Ukufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo (okanye i-apoptosis) yinto ebalulekileyo yebhayoloji ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi ngenkqubo elawulwa kakhulu, iiseli ezonakalisiweyo, ezosulelekileyo okanye ezingadingekile ziyapheliswa, ezivumela ukuba ibhalansi kunye i-homeostasis yezinto eziphilayo. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuhlolisiseni ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni ukufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-physiological Siza kujongana neengcamango eziphambili ezinxulumene nale nto, ukubonelela ngombono wezobuchwepheshe kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kweendlela ezibandakanyekayo kwinkqubo ye-apoptosis.
Yintoni ukufa kweeseli kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwibhayoloji?
Ukufa kweseli, okwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, Yinkqubo esisiseko ibhayoloji edlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Olu luhlobo lokufa olucwangcisiweyo lwenzeka ngendlela ehlelekile nelawulwayo, evumela ukupheliswa kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo, ezikhulileyo okanye ezingeyomfuneko kumzimba. Ngokungafaniyo necrosis, eluhlobo oluthile yokufa kweeseli Ingacwangciswanga kwaye isiphithiphithi, i-apoptosis ibalulekile kwibhalansi yezicubu kunye ne-homeostasis.
Ukubaluleka kokufa kweeseli kulele kwindima yayo ephambili kumjikelo wobomi beeseli kunye nolawulo lweenkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji. Ngale ndlela, iiseli zinokususa ngokucwangcisiweyo i-DNA eyonakeleyo okanye eguqulweyo, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kweempazamo zofuzo Ukongeza, i-apoptosis ibalulekile ngexesha lophuhliso lwe-embryonic, njengoko ivumela ukwakheka okufanelekileyo kunye nokupheliswa kwezicubu ezingafunekiyo.
Ukukwazi kweeseli ukwenza ukufa kweseli okucwangcisiweyo kubalulekile kugcino lwe-homeostasis kumzimba. Oku kulawulwa yinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokubonisa iselula, apho iiprotheni ezininzi kunye nezinto zingenelela. Ezinye zeendlela ezibangela i-apoptosis zibandakanya ukusebenza kwee-caspases, ukuguqulwa kokungena kwe-membrane ye-mitochondrial, kunye nokukhululwa kweemolekyuli zeproapoptotic. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezibandakanyekayo kukufa kweeseli kubalulekile kuphando lwebhayoloji yeseli kunye nophuhliso lonyango oluchasene nezifo ezinxulumene nolawulo oluneziphene lwe-apoptosis.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokufa kweeseli: i-apoptosis, i-necrosis kunye ne-autophagy
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufa kweeseli okwenzeka kwi umzimba womntu: i-apoptosis, i-necrosis kunye ne-autophagy. Ezi nkqubo ziyahluka kwindlela yazo kunye neziphumo, kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni kunye ne-homeostasis yezinto eziphilayo.
1. Apoptosis: Ikwabizwa ngokuba “kukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo,” i-apoptosis yinkqubo eyalelweyo nelawulwayo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo emzimbeni. Ngexesha le-apoptosis, iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingafunekiyo zisuswa ngokukhethiweyo, ngaloo ndlela zithintela ukusasazeka komonakalo kunye nokuvumela ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezicubu.
- Ukutshintsha kwe-morphological kwiseli, njengokuhlehla kweeseli kunye nokujiya kwenucleus.
- Ukuqhekeka kwe-DNA ibe ziiyunithi ezidityanisiweyo.
- Ukubandakanywa kweeprotheyini ezithile ezibizwa ngokuba yi-caspases.
2. Necrosis: Ngokungafaniyo ne-apoptosis, i-necrosis luhlobo lokufa okungacwangciswanga kunye nengozi yeseli. Le nkqubo yenzeka ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu weseli ngenxa yokwenzakala, usulelo, okanye ukungabikho kwegazi. I-Necrosis ayiyona inkqubo elawulwayo kwaye ingakhokelela ekudumbeni kunye nomonakalo owongezelelweyo wezicubu. Ezinye iimpawu ze-necrosis zibandakanya:
- Ukuqhekeka kwenwebu yeseli.
- Ukuvuvukala kunye nokuphendula okuhambelana nokuzivikela komzimba.
- Umonakalo omkhulu kwizakhiwo zeselula.
3. I-Autophagy: I-Autophagy yinkqubo yokususwa kwezinto ezingaphezulu okanye ezonakalisiweyo zeselula. Ngexesha le-autophagy, iseli iyazigaya ukuze iphinde isetyenziswe izixhobo zeselula ezingasebenziyo kunye nokugcina ibhalansi ye-metabolic. Le nkqubo ibalulekile kubomi beseli kwaye ilawulwa yimiba eyahlukeneyo, njengokufumaneka kwezondlo kunye noxinzelelo lweselula. Ezinye iimpawu ze-autophagy zi:
- Ukubunjwa kwee-vesicles ezibizwa ngokuba yi-autophagosomes ejikelezayo kwizinto ezinokuthi zithotywe.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-autophagosomes kunye ne-lysosomes ukwenzela ukuthotywa okusebenzayo kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo.
- Ukurisayikilishwa kwamalungu asisiseko okwenziwa kweeathom ezintsha.
Iinkqubo eziphambili ezibandakanyekayo kukufa kweseli okucwangcisiweyo
Ukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Lo matshini onzima ubandakanya uchungechunge lwamanyathelo kunye neziganeko ezikhokelela ekususweni ngokucwangcisiweyo kweeseli ngaphandle kokukhupha impendulo yokuvuvukala. Oku kulandelayo kuchaziwe:
1. DNA ukujiya kunye nokuqhekeka: Ngexesha le-apoptosis, i-DNA yenyukliya ifumana ukuxinana kunye nokuqhekeka. Oku kungenxa yesenzo seeenzymes ezibizwa ngokuba zii-endonucleases, ezisika i-DNA ibe ngamaqhekeza amalunga ne-180-200 isiseko sesibini. La maqhekeza aphumayo anenkangeleko emile okweleli ngokudibene nechromatin econsisiweyo.
2. Ukurhoxiswa kweSellula kunye nokwakheka kwemizimba ye-apoptotic: Esinye isigaba esibalulekileyo se-apoptosis kukurhoxiswa kweeseli. Iiseli ze-apoptotic ziyancipha, ziqhekeza, kwaye zibe ngqukuva, emva koko, ngenxa yokuvezwa kwamanqaku abizwa ngokuba yi-phosphatidylserine, iiseli ze-apoptotic zinokukhutshwa kwaye zipheliswe ziiseli ezingabamelwane okanye ii-macrophages. Ezi phakheji zeeseli zibizwa ngokuba yimizimba ye-apoptotic kwaye zibonwa kwaye zipheliswe ziindlela zesistim somzimba.
3. Isenzo se-caspases: I-Caspases, iklasi ye-proteolytic enzymes, idlala indima ephambili kwi-cascade yeziganeko ze-apoptosis. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ze-caspases: i-initiator caspases kunye ne-effector caspases. I-Initiator caspases ivulwa yimiqondiso ye-apoptotic kwaye emva koko isebenze i-effector caspases. Ezokugqibela, nazo, zinoxanduva lokubangela iziganeko zokugqibela ze-apoptosis, ezinje ngokuqhekeka kwe-DNA kunye nokuwohloka kweprotein ye-intracellular, ekhokelela ekufeni okucwangcisiweyo.
Umqondiso wemolekyuli obangela ukufa kweeseli
Ukubonakaliswa kwemolekyuli yinkqubo entsonkothileyo edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqaliseni ukufa kweseli okucwangcisiweyo, okwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis. Ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana phakathi kweeprotheni kunye neemolekyuli zokubonisa, iiseli ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa okanye ukuvimbela iindlela ezilawula le nkqubo ebalulekileyo.
Okokuqala, ukuguqula i-beta ye-beta (i-TGF-beta) idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumqondiso we-molekyuli yokufa kweeseli iintambo ezifana ne-tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indlela yokubonisa i-molecular intrinsic idibene nokukhululwa kwe-cytochrome c ukusuka kwi-mitochondria ukuya kwi-cytoplasm iiprotheni kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-DNA yeselula. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iprotheni ye-Bcl-2, efumaneka kwi-membrane ye-mitochondria, inokulawula ibhalansi phakathi kobomi beseli kunye nokufa, ekubeni ukugqithisa kwayo kunokuthintela i-apoptosis ngelixa ukungabikho kwayo kunokubangela.
Indima yokufa kweeseli kuphuhliso lwe-embryonic kunye ne-homeostasis
Inkqubo yokufa kweseli, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwe-embryonic kunye nokugcina i-homeostasis kwizinto eziphilayo zicwangciswe ngokwemfuzo ukuze zizitshabalalise kwaye zisuswe ngocwangco. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekuphuhliseni okufanelekileyo kunye nokukhula kwezicubu kunye nezitho ngexesha lesigaba se-embryonic.
Kuphuhliso lwe-embryonic, ukufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo kuvumela ukubunjwa kunye nomzekelo ochanekileyo wezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo kwizinto ezikhulayo. Ebudeni bale nkqubo, ezinye iiseli ziyakhutshwa ukuze kuvele amalungu akhethekileyo kunye nezicubu. Ngokomzekelo, ekubunjweni kweminwe kunye neenzwane, i-apoptosis idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlukaniseni izithuba phakathi kweminwe, evumela ukubunjwa kwezakhiwo zomntu kunye nokusebenza.
Ukongeza kuphuhliso lwe-embryonic, ukufa kweeseli kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni i-homeostasis kwizinto eziphilayo zabantu abadala. Kubo bonke ubomi bento ephilayo, iiseli zeapoptotic zihlala zipheliswa, nto leyo enegalelo ekugcineni ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi kwemveliso yeeseli kunye nokupheliswa. Oku kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezicubu kunye namalungu, kunye nokuthintela ukukhula kwezifo ezinjengomhlaza.
Iimpembelelo zokufa kweeseli kwizifo kunye nokuphazamiseka
Zisisiseko ukuqonda i-pathophysiology yee-pathologies ezininzi. Ukufa kweseli kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini: ezicwangcisiweyo okanye ezingacwangciswanga (necrosis). Zombini ezi nkqubo zinokuba neziphumo ezibalulekileyo kumsebenzi kunye nokulungelelana komzimba.
Kwimeko yezifo, ukufa kweeseli okucwangcisiweyo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, kudlala indima ebalulekileyo. I-Apoptosis yinkqubo elawulwayo apho iiseli ezonakalisiweyo, okanye iiseli eziye zagqiba umjikelo wabo wobomi, zipheliswa ukuze kugcinwe i-homeostasis yezinto eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, xa le nkqubo ingasebenzi kakuhle, inokuba negalelo ekukhuleni kwezifo ezinzulu, ezinjengomhlaza, izifo ze-neurodeergenerative, kunye nezifo ze-autoimmune.
Kwelinye icala,necrosis ibandakanya ukufa kweseli okungacwangciswanga kwaye idla ngokubangelwa ziziganeko ezothusayo okanye zezifo. Le mpendulo yokuvuvukala eyongeziweyo inokufaka isandla kwizifo ezifana ne-sepsis, i-myocardial infarction, kunye nesifo se-Alzheimer.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokufa kweeseli kunye nokuguga kwamaselula
Sisihloko esinomdla kakhulu kwicandelo lebhayoloji. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba ukufa kweeseli, okanye i-apoptosis, kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuguga kweeseli. Ngezantsi ngamanqaku aphambili ukunceda ukuqonda ngcono obu budlelwane:
1. Ukuqokelelana kweeseli zencindi: Njengoko sikhula, iiseli ze-senescent ziqokelelana emzimbeni wethu. Ezi seli, ezingakwaziyo ukwahlula okanye ukwenza imisebenzi yayo Ngokuqhelekileyo, banokukhulula izinto ezivuthayo ezifaka isandla kwinkqubo yokuguga. I-Apoptosis idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphelisweni kwezi seli zeseli, kuba ikhuthaza ukufa kwazo okucwangcisiweyo, ngaloo ndlela ithintela ukuqokelelana kwazo kunye neziphumo ezibi abanazo kwizicubu.
2. Ukugcinwa kwe-homeostasis: Ukufa kweeseli kukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni i-homeostasis yeselula. Ngokusebenzisa i-apoptosis, iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingasebenzi kakuhle zinokushenxiswa, ngaloo ndlela zivumela ukuvuselelwa kunye nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu. Le nkqubo yokuzilungisa ibalulekile ukugcina ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo emzimbeni kunye nokulibazisa ukuguga kwamaselula.
3. Indima yeetelomeres: IiTelomeres, ezilulandelelwano oluphindaphindiweyo lwe-DNA ebekwe ekupheleni kweechromosomes, nazo zihlobene ngokusondeleyo nokufa kweeseli kunye nokuguga. Njengoko iiseli zahlula kwaye ziphindaphinda, i-telomeres iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Xa i-telomeres iba mfutshane kakhulu, iiseli zinokungena kwimeko ye-senescence okanye zenze i-apoptosis. Le ndlela yokulawula ikhusela ukwanda kweeseli ezingalawulwayo kwaye igalelo ekugugeni kwamaselula.
Iindlela zokubona kunye nokufunda ukufa kweeseli
Ukufa kweseli, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Uphononongo lwayo kunye nobhaqo belubaluleke kakhulu kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye kwezonyango, okusivumela ukuba siqonde iindlela ezisisiseko kunye nokubandakanyeka kwazo kwizifo ezifana nomhlaza.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa nokufunda ukufa kweeseli, ezisekelwe kuqwalaselo kunye nohlalutyo lwabamakishi abahlukeneyo kunye neziganeko ezinxulumene nazo. Ezinye zezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi:
- I-microscopy ye-Fluorescence: Le ndlela ivumela ukuba sibe nombono kunye nokulinganisa utshintsho lwe-morphological yeeseli ngexesha le-apoptosis. Kusetyenziswa iiprobe ezikhethekileyo ze-fluorescent, ezifana nokungcoliswa kwepropidium iodide, ebophelela kwi-DNA eqhekezayo ekhoyo kwiiseli ze-apoptotic.
- Uvavanyo lwe-cytometry yokugeleza: Ngokusebenzisa ii-cytometers zokuhamba, kunokwenzeka ukufumanisa kunye nokulinganisa i-apoptosis kwinqanaba leeseli. I-cytometers ehambayo ikuvumela ukuba uhlalutye iimpawu ezifana nobukhulu beeseli kunye nobunzima, kunye nokunyaniseka kwe-membrane kunye namandla e-mitochondrial.
- I-Western blot: Le ndlela yobugcisa isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukufumanisa kunye nokuhlalutya iiprotheni ezithile ezibandakanyekayo ekufeni kweeseli. I-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis isetyenziselwa ukwahlula iiproteni ngokobungakanani bazo kwaye emva koko idluliselwe kwinwebu ukuze ibonwe kusetyenziswa izilwa-buhlungu ezithile.
Isishwankathelo, zibalulekile ukuqonda iindlela kunye neziganeko zemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo kwi-apoptosis. Ezi ndlela zobugcisa zisivumela ukuba sifumane idatha yobungakanani kunye nekhwalithi yokufa kwamaselula, okubaluleke kakhulu kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nophuhliso lwezonyango ezijoliswe kwizifo ezinxulumene nokuguqulwa kwale nkqubo.
Impembelelo yokufa kweeseli kunyango kunye nonyango lwezifo
Ukufa kweseli, okwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezicubu kunye namalungu. Nangona kunjalo, ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kunyango kunye nonyango lwezifo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqonda iindlela zokufa kweeseli, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zonyango ezithatha ithuba lale nkqubo ukulwa nezifo ngokufanelekileyo.
Ezinye zeendlela ulwazi lokufa kweeseli luchaphazele unyango kunye nonyango lwezifo ziquka:
- Unyango lwe-gene: I-Apoptosis inokusetyenziselwa ukuphembelela ukufa kweeseli zomhlaza okanye iiseli ezichatshazelwe zizifo zofuzo. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokuzisa izakhi zofuzo ezikhuthaza i-apoptosis kwezi seli, ezikhokelela ekuphelisweni kwazo. Le ndlela ithembisayo ibonise iziphumo ezithembisayo kwizifundo zangaphambili kunye neklinikhi.
- Farmacología: Ukuqonda iinkqubo zemolekyuli emva kokufa kweeseli kuye kwavumela ukuphuhliswa kwamachiza anokuthi alungelelanise le nkqubo. Amanye amachiza akhuthaza i-apoptosis kwiiseli zomhlaza, ngelixa ezinye zithintela kwizifo ze-neurodeergenerative. Le nkqubela phambili kwi-pharmacology ivule amathuba amatsha onyango kuluhlu olubanzi lwezifo.
- Terapia celular: Ukufa kweeseli nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kunyango lweeseli. Ukufumana iiseli ezilungele ukutshintshwa, izazinzulu zisebenzisa i-apoptosis ukususa iiseli ezonakeleyo okanye ungcoliseko kwinkcubeko yeeseli. Ukongeza, ekuphuhliseni unyango olusekwe kwi-stem cell, i-apoptosis isetyenziselwa ukwahlulahlula iiseli kunye nokuphelisa iiseli ezingahambelaniyo nomgangatho kunye neendlela zokhuseleko.
Ngamafutshane, ayinakuphikiswa. Uphononongo lwale nkqubo luye lwavumela ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezintsha zonyango ezithatha ithuba le-apoptosis ukulwa nezifo ngokufanelekileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuqhubela phambili okuqhubelekayo ukuqonda kwethu ukufa kweseli kulindeleke ukuba kukhokelele kunyango oluchanekileyo nolwenzelwe umntu lwezifo ezahlukeneyo.
Iingcebiso zophando lwexesha elizayo malunga nokufa kweeseli
Namhlanje, uphando ngokufa kweeseli luqhubele phambili kakhulu, kodwa kusekho iindawo eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwizifundo ezizayo ukuze ufumane ukuqonda okunzulu ngale nkqubo isisiseko. Apha ngezantsi kukho iingcebiso zophando lwexesha elizayo kwicandelo lokufa kweeseli:
Jonga iindlela ezintsha zokubonisa: Nangona iindlela ezininzi zokubonisa ezibandakanyekayo ekufeni kweeseli zichongiwe, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuphanda ukufumanisa iindlela ezintsha kunye neendlela ezibandakanyekayo kule nkqubo. Ngaphaya koko, ingqwalasela eyodwa kufuneka ihlawulwe kwintsebenziswano phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonisa, njengoko zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lokufa kweeseli.
Chonga iziphawuli ezintsha zokufa kweeseli: Ukusekwa kwamanqaku athile kunye achanekileyo okufumana ukufa kweeseli kubalulekile kuphawu oluchanekileyokunye nobungakanani bele nto. Kucetyiswa ukuba kuphandwe kwaye kuqinisekiswe abamakishi abatsha, zombini kwinqanaba le-molecular kunye neselula, ezinokunceda ukwahlula phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufa kweeseli kunye nokubonelela ngoxilongo oluchanekileyo.
Funda intsebenziswano phakathi kokufa kweeseli kunye nezifo: Ubudlelwane phakathi kokufa kweeseli kunye nezifo ezahlukeneyo yindawo ethembisayo yophando. Kucetyiswa ukuba kuqhutywe izifundo zokuqonda ukuba ukufa kweeseli kunegalelo njani ekuphuhliseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili kwezifo, kunye nokuphanda iindlela zonyango ezinokuthi zijolise ekumodareyitheni ukufa kweeseli kumxholo wezifo ezithile.
Iimbono kunye nenkqubela kulawulo lokufa kweeseli
Ulawulo lokufa kweeseli, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, yinkqubo esisiseko kuphuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ngolungelelwaniso olucokisekileyo lweempawu ze-intracellular, iiseli zinokugqiba ekubeni zisebenze inkqubo yokufa kweeseli ekuphenduleni izivuseleli ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuqhubela phambili okubonakalayo kuye kwenziwa kulwazi lwemibono kunye neendlela ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo lokufa kweeseli enye yezona zinto zifunyaniswayo kukuchongwa kweeprotheyini ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto zokufa kweeseli abalawuli kule nkqubo. Eminye imizekelo ebalaseleyo yiBcl-2 yeeproteni zosapho, ezilawula ukungeneka kwenwebu ye-mitochondrial kunye nokukhululwa kwezinto ze-apoptotic, kunye nemiba ekhutshelweyo efana ne-p53, eyaziwa ngokuba "ngumlindi wegenome," ethi enze i-apoptosis kwi. ityala lomonakalo weDNA.
Ukongezelela, izixhobo zonyango ezibalulekileyo ziye zaphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kulawulo lokufa kweeseli. Amagqabantshintshi aquka i-protease inhibitors, ethintela ukuthotywa kweeproteni eziphambili ezibandakanyekayo kwi-apoptosis, kunye neekhompawundi zekhemikhali ezinokuqalisa ngokuthe ngqo ukufa kweeseli kwiiseli zomhlaza. , njengomhlaza kunye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
Ukusetyenziswa ukufa kweseli okucwangcisiweyo kwindawo yokuvuselela iyeza
Ukufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, yinkqubo yendalo eyenzeka kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo ukuze kupheliswe iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingafunekiyo Kwicandelo leyeza lokuhlaziya, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukukhwabanisa Le ndlela inokubonelela ngezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zokulungiswa kwezicubu kunye nokuvuselelwa.
Esinye sezona zicelo zithembisayo zokufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo kunyango lokuzihlaziya lunyango lweeseli. Ngokuvuselela i-apoptosis kwiiseli ze-progenitor, ukwahlukana kwabo kunokunyuswa kwiiseli ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nezo zenza izihlunu okanye izicubu ze-nervous. Oku kuvula umnyango kunyango olutsha lwezifo ze-neurodeergenerative, ukwenzakala kwentambo yomgogodla kunye nezinye iimeko ezifuna ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu.
Omnye ummandla apho ukusetyenziswaukufa kweseli okucwangcisiweyo kubonise iziphumo ezithembisayo ikwibala lethishu enjineli. Ngokubangela i-apoptosis kwiiseli zezicubu ezifakwe ngaphambili, ukudityaniswa kwayo kunye nezicubu zomamkeli kunokuququzelelwa, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokwaliwa. Ukongezelela, le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukususa iiseli ezingafunekiyo kwinkcubeko ye-tissue ngaphambi kokufakelwa, ukuphucula umgangatho we-graft kunye nokusebenza.
Uphononongo lokufa kweeseli njengesixhobo sonyango lwemfuza
Uphononongo lokufa kweeseli lubaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo lonyango lwemfuza, kuba kusivumela ukuba siqonde iindlela ezilawula le nkqubo kwaye sizisebenzise njengezixhobo zokuphuhlisa amaqhinga amatsha onyango. Ukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis, yinkqubo elawulwa ngokwemfuza edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezicubu ezisempilweni kunye namalungu.
Kunyango lwemfuza, injongo kukulungisa okanye kukubuyisela imfuza enesiphene enxulumene nezifo zofuzo, ngokuzisa iiseli ezisebenzayo kwiiseli zesigulana. Nangona kunjalo, omnye wemingeni ephambili kukuqinisekisa ukuba iijini zonyango zibonakaliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kukule meko apho uphononongo lokufa kweeseli luba lufanelekile, kuba ukuqonda kwalo kunegalelo ekuyileni izicwangciso zokukhuthaza ukusinda kweeseli kunye nokunqanda impendulo yokufa ebangelwa lunyango lwemfuza.
Ngapha koko, ulwazi lweendlela zokufa kweeseli luye lwavumela ukuphuhliswa konyango lwemfuza olusekwe ekufakweni kwe-apoptosis kwiiseli zomhlaza. Ngokuvula ngokukhetha iindlela zeapoptotic, kuyenzeka ukuphelisa ngokuthe ngqo iiseli zethumba ngaphandle kokonakalisa izihlunu ezisempilweni ezingqongileyo, ngaloo ndlela unikezela ngenye indlela ethembisayo kunyango lomhlaza. Olu nyango lusekwe ekuhanjisweni kofuzo olufaka iiproteni zepro-apoptotic okanye uthintelo lweeproteni ezichasene ne-apoptotic, ukuvula amathuba amatsha ophuhliso lonyango olusebenzayo kunye nolomntu ngokuchasene nomhlaza.
Ukusetyenziswa konyango olunokwenzeka oluvela ekuqondeni ukufa kweeseli
Ukuqondwa ngokufa kweeseli kuye kwavula umnyango weendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango ezinokuguqula icandelo lezamayeza. Ngezantsi zezinye zezicelo ezinokuthi zicetywe:
1. Unyango ekujoliswe kulo: Ngombulelo kulwazi lweendlela kunye neendlela zokubonisa ezibandakanyekayo ekufeni kweeseli, kuye kwaphuhliswa unyango olujolise ngokukodwa kwiiseli ezichatshazelwa zizifo ezi zonyango zinokuthi ziyilwe ukuthintela ukusinda kweeseli zomhlaza okanye ukukhulisa ukufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo kwiiseli ezinxulumene ne-neurodeergenerative. izifo.
2. Ukutshintshwa kweeseli ezonakeleyo: Ukuqonda ukufa kweeseli kuye kwavumela ukuphuhliswa konyango olusekelwe ekutshintshweni kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo kunye neeseli eziphilileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yesifo senhliziyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe iiseli ze-stem ukuze zithathe indawo yeeseli ze-muscle zentliziyo ezonakaliswe yi-heart attack.
3. Unyango lwezifo ezizimele: Izifo ze-Autoimmune zibonakaliswa yimpendulo yokhuselo lomzimba ehlasela kwaye yonakalise iiseli kunye nezicubu zomzimba. Ukuqonda kokufa kweseli kuye kwavumela ukuphuhliswa konyango olujolise ekukhetheni ukulawula impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba, ukukhuthaza ukufa kweeseli ze-immune system ezisebenza ngokugqithiseleyo okanye ezingalawulwa kakuhle.
Imibuzo neempendulo
Umbuzo 1: Yintoni ukufa kweeseli kumxholo wePDF?
Impendulo: Ukufa kweseli kumxholo wefayile yePDF kubhekiselele kwinkqubo yokususa okanye ukucima izinto ezithile ngaphakathi koxwebhu olungasafunekiyo okanye olufanelekileyo. Oku kunokubandakanya ukususa izinto ezingeyomfuneko, imizobo, umbhalo, okanye imisebenzi ukunciphisa ubungakanani befayile kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza.
Umbuzo 2: Ziziphi iingenelo zokufa kweseli kwiPDF?
Impendulo: Ukufa kweeseli zePDF kubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi, kubandakanywa nokunciphisa ubungakanani befayile, okwenza kube lula ukugcina nokusabalalisa. Ukongezelela, ngokususa izinto ezingadingekile, ukulayishwa kwamaxwebhu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokujonga kuphuculwe, kubangele amava angcono kumsebenzisi wokugqibela.
Umbuzo 3: Yenziwa njani inkqubo yokufa kweeseli kwiPDF?
Impendulo: Inkqubo yokufa kweseli kwiPDF inokwenziwa kusetyenziswa isoftwe ekhethekileyo yokuhlela. Iifayile zePDF. Ezi nkqubo zikuvumela ukuba ukhethe ngokukhetha kwaye ususe izinto ezingafunekiyo, ezinokubandakanya imifanekiso enesisombululo esisezantsi, umaleko ongasetyenziswanga, i-metadata engabalulekanga kunye namanye amacandelo asebenzisa izixhobo ngaphandle kokongeza ixabiso kuxwebhu.
Umbuzo 4: Ngaba ukufa kweeseli kwi-PDF kuchaphazela umgangatho womxholo?
Impendulo: Ukufa kweseli kwi-PDF akufuneki kuchaphazele kakubi umgangatho womxholo ofanelekileyo woxwebhu. Inkqubo igxile ekususeni izinto ezingeyomfuneko ngaphandle kokuchaphazela isicatshulwa, imifanekiso, kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezenza umxholo ophambili wefayile. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukwenza uphononongo ngokucophelela ukuze uqinisekise izinto ezibalulekileyo azisuswanga ngengozi ngexesha lenkqubo.
Umbuzo 5: Ngaba ukufa kweseli kwi-PDF kunokubangela ukulahleka kwedatha?
Impendulo: Ukuba yenziwe ngokungalunganga, inkqubo yokufa kweseli kwi-PDF ingakhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwedatha ebalulekileyo. Ngesi sizathu, kuyacetyiswa ukuba wenze ikopi yokugcina ifayile yoqobo ngaphambi kokwenza naluphi na uhlengahlengiso Ngaphaya koko, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isoftware ethembekileyo kwaye uqonde iinketho ezikhoyo kwinkqubo esetyenziswayo ukunqanda ukucinywa kwedatha ebalulekileyo.
Umbuzo 6: Zeziphi iingcebiso zokwenza ukufa kweeseli kwiPDF ngokuchanekileyo?
Impendulo: Ukwenza ukufa kweseli kwiPDF ngempumeleloKucetyiswa ukuba:
1. Yenza ikopi yogcino lwefayile yoqobo phambi kokuba wenze naluphi na uhlengahlengiso.
2. Sebenzisa isoftware ethembekileyo nehlaziyiweyo ukuhlela i Ifayile yePDF.
3. Hlaziya ngokucophelela izinto eziza kususwa, uqinisekise ukuba awuyicimi idatha efanelekileyo.
4. Khangela umgangatho kunye nokubonakala koxwebhu emva kokwenza inkqubo yokufa kweseli ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukususwa kwezinto akuchaphazelanga kakubi amava omsebenzisi.
Ngalo lonke ixesha ukhumbule ukujonga amaxwebhu esoftware esetyenzisiweyo kwaye ulandele imiyalelo enikezelweyo ukwenza ukufa kweseli kwiPDF indlela ekhuselekileyo kwaye isebenza kakuhle.
La Conclusión
Ukuqukumbela, uphononongo kunye nokuqonda ukufa kweeseli zisisiseko kwinkalo yebhayoloji kunye neyeza. Ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwesenzeko sokufa kweeseli kunye nobudlelwane bayo nezifo kunye nenkqubo ye-physiological inkqubo, kuyenzeka ukuyila amaqhinga onyango asebenzayo kunye nokuqhubela phambili kukhangelo lwezisombululo zepathologies ezahlukeneyo.
Eli nqaku libhekiselele kwisihloko esithi "Yintoni i-cell death PDF" kunye nendlela yobugcisa eye yahlalutya kwiikhonsepthi eziphambili, iindlela ezisisiseko kunye nefuthe lebhayoloji yesi siganeko sinzima. Ngokukwanjalo, ibonisiwe indlela ukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo kunye ne-necrosis edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-thishu homeostasis kunye nokusebenza.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba isifundo sokufa kweeseli yintsimi ehlala iqhubela phambili, kwaye uphando lwangoku luyaqhubeka nokukhanyisa iindlela ezintsha kunye neendlela zokubonisa ezibandakanyekayo kule nkqubo ebalulekileyo. Njengoko ukuqonda kwethu ukufa kweeseli kuya kusiba nzulu, amathuba amatsha aya kuvuleka ukuphuhlisa unyango olutsha kunye nokukhuthaza impilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle. kuluntu.
Ngamafutshane, ukufa ifowuni yePDF Yinto enzima kwaye iyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni, ukuphendula komzimba kunye nokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis. Uphononongo lwakhe luhlala lufanelekile kwintsimi ye-biomedicine kwaye inikezela ngemibono emitsha yonyango lwezifo kunye nophuhliso lwezonyango eziphambili. Ekugqibeleni, uphando kule ntsimi luya kuqhubeka nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi kunye nokuqonda iinkqubo zeselula kuluntu lwethu.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.