umbhalo cell phone yinkqubo Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwibhayoloji yemolekyuli ebandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kweRNA kwimolekyuli yeDNA esebenza njengetemplate. Olu shicilelo luyimfuneko ekubonakalisweni kofuzo kunye nemveliso yeprotheyini kwizinto eziphilayo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha inkcazo kunye neendlela zokubhalwa kweselula, kunye nokubaluleka kwayo ekuqondeni iinkqubo zeselula kunye nokuphuhlisa unyango olutsha.
Ushicilelo lweSellula: Inkcazo kunye neMisebenzi
Ushicilelo lweSelula yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kweeseli. Ibhekisa kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-RNA kulandelelwano lwe-DNA. Ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo, ulwazi lwezofuzo oluqulethwe kwi-DNA lubhalwa kwaye luguqulelwe kwifom elawulwayo kunye nokusebenza kweseli.
Umsebenzi ophambili wokukhutshelwa kweselula kukuveliswa kwe-RNA yesithunywa (mRNA). I-mRNA luhlobo lwe-RNA ethwala ulwazi lwemfuza ukusuka kwi-DNA ukuya kwi-ribosomes, apho iguqulelwe kwiiprotheni. Le protein synthesis ibalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kweeseli kunye nezinto eziphilayo.
Ukongeza kwi-mRNA, ukubhalwa kweselula kunokuvelisa ezinye iintlobo ze-RNA, ezifana nokudluliselwa kwe-RNA (tRNA) kunye ne-ribosomal RNA (rRNA). I-tRNA inoxanduva lokuthutha i-amino acids eyimfuneko kwiprotheni synthesis, ngelixa i-rRNA iyingxenye ye-ribosomes, eziyi-organelles zeselula ezijongene ne-protein synthesis. Ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo ze-RNA zisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi lwezofuzo lubhalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye luguqulelwe kwiiprotheni ezisebenzayo kwiseli.
IiNdlela zokuBhala ngeSelula
Olu luluhlu lweenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezenzeka kwinucleus yeseli. Ezi ndlela zibalulekile kwi-gene expression kunye ne-protein synthesis. Ngezantsi ngamanye amacandelo aphambili kunye nezigaba ezibandakanyekayo kule nkqubo:
-Izinto ezibhaliweyo: ziiprotheyini ezibophelela kulandelelwano oluthile lwe-DNA kunye nokulawula ukukhutshelwa kofuzo. Imiba yokubhala inokuba yi-activators okanye i-repressors, kwaye ukusebenzisana kwabo kunye ne-DNA kugqiba ukuba i-gene ibhaliwe okanye cha.
- I-RNA polymerase: yi-enzyme enoxanduva lokwenziwa kwe-RNA kwi-template ye-molecule ye-DNA. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-RNA polymerase, nganye inoxanduva lokudibanisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-RNA, njenge-messenger RNA (mRNA) okanye i-ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Amanqanaba oBhalo lweSelula
Ushicilelo lweSelula yinkqubo esisiseko eyenzeka kwinucleus yeeseli ze-eukaryotic, apho isithunywa i-RNA (mRNA) sidityaniswa ukusuka kumcu we-DNA. Le nkqubo yohlulwe yangamanqanaba amathathu aphambili: ulwaluko, ulwalulo kunye nokupheliswa.
Iniciación: Ngeli nqanaba, i-enzyme ye-RNA polymerase ibophelela kumgqugquzeli othile kwi-DNA strand kwaye iqalise ukukhutshelwa. Umgqugquzeli ubonwa ngeeprotheni ezilawulayo, ezinceda ukugaya kunye nokukhokela i-RNA polymerase kwindawo echanekileyo. Nje ukuba i-RNA i-polymerase ibophe, ikhulula imisonto ye-DNA kwaye iqalise ukudibanisa i-mRNA ehambelana nenye yeentambo.
Elongation: Kweli nqanaba, i-RNA polymerase iyaqhubeka nokuhamba ecaleni kwe-DNA strand kwaye idibanisa i-mRNA. Njengoko iqhubela phambili, i-DNA iphinda ibuyele ukugcina isakhiwo sayo se-helix ephindwe kabini. I-RNA polymerase ibhala ukulandelelana kwe-DNA kwi-mRNA, isebenzisa iziseko ezihambelanayo ze-AU, GC, CG kunye ne-TA. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de kufike ekupheleni kolandelelwano lwekhowudi.
Ukupheliswa: Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, i-RNA polymerase ifikelela kulandelelwano lokuphelisa kwi-DNA, ebonisa ukuphela kombhalo. Nje ukuba i-RNA polymerase ifikelele kolu landelelwano, iyayeka kwaye ihlukane neDNA. I-mRNA edibeneyo ikhutshwe kwaye iya kuba ilungele ukushiya i-nucleus yeseli kwaye iye kwi-ribosomes ukuguqulelwa kwiiprotheni.
Izinto eziphembelela uBhalo lweSelula
Ushicilelo lweSelula yinkqubo esisiseko kwimbonakalo yemfuza, apho ulwazi lwemfuzo olugcinwe kwiDNA lukhutshelwa ngendlela yesithunywa iRNA (mRNA). Le kopi ibalulekile kwimveliso yeeprotheni kunye nokulawulwa komsebenzi weselula. Izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinokuchaphazela ushicilelo lweselula, phakathi kwazo ezi:
1. Izinto ezibangela ufuzo: I-genome ye-organism nganye iqulethe ulandelelwano oluthile lwe-DNA olusebenza njengemiqondiso yokuqalisa okanye ukuyeka ukushicilela. Ubukho benguquko kolu landelelwano bunokuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle okanye ukuchaneka koshicilelo. Ngaphaya koko, ukuguquguquka kofuzo phakathi kwabantu kunokuphembelela impendulo yeseli kwintshukumo yangaphandle ehlengahlengisa ushicilelo.
2. Imiba yokusingqongileyo: Indawo ekuyo iseli nayo inokuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kushicilelo. Utshintsho kwiqondo lokushisa, ukufumaneka kwezondlo, ubukho beemolekyuli zokubonisa, kunye nokuvezwa kwezinto ezixinzelelekileyo kunokulawula umsebenzi wemfuza kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazele ukubhaliswa kweselula.
3. Izinto ze-Epigenetic: Iindlela ze-Epigenetic, ezifana ne-DNA methylation kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-histone, kunokulawula ukubhaliswa kweselula. Olu tshintsho lweekhemikhali lunokuthi lusebenze okanye luthulise ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, luphembelela indlela iseli ephendula ngayo kwindawo yayo. Ngapha koko, izinto ze-epigenetic zinokudluliselwa ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, ziqhubekisela phambili iipateni ezithile zokukhutshelwa.
Ukulawulwa kweSellula Transcription
Yinkqubo ephambili kwi-gene expression kunye nolawulo lwemisebenzi yeselula. Ibandakanya uchungechunge lweendlela ezilungelelanisa ukusebenza kunye nokuvalwa kweejeni ekuphenduleni izibonakaliso zangaphakathi nangaphandle.
Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokulawula yisenzo sezinto ezibhaliweyo, iiprotheni ezibophelela kwi-DNA kwimimandla ethile ebizwa ngokuba yizinto zokulawula. Ezi zinto zikhutshelweyo zinokuvula okanye zithintele ukubhalwa kwe-DNA, kuxhomekeke kwisignali efunyenweyo kunye nomxholo weselula.
Ukongeza kwizinto ezikhutshelweyo, kukho ezinye iimolekyuli ezithatha inxaxheba ekushicilelweni. Phakathi kwazo kukho ii-coactivators kunye ne-corepressors, ezinxibelelana nezinto ezikhutshelweyo ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi wazo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic, njenge-DNA methylation kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-histone, nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo.
Ukubaluleka koCwangciso lweSelula kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji
Ulawulo lwembonakalo yofuzo: Ushicilelo lweSelula ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwembonakalo yemfuza. Ivumela izakhi zofuzo ukuba zisebenze okanye zithuliswe ekuphenduleni izibonakaliso zangaphakathi okanye zangaphandle. Oku kubalulekile kwiiseli ukuba ziphendule kwaye zilungelelanise indawo yazo, ivumela intaphane yeenkqubo zebhayoloji ezifana nophuhliso lwe-embryonic, ukwahlukana kweeseli kunye nokuphendula komzimba.
Ukwenziwa kweeproteni: Ushicilelo lweSelula linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwiprotein synthesis. Ngethuba le nkqubo, i-DNA ye-gene ibhalwa kwi-molecule ye-RNA (mRNA) yesithunywa. Le mRNA ke iguqulelwe kwiiproteni kwi-ribosomes. Iiprotheyini ziimolekyuli ezinoxanduva lokuqhuba imisebenzi emininzi kwiseli, ngoko ke ushicilelo lweselula lubalulekile ukugcina i-homeostasis kunye nokusebenza okuchanekileyo kweenkqubo zemetabolism kunye nolawulo.
Iyantlukwano esebenzayo: Ushicilelo lweSelula luvumela ukuveliswa kweyantlukwano esebenzayo kwizinto eziphilayo. Ngeenkqubo ezinje ngolunye uhlobo lokudityaniswa, apho ii-exons ezahlukeneyo ze-mRNA zicinywa okanye zadityaniswa, ii-isoform ezininzi zeeprotheyini zinokuveliswa kuhlobo olunye. Le yantlukwano esebenzayo ibalulekile kubungcali beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye nezicubu kumzimba, ukuvumela ukuziqhelanisa nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuntsonkotha kweenkqubo zebhayoloji.
Ubuchwephesha obusetyenzisiweyo kuphononongo lweSellular Transcription
Uphononongo loshicilelo lweselula luqhutywe kuphuhliso lweendlela ezahlukeneyo ezisivumela ukuba siphande kwaye siqonde le nkqubo isisiseko. Okulandelayo, siza kubonisa ezinye zezona ndlela zisetyenziswayo kuphando lokukhutshelwa kweselula:
- I-RNA-Seq: Obu buchule buvumela ulandelelwano olukhulu lwe-RNA, lunikezela ngolwazi malunga nemibhalo ekhoyo kwisampulu yeseli. Ngayo, imibhalo emitsha inokuchongwa, ukubonakaliswa kwemfuza kuhlalutywe kunye nokuguqulwa kwisakhiwo se-RNA kufunyenwe. Ukongeza, i-RNA-Seq ivumela ukufunda izinto ezikhutshelwayo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
- I-ChiP-Seq: Ubuchwephesha be-chromatin immunoprecipitation elandelwa ngokulandelelana sisixhobo esinamandla sokuchonga iisayithi zokubopha iiprotheni kwinqanaba le-genome. Ngokusebenzisa ii-antibodies ezithile, i-DNA inokuthi i-immunoprecipitated kunye neeprotheni ezizibophe ngexesha elithile. I-DNA ilandelelaniswa kwaye ihlalutye ukuchonga imimandla apho iphuculwe khona, inika ulwazi malunga nokusebenzisana kweprotheyini-DNA kunye nokuvumela ukufundwa komgaqo wokubhala.
- Uvavanyo lweShift ye-Electromobility (EMSA): Olu buchule lusetyenziselwa ukufunda intsebenziswano phakathi kweeprotheni kunye ne-nucleic acids. Iqukethe ukuhlukana kweeprotheni-DNA complexes nge-electrophoresis kwi-agarose gel. Ii-complexes zibonwa njengotshintsho ekuhambeni kwebhendi, ebonisa ukubunjwa kweeprotheni-DNA complexes. I-EMSA iluncedo ekuchongeni iiprotheyini ezibophelela kulandelelwano olulawulayo kubakhuthazi abathile bemfuza kunye nokumisela ubudlelwane kunye neenkcukacha ezithile zeprotheyini-DNA yokusebenzisana.
Imiceli mngeni kunye nobunzima kwiSellular Transcription
Imicelimngeni kwiSellula Transcription
Ushicilelo lweSelula yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kwaye iyimfuneko ekubonakalisweni kofuzo. Nangona kunjalo, inika inani lemingeni kunye nobunzima ekufuneka abaphandi boyise ukuze bayiqonde ngokupheleleyo le nkqubo. Apha ngezantsi kweminye yemiceli mngeni ephambili kushicilelo lweselula:
- Ukwahluka ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokukhutshelwa: Ukusebenza kakuhle koshicilelo kunokwahluka phakathi kwejene ezahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo kuphuhliso lweeseli. Oku kuguquguquka kunokwenza kube nzima ukuchonga iipateni zokukhutshelwa kunye nokutolika ukubonakaliswa kofuzo.
- Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemiba yokukhutshelwa: Izinto ezikhutshelweyo ziiprotheyini ezibophelela kwi-DNA kwaye zilawula ukukhutshelwa kweejene ezithile. Uphononongo lwentsebenziswano phakathi kwezi zinto kunye neempembelelo zabo kwi-transcription yeselula kubonisa umngeni ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinto ezibandakanyekayo.
- Olunye ulungiso lwe-RNA: Ngexesha lokushicilelwa, isithunywa se-RNA (mRNA) sinokuphinda siqhubeke sisebenza, sivelise iiprotheyini ezininzi ze-isoforms kwi-gene eyodwa. Uphononongo lwezi isoforms kunye nomsebenzi wazo kwiseli kunokuba nzima kwaye kufuna iindlela eziphambili zokulandelelana kwe-genomic.
Ukuqukumbela, ushicilelo lweselula lubonisa uluhlu lwemicelimngeni kunye nobunzima obufuna ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezintsha kunye nobuchule bokufunda. Ukoyisa le mingeni kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokweenkcukacha ukuba oomatshini bemolekyuli abalawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo basebenza njani kwaye ke baqhubele phambili kwimimandla efana neyeza kunye ne-biotechnology.
Iimpembelelo zeSellular Transcription kwimpilo yabantu
Ushicilelo lweSelula yinkqubo esisiseko ekubonakalisweni kofuzo kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu. Ukuqonda iimpembelelo zale nkqubo kubalulekile ukuqhubela phambili uphando kunye nonyango lwezifo ezahlukeneyo.
Enye yezona zinto ziphambili kubudlelwane bayo nomhlaza. Utshintsho kulawulo lwe-gene transcription lunokubangela ukugqithiswa okanye ukunyanzeliswa kweejene ezinxulumene nokwanda kweeseli ezingalawulwayo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekubunjweni kwe-tumor, ukuphuhliswa kwe-metastases kunye nokuchasana nonyango. Uphononongo lweendlela zokukhutshelwa kweselula zenze ukuba kube lula ukuchonga iithagethi ezintsha zonyango kunye nokuphucula unyango olukhoyo lokulwa nomhlaza.
Enye intsingiselo ebalulekileyo yoshicilelo lweselula kwimpilo yabantu yindima yayo kwizifo zofuzo. Utshintsho kwizinto zolawulo loshicilelo lunokubangela izifo ezifunyenwe njenge-Down syndrome okanye i-cystic fibrosis. Ukongezelela, ukubhalwa kweselula kukwachatshazelwa yimiba yokusingqongileyo efana nokuvezwa kwee-toxins, ezinokubangela umonakalo we-DNA kunye neempazamo ekubhalweni. Ezi ziphoso zinokukhokelela kuluhlu olubanzi lwezifo, ukusuka kwizifo zokuzikhusela kwizifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
Ngamafutshane, zikhulu kwaye zahlukene. Ukusuka ekuphuhliseni unyango lomhlaza ukuya ekuqondeni izifo zemfuzo, uphononongo lokukhutshelwa kweselula kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni impilo. kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu. Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nophando kunye nokwandisa ulwazi lwethu kweli candelo ukuze siqhubeke sisiya ngakwiyeza elisebenzayo kunye nelomntu.
Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje kuphando lweSellular Transcription
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kubekho inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kuphando lwe-Cellular Transcription, inkqubo esisiseko ekubonakalisweni kofuzo kwizinto eziphilayo. Ngezantsi zezinye zezona ziphumo ziphawulekayo kulo mmandla:
- Ukuchongwa kwezinto ezitsha zokukhutshelwa: Izinto ezininzi ezongezelelweyo zokukhuphela ziye zafumanisa ukuba zilawula umsebenzi wofuzo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zeselula. Ezi zinto zintsha zokukhuphela zandise ukuqonda kwethu iindlela zemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo loshicilelo lweselula.
- Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ezibhaliweyo: Kubonakaliswe ukuba kukho ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zokukhuphela, ezilungisa umsebenzi wazo kwaye zinokuchaphazela ukubonakaliswa kofuzo. Olu nxibelelwano lubonelela ngombono othe kratya wendlela iinkqubo zoshicilelo ezilungelelaniswe ngayo ukulawula umsebenzi weselula.
- Uphononongo lokuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic: Uphando luye lwabonisa ukubaluleka kokuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic kulawulo lwe-cell transcription. Olu tshintsho, olufana ne-DNA methylation kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-histone, kunokusebenza okanye ukuthulisa izakhi zofuzo kwaye kuchaphazele ukufumaneka kwezinto ezibhaliweyo kwi-genome. Uphononongo lolu hlengahlengiso luvule iindlela ezintsha zokuqonda ngcono umgaqo wokukhutshelwa kunye nendima yawo kwizifo ezahlukeneyo.
Iimbono zexesha elizayo kunye nezindululo kwi-Cellular Transcription
Intsimi yoshicilelo lweselula ibone inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza kwixesha elizayo. Njengoko iindlela zemolekyuli zityhilwa kwaye iindlela ezintsha zifunyanwa, iimbono ezintsha ezinomdla zophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezonyango ziyavuleka. Apha ngezantsi ngamanye awona mathemba athembisayo kwixesha elizayo:
- Uguqulo loshicilelo: Ngolwazi olufunyenweyo malunga neenkqubo zokukhutshelwa kweselula, izicwangciso ziyaphuhliswa ukumodareyitha umsebenzi wokukhutshelwa. Oku kunokuvula iindlela ezintsha zonyango kwizifo zemfuzo okanye ukuphazamiseka kwemetabolism.
- Uhlelo oluchanekileyo lwemfuzo: Itekhnoloji yokuhlela imfuza, efana ne-CRISPR-Cas9, iguqule ibhayoloji yemolekyuli ngokuvumela ukuhlelwa kwegenome ngokuchanekileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, kulindeleke ukuba obu buchule buphuculwe ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezingafunekiyo.
- Unyango lwemfuza olukwinqanaba eliphezulu: Unyango lwemfuzo lubonakalise ukuba sisicwangciso esithembisayo sokunyanga izifo zofuzo. Kwiminyaka ezayo, unyango olutsha lofuzo olusekwe ekwenziweni koshicilelo lweselula kulindeleke ukuba luphuhliswe, olunokuba nefuthe elikhulu. kwezonyango ukuvuselela kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo ezinzulu.
Ukwandisa amandla okukhutshelwa kweselula kuphando kunye nokusebenza kweklinikhi, oku kulandelayo kuyacetyiswa:
- Intsebenziswano enkulu yamacandelo ahlukeneyo: Ngenxa yobunzima kunye nobubanzi bomda wokukhutshelwa kweselula, intsebenziswano esondeleyo iyafuneka phakathi kwezazinzulu ezisuka kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, anje ngebhayoloji yemolekyuli, i-genomics, i-bioinformatics, kunye neyeza.
- Nikela izixhobo kuphando: Ushicilelo lweSelula luhlala lusebenza kwaye luhlala luvela kwindawo yophando. Kubalulekile ukutyala izibonelelo kuphando olusisiseko nolusetyenziswayo ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lobuchwephesha obutsha kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo zenzululwazi.
- Uvavanyo lokuziphatha kunye nommiselo: Njengoko izicelo zoshicilelo lweselula zihambela phambili ukuya ekliniki, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuseka uvandlakanyo lweenqobo ezisesikweni kunye nommiselo ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kobu buchwepheshe kunye nokujongana neenkxalabo ezinokuthi zibe kho zeenqobo zokuziphatha nezoluntu.
Ukusetyenziswa kweSellula Transcription kwi-biotechnology kunye neyeza
Ushicilelo lweSellula sisixhobo esinamandla esitshintshe ubuchwephesha bebhayoloji kunye namayeza kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Usetyenziso lwayo kule mimandla kukho iindlela ezininzi kwaye ezintsha zokuyisebenzisa ziyaqhubeka zifunyanwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye iyasebenza.
Kwi-biotechnology, ushicilelo lweselula lusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iiproteni eziphinda zenze umdla. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiprotheni ezithile zinokuqulunqwa ngobuninzi kwaye ngendlela elawulwayo. Ezi proteni ezihlaziyiweyo zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa, ukusuka kuphuhliso lwamachiza kunye nezitofu zokugonya ukuveliswa kwee-enzyme kunye neemveliso zoshishino.
Kwezonyango, ushicilelo lweselula lunikeza indlela ethembisayo yonyango lwezifo zofuzo. Ithuba lokusebenzisa i-transcription yeselula ukulungisa ukuguqulwa kwe-DNA kunye nokubuyisela umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wemfuza uyaphandwa. Oku kunokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kunyango lwezifo ezinjengomhlaza, izifo zentliziyo kunye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
Ukubaluleka kwemfundo kunye nokusasazwa malunga neSellular Transcription
I-Cellular Transcription yinkqubo esisiseko kwi-gene expression kunye nolawulo lomsebenzi weselula. Linyathelo lokuqala kwi-protein synthesis, apho ulwazi lofuzo oluqulethwe kwi-DNA lubhalwa kwisithunywa se-RNA (mRNA). Olu shicilelo luyimfuneko ekuvelisweni kweeprotheyini ezithile ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo emzimbeni.
Isizathu kukuba sivumela ukuba siqonde indlela izakhi zofuzo ezilawulwa ngayo kunye nendlela ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo yokubhala kunokubangela izifo zofuzo. Ngokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo le ndlela, unyango olutsha kunye namayeza anokuphuhliswa ukunyanga ukuphazamiseka kwemfuza.
Ezinye zezibonelelo zokufundisa kunye nokusasaza ulwazi malunga neSellular Transcription zezi:
- Ukuqonda ngcono iindlela zemolekyuli ezilawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo.
- Ukuchongwa kweethagethi zonyango ezinokubakhona kuphuhliso lwamachiza.
- Igalelo kuthintelo kunye nonyango lwezifo zofuzo.
- Ukukhuthazwa kophando kunye nenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kwinkalo yemfuzo.
Isishwankathelo, imfundo kunye nokufikelela eluntwini malunga neSellular Transcription kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ulwazi nokuqonda le nkqubo iphambili yeemolekyuli. Ngale ndlela, inkqubela inokwenziwa ekuphuhliseni unyango lwemfuza oluchanekileyo nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu abachatshazelwa zizifo zemfuza.
Imibuzo neempendulo
Umbuzo: Yintoni ushicilelo ngeselula?
IMPENDULO: Ukubhalwa kweeseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo eyenzeka kwiiseli ukuvelisa iimolekyuli zeRNA (ribonucleic acid) ezivela kulwazi lwemfuza oluqulethwe kwiDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Le kopi ye-RNA isebenza njengomlamli phakathi kwe-DNA kunye neprotein synthesis.
Q: Ithini inkcazo yoshicilelo lweselula?
A: Ushicilelo lweselfowuni yinkqubo apho umcu we-DNA ukhutshelwa kwi-molecule ye-RNA. I-RNA ephumelayo ihambelana nenye yeentambo ze-DNA, kwaye iqulethe ulwazi olubhaliweyo olunokuthi luguqulelwe kwiiprotheni ngexesha lokwenziwa kweeprotheyini kwi-cytoplasm.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi izinto eziphambili zoshicilelo ngeselula?
A: Izinto eziphambili ze-cell transcription zibandakanya: I-DNA polymerase II, i-enzyme eyenza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-RNA kwi-template ye-DNA; izinto ezibhaliweyo, iiprotheyini ezibophelela kwimimandla ethile ye-DNA kunye nokunceda ukuqalisa okanye ukulawula ukukhutshelwa; kunye nabakhuthazi, ulandelelwano lwe-DNA olubekwe kufutshane nemfuza ebonisa ukuqala koshicilelo.
Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka koshicilelo lweselula?
A: Ushicilelo lweSelula yinkqubo esisiseko evumela ukubonakaliswa kofuzo. Ngokukhutshelwa, ulwazi lwemfuza olugcinwe kwi-DNA lugqithiselwa kwiimolekyuli ze-RNA, ezithi zona ziqalise ukuhlanganiswa kweprotein. Ezi proteni ziyimfuneko kwisakhiwo, umsebenzi kunye nokulawulwa kweeseli kunye nezinto eziphilayo.
Umbuzo: Ilawulwa njani ikopi yeselula?
A: Ushicilelo lweselula lulawulwa luthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lweendlela. Imiba ekhutshelweyo, umzekelo, inokubophelela kwimimandla ethile ye-DNA kwaye ivule okanye ithintele ushicilelo. Ezinye iindlela ziquka ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic, njenge-DNA methylation, enokuthi ichaphazele i-gene expression. Ukongeza, iimpawu ezithile zokusingqongileyo, ezinje ngeehomoni okanye iimeko ezithile zeselula, zinokuphembelela umgaqo wokukhutshelwa.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi iimpembelelo zokukhutshelwa kweselula kuphando lwebhayoloji?
A: Ukuqonda ushicilelo lweselula lubalulekile kuphando lwebhayoloji. Ngokuqonda indlela imfuza ebhalwa ngayo kwaye ilawulwe ngayo, izazinzulu zinokufumana ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nezifo, ukuphuhliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, impendulo yeselula kwi-stimuli yangaphandle, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Ukongeza, uphononongo loshicilelo lweselula lukhokelele ekuphuhlisweni kobuchule obuphezulu, njengokuhlelwa kofuzo, okuvumela ukuguqulwa okuchanekileyo kwe-DNA kunye ne-RNA ngeenjongo zonyango okanye zophando.
Amanqaku aphambili
Ukuqukumbela, ushicilelo lweselula luyinkqubo esisiseko ekubonakalisweni kofuzo, apho iimolekyuli ze-RNA zidityaniswe kulwazi olufakwe kwi-DNA. Le nkqubo idinga inxaxheba echanekileyo ye-enzyme complexes kunye ne-transcription factors, ezenza ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo kunye nokulawulwa kokuqinisekisa ukuveliswa okuchanekileyo kwesithunywa se-RNA kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-RNA esebenzayo.
Ushicilelo lweselula lubalulekile kuphuhliso kunye nomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo, njengoko kuvumela ukuguqulelwa kolwazi lwemfuza kwiimveliso eziphambili zemolekyuli kunye neenkqubo zebhayoloji. Ngaphaya koko, ukuqonda kwayo kunye nophononongo olunzulu lubalulekile kwinkqubela phambili kwimimandla efana neyeza, i-biotechnology kunye nebhayoloji yemolekyuli, ebeka iziseko zophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.
Isishwankathelo, ukukhutshelwa kweselula yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu kunye nechanekileyo edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubonakalisweni kofuzo kunye nokuveliswa kwee-RNA ezisebenzayo. Uphononongo lwayo oluqhubekayo noluneenkcukacha luya kuba negalelo kwinkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kunye nophuhliso lwezonyango ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe bebhayoloji.
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