguqulwa komjikelo weeseli kunye neziphumo zazo
Ukuguqulwa komjikelo weeseli lutshintsho olungaqhelekanga kwinkqubo yolwahlulo lweeseli, olunokuba neziphumo ezibi emzimbeni. Olu tshintsho lunokuthi lwenzeke ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezijongene nokulawula umjikelo weseli, umonakalo kwizinto zofuzo okanye ukungalingani kwiimpawu ezilawula umjikelo. Xa umjikelo weseli uchaphazeleka, iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zinokuvela ezichaphazela umntu ngamnye kunye nezicubu okanye izitho apho ukuguqulwa kwenzeka khona.
Esinye seziphumo eziphambili zokuguqulwa komjikelo weeseli kukubunjwa kwamathumba. Xa iiseli zingakwazi ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo ulwahlulo lwazo, zinokuqala ukuvelisa ngokungalawulekiyo, zenze inkitha yeeseli ezingaqhelekanga. Ezi zihlwele, ezaziwa ngokuba ngamathumba, zinokuba nobungozi okanye ziyingozi. I-Benign tumors ayisasazeki kwezinye izihlunu kwaye idla ngokuba yingozi kangako. Kwelinye icala, amathumba ayingozi anomhlaza kwaye anokuhlasela izicubu ezikufutshane okanye asasazeke ngegazi okanye umjelo we-lymphatic, obangela i-metastases kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba.
Ukongeza ekubunjweni kwethumba, ukuguqulwa komjikelo weeseli kunokubangela izifo ezibulalayo zofuzo. Ukuba iiseli azahluli ngokufanelekileyo, ukungahambi kakuhle kwemfuza kunokwenzeka kubantu abatsha. Oku kungaqhelekanga kunokukhokelela kwizifo zemfuza, ezinokuthi zibe nemiphumo emibi kwimpilo yabantu abachaphazelekayo. Eminye imizekelo Izifo zemfuza ezibangelwa kukuphazamiseka komjikelo weeseli ziquka i-Down syndrome, i-cystic fibrosis kunye ne-hemophilia.
Iingcebiso zokugcina umjikelo weseli osempilweni
Iingcebiso zokugcina umjikelo weseli osempilweni:
1. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Antioxidant: I-Antioxidants idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni iiseli zethu ngokuchasene noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, into eyaziwayo ngokonakalisa i-DNA kunye nokukhuthaza ukuguga kwamaselula. Qinisekisa ukuba uquka ukutya okune-antioxidant-ecebileyo ekudleni kwakho, njengeziqhamo ezinemibala eqaqambileyo kunye nemifuno, imbewu kunye namandongomane.
2. Gwema uxinzelelo olungapheliyo: Uxinzelelo olungapheliyo lunokuba nefuthe elibi kumjikelo wethu weeseli. Zama ukufumana iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulawula uxinzelelo, njengokuziqhelanisa neendlela zokuphumla, imithambo yokuphefumla, okanye imisebenzi oyithandayo, njengokufunda, ukupeyinta, okanye ukumamela umculo.
3. Gcina ukutya okunokulinganisela: Ukutya okunokulinganisela kubalulekile ukugcina umjikelo weseli onempilo. Qinisekisa ukuba ufumana iprotheyini eyaneleyo, iivithamini kunye neeminerali. Gwema ukugqithisa kwishukela ecocekileyo, i-fat saturated kunye nokutya okucutshungulwayo, njengoko kunokubangela ukuvuvukala kunye nokonakalisa iiseli zethu.
Imibuzo neempendulo
Umbuzo: Yintoni umjikelo weseli kwaye yintoni ukubaluleka kwayo?
IMPENDULO: Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo eyenziwa ziiseli ukuze zikhule zize zohlulwe zibe ziiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo. Kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezicubu kunye nokulungiswa kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo.
Q: Yintoni na amanqanaba omjikelo weseli?
A: Umjikelo weseli uhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine eziphambili: i-G1 okanye isigaba sokukhula 1, isigaba se-S okanye i-DNA synthesis, i-G2 okanye i-2 yokukhula, kunye ne-M isigaba okanye i-mitosis.
Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni kwisigaba se-G1 somjikelo weseli?
A: Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iseli iyakhula kwaye ilungiselele inyathelo elilandelayo lomjikelo. Ikwaqhuba imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-metabolic kwaye idibanise iiprotheyini eziyimfuneko kuphuhliso lwayo.
Q: Kwenzeka ntoni kwisigaba S somjikelo weseli?
IMPENDULO: Kwinqanaba le-S, iseli iphinda iphindaphinde iDNA yayo, oko kukuthi, idibanisa ikopi ngqo yemfuza yayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba zombini iiseli intombi enesiphumo iseti efanayo imiyalelo yemfuza.
Umbuzo: Yintoni injongo yesigaba Umjikelo weseli we-G2?
A: Ngethuba lesigaba se-G2, iseli iyaqhubeka ikhula kwaye ilungiselela ukuhlukana kweeseli. Ukuthembeka kwe-DNA esanda kwenziwa kwakhona kuyaqinisekiswa kwaye iimpazamo ezinokwenzeka okanye umonakalo uyalungiswa.
Umbuzo: Yintoni isigaba se-M somjikelo weseli?
A: Isigaba se-M, okanye i-mitosis, kulapho ukwahlukana kweeseli kwenzeka khona. Iseli yahlulahlulwe ibe ziiseli zamantombazana ezimbini ezifanayo, nganye inekopi epheleleyo kunye nechanekileyo yemathiriyeli yemfuzo.
Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho naziphi na izigaba ezongezelelweyo kumjikelo weseli?
A: Ukongeza kwizigaba ezine ezikhankanyiweyo, kukho isigaba esibizwa ngokuba yi-G0, apho iiseli zikwimo yokuphumla okanye ukungaqhubeki. Ezinye iiseli zinokungena kwesi sigaba okwethutyana okanye ngokusisigxina, ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nomjikelo weseli.
Umbuzo: Ulawulwa njani umjikelo weseli?
A: Umjikelo weseli ulawulwa ngokungqongqo luluhlu lweeprotheyini kunye nezinto ezilawulayo eziqinisekisa ukuba isigaba ngasinye senzeka ngexesha elifanelekileyo nangendlela elungelelanisiweyo. Ezi ndlela zokulawula zithintela ukukhula kweeseli ezingalawulwayo kunye nokwakheka kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga.
Q: Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba kukho utshintsho kumjikelo weseli?
A: Ukutshintsha komjikelo weeseli kunokukhokelela kwizifo ezinjengomhlaza. Xa iindlela zokulawula zingaphumeleli, iiseli zinokukhula ngokungalawulekiyo kwaye zenze amathumba ayingozi.
Umbuzo: Loluphi uphando olwenziwayo ngokunxulumene nomjikelo weseli?
A: Uphando malunga nomjikelo weseli lubanzi kwaye luyaqhubeka. Okwangoku, uphando lwenziwa ukuchonga abalawuli abatsha bomjikelezo weseli, kunye nokuphuhlisa unyango olujoliswe kwiingxaki zeselula kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nazo.
Ukuququmbela
Isishwankathelo, umjikelo weseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo evumela ukukhula kweeseli kunye nokwahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo. Iqulunqwe ngoluhlu lwezigaba, nganye inemisebenzi ethile kwaye ilawulwa ngeendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-biochemical. Iqala ngesigaba se-G1, apho iseli ikhula kwaye ilungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA yayo kwisigaba se-S Emva koko, kwisigaba se-G2, iseli ilungiselela ukuhlukana kweeseli kwisigaba se-M, esibandakanya i-mitosis kunye ne-cytokinesis. Ezi zigaba zilawulwa ngononophelo ziiprotheyini kunye nezinto zokulawula, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuveliswa kweeseli ngokuchanekileyo nangempumelelo. Ukuqonda umjikelo weseli kubalulekile kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nonyango, kwaye kunokukhokelela ekuqhubeleni phambili kunyango lomhlaza kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nokwahlulahlulwa kweeseli. Njengoko siqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu umjikelo weeseli, sinokuvula ukuqonda okutsha okuya kuthi kuxhamle impilo yomntu kunye nebhayoloji ngokubanzi.
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