Isishwankathelo seZizukulwana zeKhompyutha

​ Isishwankathelo seZizukulwane zeKhompyutha: Ukujongwa kwembali kwindalo⁤ yezixhobo zekhompyuter. Ukusuka kwiikhompyuter ezinkulu⁤ kunye nezakudala zesizukulwana sokuqala ukuya kwizixhobo zangoku⁢ ze ukucutshungulwa kwedatha Iikhomputha zanamhlanje zihambe indlela ende malunga nomthamo, ubukhulu kunye nesantya. Eli nqaku linika isishwankathelo sobugcisa obungathathi hlangothi kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo zeekhomputha, ezigxininisa iimpawu eziphambili kunye nokuqhubela phambili okuchaze isigaba ngasinye.

Isizukulwana Sokuqala: I-40 kunye ne-50s yaphawula ukuzalwa kweekhompyutheni ze-elektroniki. Ezi zigebenga zoomatshini, zisekwe kwivacuum valves namakhadi anemingxuma, zazinkulu kwaye zifuna ukufakelwa komgangatho ophezulu. Nangona isantya sabo sasilinganiselwe, babengoovulindlela ekusetyenzweni kolwazi lwedijithali kwaye babesetyenziselwa izibalo ezintsonkothileyo zenzululwazi kunye nemisebenzi yasemkhosini.

Isizukulwana sesibini: Ukuphuhliswa kwe-transistor kwiminyaka yee-50 kwazisa ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha Ngobukhulu obuncinci kunye nokuqina okukhulu, ii-transistors zathatha indawo yetyhubhu ze-vacuum ezinkulu, ezivumela ukuncipha okukhulu kubukhulu bomatshini kunye nokwanda okukhulu kwisantya sabo. kunye namandla okusebenza. Iikhompyuter zesi sizukulwana bezithembeke ngakumbi kwaye zifikeleleka, zandisa ⁢ukusetyenziswa kwazo⁤ kwizifundo nakwizicwangciso zeshishini.

Isizukulwana sesithathu: Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-60, ⁢ukuveliswa komjikelo odibeneyo (IC) kuphawule omnye umtsi wobuchwepheshe. kwimbali yeekhompyutha. Iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo zavumela ukudityaniswa kwee-transistors ezininzi kwi-chip enye, eqhubela phambili ukuququzelela i-miniaturization yezixhobo kunye nokwandisa isantya sayo kunye nomthamo wokucubungula. Esi sizukulwana siphinde sabona ukuvela kweelwimi zokuqala zodidi oluphezulu, ezivumela usetyenziso olukhulu kunye nokuveliswa kwesoftware entsonkothileyo.

Isizukulwana sesine: Kwi-70s, ixesha le-microprocessors liphawule ukuqala. Ezi zixhobo zidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ziqulathe onke amalungu ayimfuneko ekusebenzeni yekhompyutha ngaphakathi kwe-silicon chip⁤ enye, ukunciphisa ngakumbi ubungakanani besixhobo. Ngaphezu koko, bazisa iinkqubo zokusebenza esebenza kakuhle kwaye ujongano lokuqala lomsebenzisi lwegraphic lwaphuhliswa, oluphucule amava omsebenzisi kunye nokufikelela kulwazi.

Isizukulwana sesihlanu: Ishumi leminyaka le-80 kunye ne-90 libone ukuvela kwee-supercomputers kunye kukubhadla okungeyonyani. Ii-supercomputers, kunye nobuchule bazo bokuqhubekela phambili obuphezulu, zenze ukuba kwenzeke ukulinganisa izinto ezintsonkothileyo kunye nohlalutyo lwezixa ezikhulu zedatha. Ngeli xesha, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa buqale ukufumana umhlaba ngophuhliso lweenkqubo zeengcaphephe kunye nokulungiswa kolwimi lwendalo, kubeka isiseko senkqubela phambili yexesha elizayo kwikhompyuter.

Ukuqukumbela, kuzo zonke izizukulwana ngezizukulwana, ukuvela kweekhompyuter kuye kwaba yinto enomdla, ukusuka ekuthatheni amagumbi onke ukuya ekungeneni entendeni yesandla. ⁢Isantya, amandla okuqhuba, kunye nokusebenza kwezi zixhobo kuphuculwe ngokumangalisayo, kuguqula indlela esisebenzisana ngayo nolwazi kwaye siguqule phantse yonke inkalo yobomi bethu.

1. Inkcazo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezizukulwana zekhompyutha

Isizukulwana Sokuqala: Esi sizukulwana seekhompyuter saqala ngeminyaka yee-1940 kwaye saphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa iivalve zevacuum endaweni yeetransistor zokusetyenzwa kwedatha Aba matshini babebakhulu, bebiza, kwaye besebenzisa amandla amaninzi babekwazi ukwenza umsebenzi omnye ngexesha kwaye bacwangciswe ngolwimi lomatshini. Eminye imizekelo Kwezi khompyutha yi-ENIAC kunye ne-UNIVAC.

Isizukulwana sesibini: Ngasekupheleni kwee-1950, isizukulwana sesibini seekhomputha saphuhliswa, esathi indawo yetyhubhu yokufunxa ngeetransistors. Oku kuvumele iikhompyuter ukuba zibencinci, zikhawuleze, kwaye zisebenzise amandla amancinci. Imemori yeMagnetic nayo yaziswa, eyaphucula indawo yokugcina idathaNgeli xesha, iilwimi zokuprograma ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu ezifana neCOBOL kunye neFORTRAN zaphuhliswa.

Isizukulwana sesithathu: Ngeminyaka yee-1960, isizukulwana sesithathu seekhompyuter senziwa, nto leyo yayisekelwe kusetyenziso lweesekethe ezidibeneyo. Ezi zijikelezo ezidibeneyo zivumele ukuba isantya sokucubungula kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha kwandiswe. Ukongezelela, ingcamango yokwabelana kwexesha yaziswa, eyavumela abantu abaninzi ukuba basebenzise ikhompyutha efanayo ngaxeshanye. Ngexesha lesi ⁢inqanaba, ulwimi lwenkqubo ye-BASIC lwaphuhliswa kwaye iinkqubo zokusebenza eziphucukileyo⁤ zadalwa.

2. Ukuvela kwehardware kwisizukulwana ngasinye seekhompyuter

Kwihlabathi elimangalisayo letekhnoloji, ukuvela kwehardware kwizizukulwana zekhompyuter Kuye kwaba yinto enomdla rhoqo. Ukusukela kwiikhompyuter zokuqala ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, siye sabona izinto ezintsha ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili ezitshintshe indlela esiphila ngayo nesisebenza ngayo. Isizukulwana ngasinye seza nenkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo malunga nokusetyenzwa, ukugcinwa, kunye nokunxibelelana.

Kwi isizukulwana sokuqala seekhompyuter, eyayisusela kwiminyaka yee-40 ukuya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-60, oomatshini babebakhulu yaye besebenzisa izivalo ze-elektroniki ukwenza izibalo. Isantya sokucubungula kunye nomthamo wokugcina ubuncinci kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha uphuhliso lwe primer ordenador okusebenzayo: i-ENIAC, eyaphawula ukuqala kwexesha elitsha.

Ngokuhamba phambili ukuya kwi isizukulwana sesibini Kwiikhompyuter, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1950, ii-transistors zathatha indawo yeityhubhu ze-elektroniki. Oku kwavumela ukuba ubungakanani bezixhobo buncitshiswe kwaye isantya sokulungisa sinyuke. Ukongeza, iilwimi zokuqala ezikumgangatho ophezulu zaziswa, ziququzelela uphuhliso lwesoftware entsonkothileyo. Ezi nkqubela phambili zabeka isiseko sokuvela kwee-minicomputers kunye neenkqubo zokuqala zokusebenza ezininzi.

3. Uphuhliso lwesoftware kunye neempembelelo zayo kwizizukulwana⁤ ezahlukeneyo zekhompyuter

Izizukulwana zeekhompyuter ziye zavela ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ngenxa yophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesoftware ebaqhubayo. Isizukulwana ngasinye ⁣imele ukuqhubela phambili okubalulekileyo ngokwemigaqo yomthamo wokuqhuba, isantya kunye nomthamo wokugcina. Njengoko isoftware ikhula, izizukulwana zeekhompyuter ziba namandla kwaye ziguquguquka, nto leyo enefuthe elithe ngqo kuthi ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Isizukulwana sokuqala sekhompyuter Yayiphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kweevalvu zevacuum kwaye yahlala kwiindawo ezinkulu ezibonakalayo. Isoftware yeli xesha yayikwinqanaba lokuqala kwaye yayilinganiselwe kwiinkqubo ezilula ezifana nokubala kwemathematika kunye nokusebenza kwe-arithmetic esisiseko. Ngaphandle kolu thintelo, esi yayisisiqalo soguqulo lwetekhnoloji olwaluza kuguqula ilizwe lekhompyuter ngonaphakade.

Isizukulwana sesibini⁤ seekhompyuter Iphawule impumelelo ngokutshintsha iityhubhu zevacuum kunye ne-transistors, evumela ubungakanani obuncinci kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Kweli nqanaba, isoftware yaqala ukuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye iinkqubo zokuqala zokusebenza zenziwa. Iikhompyuter zinokuqhuba iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kwaye zenze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, njengokulawula iifayile kunye nokuqhuba iinkqubo zemisebenzi emininzi.

4. Inkqubela phambili yokugcina idatha kunye nomthamo wokucubungula

Isizukulwana sokuqala: Ngeli nqanaba, ugcino lwedatha kunye nomthamo wokusetyenzwa bekunyiniwe kakhulu Iikhomputha zisebenzisa iityhubhu zokufunxa ukwenza izibalo kunye namakhadi aphuhliweyo ukugcina ulwazi. Ezi zixhobo zazinkulu kwaye zifuna indawo enkulu ebonakalayo. Ukongeza, isantya sayo sokusebenza sasicotha kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuphatha umthamo omkhulu wedatha.

Segunda generación: Ngophuhliso lweetransistors, ukuqhubela phambili okukhulu kugcino lwedatha kunye nomthamo wokusetyenzwa kwaphunyezwa. Iikhompyutha zesi sizukulwana zazincinci kwaye zisebenza kakuhle. Ukongeza, iiteyiphu zemagneti zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwaye ii-hard drive ukugcina ulwazi, oluvumele ukufikelela okungcono kwidatha. Ngaphandle kwezi nkqubela phambili, kwakuseyimfuneko ukwenza imisebenzi ngokulandelelanayo, nto leyo ethintela isantya sokusetyenzwa.

Tercera generación: Ukufika kweesekethe ezidibeneyo kuphawulwe kwinqanaba lokugcina idatha kunye nomthamo wokucubungula Iikhomputha zeli xesha zazikhawuleza kakhulu kwaye zingenza imisebenzi emininzi ngexesha elinye. Ukongeza, imidiya yokugcina esebenzayo yaqala ukusetyenziswa, efana neediski zefloppy kunye neediski zamehlo. Oku kuvumele ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwidatha kunye nomthamo omkhulu wokugcina. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwezi nkqubela phambili, iikhompyuter zisafuna indawo enkulu yendawo ebonakalayo.

5. Impembelelo yezizukulwana zekhompyutha kuluntu nakushishino

Isishwankathelo seZizukulwane zeKhompyutha

Izizukulwana zeekhompyutha ziye zafumana a impembelelo ebalulekileyo kuluntu nakushishino kule minyaka idlulileyo. Isizukulwana ngasinye size nenkqubela phambili yeteknoloji eye yaguqula indlela esiphila ngayo nesisebenza ngayo.

Isizukulwana sokuqala yeekhompyutha, ezaziquka oomatshini abakhulu ababethatha amagumbi apheleleyo, zenza ukuba kube lula ukwenza izibalo ezintsonkothileyo nokusetyenzwa kwedatha ngobuchule ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Aba matshini babesetyenziswa ikakhulu ngamaziko emfundo kunye namaziko karhulumente kwimisebenzi yesayensi kunye nemikhosi.

Isizukulwana sesibini Ibone ukungeniswa kweekhompyuter ze-transistorized, ezincinci kwaye zikhawuleza kunangaphambili. Ezi khomputha zenze ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwenkqubo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye zasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zoshishino, ezifana nokubalwa kwemali kunye nokusetyenzwa kwedatha. Ukongeza, iikhompyuter zesi sizukulwana zazikwasetyenziselwa ukuphuhliswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo yokuqala kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa.

6. Imingeni kunye namathuba kwizizukulwana ezizayo zeekhompyutha

Izizukulwana ezizayo zeekhompyuter ziya kujongana nemingeni eyahlukahlukeneyo kunye namathuba aza kubumba ikhondo letekhnoloji. Kwihlabathi eliya liqonda ngakumbi impembelelo yokusingqongileyo,⁢ ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuya kuba ⁢ kuqala kwiikhompyuter zexesha elizayo. Ukufezekisa oku, ukuqhubela phambili kuya kufuneka ku-miniaturization yamacandelo, ekuphuculweni kweeprosesa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ngokukwanjalo, ithuba livula ithuba lokusebenzisa amandla obuchwepheshe obuvelayo, obunje nge-quantum computing, ukusombulula iingxaki idibanisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Omnye umngeni ochaphazelekayo uya kuba kukwanda kokugcinwa kwedatha kunye nomthamo wokucubungula. Ngokukhula okubonakalayo kolwazi oluveliswe ngumsebenzisi kunye noqhagamshelwano lwehlabathi, iikhomputha zexesha elizayo ziya kufuneka zikwazi ukulawula amanani amakhulu edatha ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo. Ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nobuchule bokuvelisa kuya kwandisa umthamo wogcino kunye nokuqinisekisa isantya esikhulu sokucubungula. Ngaphaya koko, ukuphunyezwa komgangatho ophezulu ⁢algorithms⁤ kunye⁤ ⁣ukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa⁢ kuya kuba sisiseko⁢ ukulawula ⁤ulwazi ⁤ngobukrelekrele kunye nokukhupha ulwazi oluluncedo.

Ekugqibeleni, ukhuseleko lolwazi luya kuvela njengomnye weengxaki eziphambili kwizizukulwana ezizayo zeekhompyutheni. Ngokunyuka kohlaselo lwe-cyber kunye nokubaluleka kokukhusela idatha ebuthathaka, kubalulekile ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezomelele ngakumbi kunye neeprothokholi. Oku kuya kubandakanya ukuqhubela phambili kwi-hardware kunye noyilo lwesoftware, kunye noqeqesho lweengcali ezikhethekileyo kukhuseleko lwekhompyuter. Ubhalo lwedatha, ukuqinisekiswa kwebhayometriki kunye nohlalutyo lokuziphatha luya kuba zezinye zeendlela eziya kusetyenziswa ukukhusela ulwazi kwindawo ekhulayo yedijithali.

Isishwankathelo, izizukulwana ezizayo zeekhomputha ziya kujongana nemingeni ebalulekileyo ekuziphendukeleni kwazo, ezifana nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ukugcinwa kwedatha kunye nokhuseleko. Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho amathuba anomdla okusebenzisa itekhnoloji evelayo kunye nokujongana nale mingeni ngeendlela ezintsha. Ukuqhubela phambili kunye nophuhliso kule mimandla kuya kuba ngundoqo kwinkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kunye nenzuzo yoluntu ngokubanzi.

7. Iingcebiso zokuphucula izixhobo kwisizukulwana ngasinye seekhompyutha

Izizukulwana zeekhomputha ziye zavela ngokuhamba kweminyaka, zibonelela ngezakhono ezinkulu kunye nokuphucula izixhobo. Okulandelayo, uluhlu lweengcebiso luya kunikezelwa ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwisizukulwana ngasinye.

Okokuqala, kwisizukulwana sokuqala ⁢sekhompyuter, ⁤iphawulwe ⁤ngokusetyenziswa ⁢iivalvu zevacuum, ibalulekile lungisa indawo ngokwasemzimbeni. Ezi khomputha zithathe indawo enkulu ngenxa yobukhulu beevalvu, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuphumeza isicwangciso esaneleyo ukwenza ubuninzi bendawo ekhoyo.

Kwindawo yesibini, kwisizukulwana sesibini seekhompyuter, esekwe kwiitransistors, ⁢ibalulekile lungiselela ukusetyenziswa⁤ yenkumbulo. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba kweli nqanaba ubungakanani bamacandelo buncitshisiwe, kubalulekile ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo imemori ekhoyo ukuphepha ukuchitha izibonelelo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kwisizukulwana sesithathu seekhompyutheni, apho iisekethe ezidibeneyo zaziswa khona, kubalulekile Lungiselela ulawulo lwamandla. Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla ombane kuvumela ubomi obuncedo bamacandelo ukuba bandiswe kwaye, kwakhona, ukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza. Ukufezekisa oku, kucetyiswa ukuba kuphunyezwe iinkqubo zokugcina amandla kunye ne-algorithms yolawulo olukrelekrele.

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