Iiseli zestem ziye zaba ngumxholo wokwanda komdla kwicandelo lebhayoloji kunye namayeza kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ezi seli, ezikhoyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, zinekhono elikhethekileyo lokuzihlaziya kunye nokwahlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezikhethekileyo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokobuchwephesha ukuba zeziphi iiseli ze-stem, zihlelwa njani, kwaye zeziphi iimpembelelo abanazo kwicandelo lonyango lokuvuselela.
Intshayelelo kwingqikelelo kunye nenkcazo yeeseli zesiqu
Iiseli ze-Stem ziiseli ezikwaziyo ukuzihlaziya kunye nokwahlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezikhethekileyo emzimbeni. Zigqalwa njengesiseko esisisiseko sokuvuselelwa kwezicubu kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezi seli zinamandla okwahlula kwaye zenze iiseli ze-stem ezintsha, kunye nokuphuhlisa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, ezifana neeseli zegazi, i-neurons, iiseli ze-muscle, phakathi kwabanye.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ze-stem, nganye ineempawu ezizodwa kunye nobuchule. Ezinye zezona ntlobo ziphambili zeeseli ze-stem ziiseli ze-embryonic stem, iiseli ze-stem zabantu abadala, kunye neeseli ze-pluripotent stem. Iiseli ze-Embryonic stem zifumaneka kwii-embryo kumanqanaba okuqala ophuhliso, kwaye zinamandla okuba naluphi na uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iiseli ze-stem zabantu abadala zifumaneka kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu omzimba, kwaye zijongene nokuhlaziywa kwazo kunye nokulungiswa. Okokugqibela, iiseli ze-pluripotent stem ezifakwe kwiiseli zabantu abadala eziphinde zahlelwa ngokutsha ukuze ziphinde zikwazi ukwahlula kwiintlobo zeeseli ezahlukeneyo.
Uphononongo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem kuguqule intsimi yeyeza lokuvuselela, njengoko zibonelela ngamathuba okunyanga izifo kunye nokulimala ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi seli zibonakalise amandla azo ekulungiseni izicubu ezonakeleyo, ekudaleni amalungu angengowamvelo, kunye nokuphuhlisa amayeza omntu ngamnye kwizifo ezinjengomhlaza, isifo seswekile, kunye nokulimala komnqonqo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imiba yokuziphatha kunye nezomthetho ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem, ngokukodwa ngokumalunga neeseli ze-embryonic stem, apho kukho ingxoxo malunga nokuthengwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabo kuphando.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ze-stem kunye neempawu zazo ezahlukileyo
Kwintsimi yeyeza lokuhlaziya, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ze-stem ezineempawu eziphambili zokwahlula. Okulandelayo, siza kuphonononga ezinye zezi seli kunye namandla azo onyango:
Iseli ye-Embryonic stem: Ezi seli zifumaneka kwii-embryos zakwangoko kwaye ziyakwazi ukwahlula kulo naluphi na uhlobo lweeseli kumzimba womntu. Oku kubenza babe ngumthombo othembisayo kakhulu wokunyanga izifo kunye nokwenzakala. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha ngenxa yesidingo sokutshabalalisa i-embryo.
Iiseli zesiqu zabantu abadala: Ezi seli zifumaneka kwizicubu ezivuthiweyo zomzimba, ezifana nomongo wethambo okanye izicubu ze-adipose Nangona amandla abo okuhlula alinganiselwe kuneeseli ze-embryonic stem, zisenomdla omkhulu. kwezamayeza ehlaziyayo. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba banokuphinda bahlaziye izicubu ezonakalisiweyo kwaye baphathe izifo ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson okanye isifo sikashukela.
Iiseli ze-pluripotent stem: Ezi seli ziveliswa ngokuhlelwa ngokutsha kweeseli zabantu abadala, ezifana neeseli zesikhumba, ukuze zithole iimpawu ezifana neeseli ze-embryonic stem. Oku kunqanda isidingo sokusebenzisa iimbumba ekufumaneni iiseli zesiqu. Nangona uphando lusenziwa izicelo zakho zonyango, iiseli ze-pluripotent stem ezibangelwayo kulindeleke ukuba zibe namandla amakhulu kwiyeza lokuvuselela.
Ukusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka kweeseli ze-stem kwiyeza lokuvuselela
Iiseli ze-Stem zibonise amandla amakhulu kwiyeza lokuvuselela, enika ithemba kunyango lwezifo ezininzi kunye nokulimala. Ezi seli zine isakhono esikhethekileyo sokuguqula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli emzimbeni, zibenze isixhobo sokuguqula indawo yezicubu ezonakalisiweyo kunye nokubuyisela ukusebenza kweeseli.
Enye yezona zinto zithembisayo zokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem kwiyeza lokuhlaziya kukusetyenziswa kwazo ekulungiseni izicubu zentliziyo. Ngokulima kunye nokuguqulwa kweeseli ze-cardiac stem, abaphandi bahlakulela iindlela zokwelapha ezintsha zokuvuselela imisipha yentliziyo emva kokuhlaselwa yintliziyo okanye kwiimeko zokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo izigidi zabantu abachatshazelwe sisifo sentliziyo.
Enye indawo enomdla omkhulu kukubakho kweeseli ze-stem ekuphiliseni ukwenzakala kwentambo yomgogodla. Ukukwazi kwezi seli ukuvelisa ngokutsha kunye nokulungisa ezonakalisiweyo izicubu zovalo zinyuse ithemba lokufumana unyango olusebenzayo lokukhubazeka nobunye ukukhubazeka okunxulumene nomonzakalo womnqonqo. Abaphandi baphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokutshintshwa kwe-stem cell kunye nokuvuselela ukuvuselelwa kwe-endogenous, ukufumana isisombululo sale meko enzima.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kokusebenzisa iiseli ze-stem kunyango lwezonyango
Izinto eziluncedo zokusebenzisa iiseli ze-stem kunyango lwezonyango:
- Ukuhlaziywa kwezicubu: Iiseli ze-stem zinamandla okuhlula kwaye zibe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli emzimbeni, okwenza zibe zilungele ukuhlaziya izicubu ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezilahlekileyo ngenxa yesifo okanye ukulimala.
- Unyango olulolwakho: Ngokusebenzisa iiseli zesikhondo ezisuka kolomguli, iingxaki zokwaliwa okanye zokungahambelani ziyaphetshwa, nto leyo eyandisa ukusebenza kunye nokunciphisa imingcipheko yonyango lwezonyango.
- Uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo: Iiseli ze-stem zingasetyenziselwa unyango lweengxaki ezahlukeneyo okanye izifo, ezifana nesifo senhliziyo, ukulimala kwentambo yomgogodla, isifo sikashukela, kunye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative, phakathi kwabanye.
Ububi bokusebenzisa iiseli ze-stem kunyango lwezonyango:
- Iindleko: Unyango lwe-stem cell lunokubiza ngenxa yesidingo sokufumana kunye nokuyiphatha kwindawo elawulwayo, ekhethekileyo.
- Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha: Ukufumana iiseli ezisuka kwiimbumba ezingekazalwa kubandakanya imilinganiselo yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha, ekubeni abanye becinga ukuba ubomi bomntu buphazanyiswa kwasekuqaleni.
- Umngcipheko wamathumba: Kukho ithuba lokuba iiseli ze-stem zinokuba ziiseli zomhlaza ngexesha lenkqubo yokwahlula, nto leyo eyandisa umngcipheko wokukhula kwamathumba.
Ukusetyenziswa kwangoku kweeseli ze-stem kunyango kunye namayeza
Iiseli ze-Stem ziye zaliguqula icandelo lamayeza ngokunika amathuba angapheliyo kunyango kunye namayeza. Okulandelayo, siza kubonisa ezinye Izicelo Iintsingiselo zangoku kwiiseli ze-stem kulo mmandla:
Ukuhlaziywa kwezicubu kunye namalungu: Iiseli ze-Stem zinekhono elikhethekileyo lokuhlula kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, okwenza zibe sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuvuselelwa kwezicubu ezonakalisiweyo kunye namalungu. Inkqubela phambili ephawulekayo yenziwe ekuhlaziyweni kwentliziyo, i-nervous, kunye nezicubu ze-muscle, ezinikezela ithemba kunyango lwezifo ezingapheliyo kunye nokulimala okubuhlungu.
Unyango lwemfuza: Iiseli ze-stem nazo zidlala indima ephambili ekuphuhliseni unyango lwemfuza Ngokuguqula iiseli ze-stem, kunokwenzeka ukungenisa izakhi ezithile zofuzo kuzo kwaye emva koko zitshintshelwe kwisigulane ukunyanga izifo zofuzo. Obu buchule buthembisayo busetyenziswa ngoku kunyango lwezifo ezifana ne-hemophilia kunye ne-cystic fibrosis.
Amayeza enzelwe wena: Ukusetyenziswa kweeseli zestem ekwenziweni kwamayeza omntu sesinye isicelo esiqalwa ngabaphandi. Ngokwenza ama-mini-organs okanye i-organoids ukusuka kwiiseli ze-stem, kuyenzeka ukuba kufundwe indlela izicubu zomntu ezisabela ngayo kumayeza ahlukeneyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuyilwe iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo kunye nezomntu ngamnye kwisigulane ngasinye.
Iintsomi kunye neengxabano malunga neeseli ze-stem
Iiseli ze-stem ziye zaba ngumxholo weentsomi ezininzi kunye neengxabano kwiminyaka. Ngaphandle kwenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kunye nobungqina obuqinileyo obuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunyango lokuvuselela, iingcamango eziphosakeleyo ziyaqhubeka zivelisa amathandabuzo kunye nengxoxo kwinzululwazi kunye eluntwini nje. Kubalulekile ukuphelisa ezi nkolelo kwaye uqonde ubunyani obusemva kweeseli ze-stem.
Enye yezona ntsomi zixhaphakileyo kukuba zonke ii-stem cells ziphuma kwiimbumba zabantu. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuyonyani. Iiseli ze-stem ziyakwazi ukufunyanwa kwizicubu zabantu abadala, ezifana nomongo wethambo okanye amafutha omzimba.
Enye intsomi edumileyo yeyokuba uphando lwe<em>stem cell lubandakanya ukutshatyalaliswa kweembumba zomntu. Nangona iimbumba ziye zasetyenziswa kwixesha elidlulileyo ukufumana iiseli ze-stem, namhlanje kukho ezinye iindlela ezingafuni ukutshatyalaliswa kobomi bomntu. Eyona ndlela isasazeke kakhulu kunye neyokuziphatha kukuhlengahlengiswa kweselula, okubandakanya ukuguqula iiseli zabantu abadala zibe ziiseli ze-pluripotent stem cell (iPS), ezikwaziyo ukwahlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicubu.
Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha nezomthetho ezinxulumene nophando lwe-stem cell kunye nokusetyenziswa
Uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem kuphakamisa uluhlu lweengxaki zokuziphatha kunye nezomthetho ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo. Nantsi ezinye zengqwalasela eziphambili kule ndawo:
Imigaqo yokuziphatha:
- Ukuhlonipha isidima somntu: Lonke uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-stem cells kufuneka zisekelwe kwintlonipho epheleleyo yesidima kunye namalungelo abantu ababandakanyekayo.
- Imvume enolwazi: Kubalulekile ukufumana imvume yasimahla kunye nolwazi lwabo bantu bathatha inxaxheba kuphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseli zabo.
- Inzuzo elungeleleneyo kunye nomngcipheko: Kufuneka kubekho ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweenzuzo ezinokubakho zophando lwe-stem cell kunye nokusetyenziswa kunye neengozi kunye nokwenzakala okunokuthi kubandakanyeke.
Ukuqwalaselwa kwezomthetho:
- Imithetho yesizwe kunye nemimiselo: Ilizwe ngalinye linesikhokelo salo somthetho kunye nemimiselo ethile malunga nophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem. Kubalulekile ukuthobela le migaqo ukuphepha iingxaki zomthetho.
- Ukukhuselwa kwedatha yomntu: Ukuqokelela kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem kubandakanya ulwazi lomntu kunye nolubucayi. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwale datha ngokuhambelana nemithetho yangoku yabucala.
- Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye nepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda: Uphando lwe-stem cell lungakhokelela kuphuhliso lwezinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo kunye nobuchwepheshe. Kulo mxholo, kuyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda ngokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwamalungelo awodwa abenzi kunye nezinye iindlela zomthetho.
Ukuqukumbela, uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiingcamango zokuziphatha kunye nezomthetho ezijikeleze lo mkhuba. Kuphela kukuthobela ngokungqongqo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nemithetho ekhoyo apho sinokuthi siqinisekise ukuba inkqubela phambili kulo mmandla iqhutywa ngendlela enoxanduva nentlonipho kuwo onke amaqela abandakanyekayo.
Ukufundiswa kweeseli ze-stem kunye nokwazisa uluntu: yintoni ekufuneka siyazi?
Imfundo kunye nokwazisa uluntu malunga neeseli ze-stem zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweyeza kunye nophando lwesayensi. Nanga amanye amanqaku aphambili ekufuneka uzazi:
1. Iindidi zeeseli stem:
- Iiseli ze-stem zinokohlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili: ii-embryonic stem cells kunye nee-stem cells zabantu abadala.
- Iiseli ze-Embryonic stem zifunyanwa ekuphuhliseni iimbumba kwaye zinamandla ohlulahlulo olubanzi.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iiseli ze-stem zabantu abadala zifumaneka kwizicubu ezithile kunye namalungu kwaye zinamandla okuhlulahlula.
2. Izicelo zonyango:
- Iiseli ze-Stem zinamandla okubuyisela izicubu ezonakeleyo kunye namalungu emzimbeni.
- Baphandwa unyango lwezifo ezinjengomhlaza, izifo zentliziyo, ukwenzakala komnqonqo kunye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
- Ukongeza, iiseli ze-stem zikwasetyenziswa kunyango lwe-hematopoietic stem cell, njengokufakelwa komongo wethambo.
3. Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha:
- Ukusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-embryonic stem kuphakamisa iingxaki zokuziphatha ngenxa yesidingo sokutshabalalisa iimbumba ukuze zifumaneke.
- Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iiseli ze-stem zabantu abadala aziphakamisi iingxaki ezifanayo zokuziphatha, njengoko zinokufumaneka kubaxhasi abadala ngokweenqobo ezisesikweni nasemthethweni.
- Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ingxoxo enolwazi kunye neyokuziphatha malunga nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem, ngokuqwalasela izibonelelo zonyango ezinokwenzeka kunye nokuziphatha komntu kunye nentlalontle kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
Ukhuseleko kunye nemimiselo kwindawo yophando iseli yestem
Kwinkalo yophando lwe-stem cell, kubalulekile ukuba kubekho ukhuseleko kunye nemimiselo ekhusela abaphandi kunye nezifundo ezibandakanyekayo. La manyathelo afuna ukuqinisekisa iinqobo ezisesikweni kunye nokhuseleko kuphuhliso lophando lwezenzululwazi olunxulumene neeseli zesiqu.
Omnye wemigaqo ephambili kulo mba kukufumana imvume enolwazi kubathathi-nxaxheba, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayayiqonda kwaye bayayamkela imingcipheko enokwenzeka kunye neenzuzo zokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kuphononongo. Ukongeza, kufuneka babambelele "kwimigaqo yobumfihlo kunye nemfihlo" yedatha yobuqu yabathathi-nxaxheba, iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwabo kunye nokuhlonela isidima sabo.
Ukomeleza ngakumbi ukukhuselwa kwezifundo zophando, kusekwa iikomiti zeenqobo ezisesikweni nezilawulayo ezivavanyayo kwaye zongamele iiprothokholi zophando. Ezi komiti, ezenziwe ziingcali kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, zinoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba izifundo ziyahambelana nemigangatho yeenqobo ezisesikweni nesemthethweni esekwe kwinkalo yophando lwe-stem cell. Ngale ndlela, sifuna ukuqinisekisa imfezeko yabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokuqhubela phambili okwaneleyo kwezenzululwazi.
Uphando lwakutsha nje kunye nenkqubela phambili kwintsimi yeeseli ze-stem
Baye bavula amathuba amatsha kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kunye nebhayoloji. Enkosi kubuchule beeseli ze-stem ukuzihlaziya kunye nokwahlula kwiindidi zeeseli ezahlukeneyo, inkqubela yenziwe kunyango oluhlaziyayo kunye nonyango lobuqu.
Enye yenkqubela phambili ephawulekayo kukufunyanwa kweeseli ze-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Ezi seli zifumaneka kwiiseli zabantu abadala eziphinde zamiselwa kwimeko efana naleyo yeeseli ze-embryonic stem. Oku kufunyaniswe kuye kwavula iingcango ukuba kunokwenzeka ukufumana iiseli ezisebenzayo ezivela kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqokelela iiseli ze-embryonic stem.
Enye ukuqhubela phambili kwamva nje kunxulumene nophuhliso lobuchule bokuhlela i-gene, njenge-CRISPR-Cas9. Esi sixhobo senza ukuba kube lula ukuguqula i-DNA yeeseli ze-stem, ukulungisa iziphene zofuzo kunye nokuvula iindlela ezintsha zonyango lwezifo zemfuzo. Ngaphezu koko, ukudibanisa kweeseli ze-stem kunye nonyango lwe-gene kubonise iziphumo ezithembisayo kwintsimi yeyeza lokuvuselela, njengoko ivumela iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezilahlekileyo ukuba zitshintshwe ngamaseli aphilileyo kunye asebenzayo.
Iingcebiso zokusetyenziswa okunoxanduva kunye nokukhuselekileyo kweeseli ze-stem
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo iingcebiso ezithile zokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okunoxanduva nokukhuselekileyo kweeseli ze-stem kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ezi zikhokelo ziya kusinceda ukuba sandise amandla okunyanga kwezi seli, ukunciphisa imingcipheko ehambelanayo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokuchanekileyo.
1. Ukuthengwa kwempahla ngokusesikweni nokusemthethweni: Kubalulekile ukuba ukufunyanwa kwee-stem cells kuqhutywe ngendlela esesikweni nesemthethweni, ngokuhlonelwa kwamalungelo abantu. kunye nokuphila kakuhle yabaxhasi. Oku kubandakanya ukufumana imvume enolwazi oluvela kubaxhasi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iiprothokholi kunye nemigaqo esekwe ngabasemagunyeni abanobuchule bayalandelwa.
2. Ulondolozo olufanelekileyo: Iiseli ze-Stem zifuna iimeko ezithile zolondolozo ukuze zigcine ukusebenza kwazo kwexesha elide kunye nokusebenza. Kubalulekile ukuwagcina kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwizikhenkcisi ezikhethekileyo kwaye usebenzise imidiya yenkcubeko efanelekileyo kunye ne-cryoprotectants. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba neenkqubo zokubeka iliso kunye nokulandelelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuchongwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweesampuli.
3. Khusela usetyenziso: Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iiseli ze-stem kwizicelo zonyango, kuyafuneka ukuba kwenziwe ulingo olungqongqo lweklinikhi ukubonisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwazo. Ukongeza, yonke imimiselo kunye nemigangatho esekiweyo yokusetyenziswa kwayo kufuneka ilandelwe, kuquka nokufumana imvume kwii-arhente zolawulo ezifanelekileyo. Kukwabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukulandeleka kweeseli ezisetyenziswa kwisigulane ngasinye kunye nokubeka iliso elibukhali leziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho zexesha elide.
Iimbono zexesha elizayo zeeseli ze-stem kumayeza kunye ne-biotechnology
Iiseli ze-Stem ziye zavela njengesixhobo esixabisekileyo kwezamayeza nakwi-biotechnology, kwaye amathemba azo ekamva ayathembisa. Ezi seli zinamandla okuhlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye nokuvuselela izicubu ezonakalisiweyo, ezibenza zibe yinto ephambili yokuphuhliswa konyango lokuvuselela.
Kwiyeza, kuthenjwa ukuba iiseli ze-stem zingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga uluhlu olubanzi lwezifo, ukusuka kwintambo yomgogodla ukuya kwizifo ze-neurodeergenerative ezifana ne-Parkinson kunye ne-Alzheimer's. Ukukwazi ukubuyisela iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezilahlekileyo emzimbeni kunika ithuba lokunyanga izifo ezingapheliyo kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bezigulane. Ukongeza, iiseli ze-stem zinokusetyenziselwa amayeza omntu, apho izicubu ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye namalungu anokudalelwa isigulana ngasinye.
Kummandla weteknoloji yebhayoloji, iiseli zestem ziguqula ukuveliswa kwamayeza kunye neemveliso zebhayoloji. Amandla ayo okwandisa kunye nokwahlula kwiiseli ezikhethekileyo ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekwenzeni izicubu kunye namalungu okwenziwa, kunye nokuveliswa kweeprotheni zonyango. Oku kunokukhokelela ekudalweni kwamayeza asebenza ngakumbi nakhuselekileyo, kunye nokukhawuleziswa kweenkqubo zophuhliso lwamachiza kwishishini loxubo-mayeza.
Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka kunye nokuthembisa okunokwenzeka kweeseli ze-stem kwimpilo yabantu
Iiseli ze-stem zibonakalise ukuba zibaluleke kakhulu kwinkalo yempilo yabantu. Amandla ayo okuhlaziya izicubu ezonakalisiweyo kunye namalungu anika ithemba kwizigidi zabantu abaphethwe zizifo ezingapheliyo okanye ukwenzakala okukhulu. Ngombulelo kubuchule bazo bokwahlula kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, iiseli ze-stem ziye zaguqula amayeza okuhlaziya kunye nonyango lwemfuza.
Enye yezona zinto zithembisayo zeeseli ze-stem kukukwazi ukunyanga izifo eziphazamisayo ezifana ne-Parkinson's, i-Alzheimer's kunye nesifo seswekile. Ezi meko zibangelwa kukulahleka kweeseli ezisebenzayo emzimbeni, kwaye iiseli ze-stem zinika ithuba lokubuyisela kunye nokuvuselela ezi seli zonakeleyo. Ukongeza, iiseli ze-stem zikwasetyenziswa kwizilingo zeklinikhi ukunyanga isifo sentliziyo, ukulimala komnqonqo kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinzulu.
Uphandokunye nophuhlisounyango olusekwe kwi-stem cell luyaqhubeka ngokukhawuleza, kunye nezifundo ezininzi eziqhubekayo kwihlabathi jikelele. Njengoko iindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa iiseli ze-stem zifunyanwa, ukubaluleka kwale ndawo yophando kuya kucaca ngakumbi. Kwixesha elizayo, iiseli ze-stem zinokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokulwa nezifo ezinganyangekiyo ngoku kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu kwihlabathi liphela. ...
Q&A
Umbuzo: Ziziphi iiseli ze-stem?
A: Iiseli zestem ziiseli ezikhethekileyo ezikwaziyo ukwahlula nokuphindaphinda ngaphandle kwemida. Ziiseli zokuqala ezinokwahlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezikhethekileyo emzimbeni.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ze-stem?
A: Kukho iindidi ezininzi zeeseli eziquka ii-embryonic stem cells, ii-stem cells zabantu abadala, kunye nee-induced stem cells. Iiseli ze-Embryonic stem zifumaneka kwi-embryo yesigaba sokuqala, ngelixa iiseli ze-stem yabantu abadala zifumaneka kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu omzimba. Iiseli ze-stem ezibangelwayo ziveliswa ngokucwangcisa ngokutsha iiseli zabantu abadala.
Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kweeseli ze-stem?
A: Iiseli ze-Stem zibaluleke kakhulu kunyango lokuvuselela kunye nonyango lweeseli, njengoko zinamandla okubuyisela iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezilahlekileyo kwizifo kunye nokulimala. Ngaphaya koko, zibalulekile kuphuhliso kunye nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi.
Umbuzo: Iiseli ze-stem zisetyenziselwa ntoni?
A: Iiseli ze-stem zisetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kunye nonyango. Ngokomzekelo, zingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo ezifana ne-leukemia, ngokusebenzisa i-hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Ukongeza, uphando luyenziwa ukuze kusetyenziswe iiseli ze-stem ukulungisa izicubu kunye namalungu awonakeleyo, njengentliziyo, i-pancreas kunye nengqondo.
Umbuzo: Ziziphi iingxabano ezinxulumene neeseli ze-stem?
A: Enye yeengxabano eziphambili ezinxulumene neeseli ze-stem kukusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-embryonic stem, njengoko kubandakanya ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-embryos zasekuqaleni. Oku kuvelise iingxoxo zokuziphatha nezenkolo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ukongeza, kukwakho impikiswano malunga nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem kunyango olungangqinwanga ngokwesayensi.
Umbuzo: Liyintoni "ikamva" leeseli ze-stem?
A: Ikamva le-stem seli liyathembisa, kuba kulindeleke ukuba zinokusetyenziswa kunyango lwezifo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwenzakala. Uphando kule ntsimi luhlala luqhubela phambili, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba kwixesha elizayo elisondeleyo unyango olusebenzayo kunye nolukhuselekileyo olusekelwe kwiiseli ze-stem lunokuphuhliswa.
IiReflections Okokugqibela
Isishwankathelo, iiseli ze-stem ziiseli ezizodwa ezikwaziyo ukwahlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye negalelo ekuhlaziyweni nasekulungiseni izicubu emzimbeni. Uphando lwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwintsimi yeyeza ivule uluhlu olubanzi lwamathuba onyango lwezifo eziye zafika ngoku zinganyangekiyo okanye kunzima ukunyanga.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-stem zenziwe ngokweenqobo ezisesikweni kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lokhuseleko. Nangona kukho inkqubela phambili kunye neenzuzo ezinokuthi zifumaneke, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imingcipheko enokubakho kunye nezithintelo ezingekaziwa malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo kunyango.
Ukuqukumbela, ii-stem cells ziyinkalo yokufunda enika umdla ethembisa inkqubela enkulu kwicandelo lamayeza nempilo. Amandla ayo okunyanga izifo kunye nokuvuselela izicubu ezingenakuphikiswa, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuqhubeka nophando kunye nokuseka imimiselo yokusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Uluntu lwezenzululwazi kunye nonyango kufuneka lusebenze kunye ukuze lusebenzise ubuchule beeseli ze-stem kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ukuze kuzuze uluntu.
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