Ufundo lwebhayoloji yeeseli luyinkalo ebangela umdla esinceda siqonde nzulu iinkqubo ezisisiseko zobomi. Esinye seziseko zolu qeqesho kukuchongwa kunye nokuhlelwa kweeseli, izakhiwo ezisisiseko zezinto eziphilayo. Ngale ndlela, umbuzo uphakama: yeyiphi iseli iseli ethile? isakhiwo seseli? Impendulo yalo mbuzo inokuthatha isigqibo ekuqondeni umsebenzi kunye neempawu zesakhiwo esixeliweyo. Kweli nqaku, siza kungena kwihlabathi elinomdla wohlalutyo yodonga iseli, ulwakhiwo oluyimfuneko olukhoyo kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo, ngenjongo yokumisela ukuba yeyiphi iseli.
Intshayelelo
Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iikhonsepthi eziphambili ze kukubhadla okungeyonyani (AI) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. I-AI yinkalo yokufunda efuna ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo ezikwazi ukulinganisa imisebenzi yengqondo yomntu, njengokufunda, ukuqonda kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Njengoko itekhnoloji iguquka, i-AI ithathe indima ekhulayo. kuluntu, amacandelo aneempembelelo afana namayeza, ezolimo, ezemfundo kunye noshishino.
Ukuqonda I-AI, kubalulekile ukuqonda imiba engundoqo eyixhasayo. Oku kubandakanya ukufunda ngoomatshini, umbono wekhompyuter, ukusetyenzwa kolwimi lwendalo, kunye nerobhothi. Ukufunda ngoomatshini kubandakanya ukuphuhlisa algorithms kunye nemifuziselo evumela oomatshini ukuba bafunde kwidatha yegalelo kwaye baphucule ukusebenza kwabo njengoko ulwazi oluninzi lunikiwe. Kwelinye icala, umbono wekhompyutha uvumela oomatshini ukuba bahlalutye baze baqonde imifanekiso neevidiyo, ngoxa inkqubo yolwimi lwendalo ibanika amandla okunxibelelana nokuqonda ulwimi lwabantu. Okokugqibela, iirobhothi zinoxanduva lokuyila kunye nokuphuhlisa iirobhothi ezikwaziyo ukunxibelelana nendawo yazo ngokuzimeleyo.
I-AI ibonelela ngezinto ezininzi eziluncedo kunye nemingeni. Phakathi kwezinto eziluncedo kukuzenzekela kwemisebenzi ephindaphindwayo neyingozi, ukukwazi ukusetyenzwa imithamo emikhulu yedatha ngexesha elifutshane kunye nokwenza ngcono iinkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imingeni yokuziphatha kunye nentlalontle evelayo xa usebenzisa i-AI, efana nobumfihlo bedatha, ucalucalulo lwe-algorithmic, kunye nefuthe kwingqesho. Kweli candelo, siza kugocagoca kwinkalo nganye kwezi size sihlolisise iimpembelelo zayo ye AI kuluntu lwethu nakwikamva lobuchwephesha.
Inkcazo yodonga lweseli
La udonga lweseli Sisakhiwo esiqinileyo esifumaneka kwiiseli zezinto eziphilayo zezityalo, umngundo, ibhaktheriya kunye nezinye iiseli zeprotist. Iquka umaleko wokukhusela wangaphandle ojikeleze i-membrane ye-plasma, ukubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokuchasana neseli. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukugcina i uhlobo lweseli kwaye uyikhusele kutshintsho lwe-osmotic kunye noomatshini kwindawo engqongileyo.
Udonga lweseli luqulunqwe ikakhulu yi-cellulose kwizityalo, i-chitin kwifungi kunye ne-peptidoglycan kwiibhaktheriya. Yenziwe ngamaleko aliqela, oyena ungaphakathi yilwele ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>plasma membrane. Ukubunjwa kwayo kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli kunye nenqanaba lophuhliso lweseli.
Ukongeza kumsebenzi wayo wesakhiwo, udonga lweseli ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutshintshisweni kwezinto phakathi kweseli kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ivumela ukuhamba kweeamolekyu ezincinci, ezifana namanzi, iigesi kunye nezinye izondlo, ngokusebenzisa ama-pores kunye nemijelo ekhoyo kwisakhiwo. Ngokufanayo, isebenza njengesithintelo esikhuselayo kwii-pathogens kunye neemeko ezigqithisileyo zendalo.
Ukuqulunqwa kodonga lweseli
Udonga lweseli lulwakhiwo oluqinileyo olufumaneka kwiiseli zezityalo, umngundo, ibhaktheriya, kunye ne-algae ethile. Olu luhlu lokukhusela luyimfuneko ekugcineni ingqibelelo kunye nokuma kweseli, ukubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokukhuselwa kuxinzelelo lomatshini kunye neentsholongwane zangaphandle. Iyahluka ukusuka kwiintlobo ngeentlobo, kodwa ngokubanzi iqulathe la macandelo alandelayo:
1. ISelulosi:
I-cellulose yeyona polysaccharide ininzi edongeni iselula yezityalo. Iqulethwe ngamatyathanga eglucose adibeneyo adityaniswe kunye neebhondi ze-beta-1,4. Le molekyuli inika ukuxhathisa kunye nokuqina kudonga lweseli, inika isakhiwo sayo kwaye ivumela ukukhula ngokuthe nkqo kwezityalo.
2. IHemicellulose:
IiHemicellulose ngumxube weepolysaccharides ezahlukeneyo ezishiyanayo ngokwakheka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi molekyuli zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-cellulose adhesion kwaye zisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwe-cellulose fibers, enika ukuguquguquka kunye neplastiki kudonga lweseli.
3. IiPectins:
I-Pectin liqela le-gelatinous polysaccharides efumaneka ikakhulu kwiindonga zeeseli zezityalo. Ezi molekyuli zinoxanduva lokugcinwa kwamanzi kudonga lweseli, olunika iiseli zesityalo ukuchasana okukhulu nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kwaye zinceda ukugcina i-cell turgor.
Imisebenzi yodonga lweseli kwiintlobo zeeseli ezahlukeneyo
Udonga lweseli luyilo oluyimfuneko olukhoyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, zombini kwi-celled-celled kunye ne-multicellular organisms. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukubonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kunye nokukhusela kwiseli, ngaphezu kokulawula ukungena kunye nokuphuma izinto. Nangona kunjalo, indima ethile yodonga lweseli inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli efumaneka kuyo.
Kwibhaktheriya, udonga lweseli lungqimba oluqinileyo oluqulunqwe ikakhulu yi-peptidoglycan. Umsebenzi oyintloko wolu donga lweeseli kwiibhaktheriya kukubonelela ngokuqina kunye nokukhuselwa kwiseli, ukukhusela i-osmotic lysis kunye nokubonelela ukuchasana neemeko ezimbi ezifana noxinzelelo kunye ne-desiccation.
Kwiiseli zezityalo, udonga lweeseli luyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwe ngokukodwa kwi-cellulose, i-hemicelluloses kunye ne-lignin. Olu donga lweseli lunezinto ezininzi imisebenzi ephambili, eziquka:
- Ukubonelela ngenkxaso yomatshini kwisityalo, evumela ukuba igcine imilo yayo kunye nokuchasana nomxhuzulane kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.
- Khusela iseli kwii-pathogens kunye nee-agent zangaphandle zemishini.
- Lawula ukungena kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ukuya nokubuya kwiseli.
Isishwankathelo, udonga lweseli luzalisekisa imisebenzi esisiseko kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye neempawu zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli apho lufumaneka khona, kodwa luhlala ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekulawuleni iseli, ukongeza. ukubonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo.
Iimpawu kunye neempawu zodonga lweseli kwiiseli zezityalo
Udonga lweeseli luyisakhiwo esikhethekileyo kunye nesibalulekileyo kwiiseli zezityalo ezibonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kunye nokukhuselwa kuxinzelelo lomatshini. Inothotho lweempawu kunye neepropathi eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kweeseli zezityalo.
Ezinye zeempawu eziphambili yodonga lweseli Kwiiseli zezityalo zezi:
- Ngumaleko ongqindilili, oqinileyo ojikeleze inwebu yeplasma.
- Iqulunqwe kakhulu yi-cellulose, i-fiber eyomeleleyo enika amandla kunye nokuchasana neseli.
- Udonga lweseli luyahluka ngobukhulu kunye nokwakheka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli kunye nesityalo sesityalo.
- Isebenza njengesithintelo sokukhusela kwi-pathogens kunye nee-arhente zangaphandle eziyingozi.
- Ivumela ukutshintshiselana kwamanzi, izondlo, kunye neemolekyuli phakathi kweeseli zezityalo.
Ukongeza kwezi mpawu, udonga lweseli kwiiseli zezityalo lukwabonisa iipropati ezizodwa:
- Ayinakungena kwizinto ze-hydrophobic, ezithintela ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi amaninzi.
- I-elastic kwaye inokwandisa phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokukhula, ivumela iseli ukuba ikhule ngobukhulu.
- Inegalelo kubungqongqo kunye nokumila kwezicubu zezityalo, ngakumbi kwizityalo ezimile.
Isishwankathelo, udonga lweseli kwiiseli zezityalo luyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esineempawu ezikhethekileyo kunye neepropati ezinika umsebenzi kunye nokukhusela. Ukuqonda kusisiseko sokuqonda ukuba iiseli zezityalo zidibana njani nokusingqongileyo kunye nendlela izityalo ezikhula ngayo kwaye zikhula ngayo.
Umahluko phakathi kodonga lweseli kwiiseli zezityalo kunye neeseli zezilwanyana
Udonga lweseli lulwakhiwo oluqinileyo olufumaneka malunga ne-plasma membrane kwiiseli zezityalo kunye neebhaktheriya ezithile. Nangona zombini iiseli zezityalo kunye neeseli zezilwanyana zine-membrane yeplasma, kukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo kwiindonga zazo zeeseli. Nazi ezinye iiyantlukwano eziphambili:
- Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali: Udonga lweeseli zeeseli zesityalo luqulunqwe kakhulu yi-cellulose, i-polysaccharide fiber. Ngokwahlukileyo, iiseli zezilwanyana azinalo udonga lweseli ye-cellulose, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zinenwebu yangaphandle eguquguqukayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-basement membrane.
- Ukutyeba kunye nokuqina: Udonga lweseli kwiiseli zesityalo luyajiya kwaye luqinile ngakumbi xa luthelekiswa nolo lweeseli zezilwanyana. Oku kubangelwa ubukho be-cellulose kunye nezinye izinto ezifana ne-lignin kunye ne-pectin, ezibonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kunye nokukhuselwa kwingcinezelo ye-osmotic.
- Ukunyamezela: Ngelixa udonga lweeseli kwiiseli zezityalo luvumela ukudlula kweeamolekyuli ezincinci ngokusebenzisa iipores ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-plasmodesmata, iiseli zezilwanyana azinayo i-plasmodesmata kwaye i-plasma membrane inoxanduva lokulawula izinto kwiseli.
Lo mahluko kwisakhiwo sodonga lweseli kunye nokwakheka ezinye zeempawu ezahlukileyo phakathi kweeseli zezityalo kunye neeseli zezilwanyana. Olu hlengahlengiso luvumela iiseli zezityalo ukuba zixhathise iimeko ezimbi zokusingqongileyo kwaye zigcine imilo yazo, ngelixa iiseli zezilwanyana zinokuguquguquka okukhulu kunye nokukwazi ukuhamba.
Ukubaluleka kokumisela iseli olukolwalo udonga lweseli
Umiselo oluchanekileyo lweseli olukuyo udonga lweseli lubaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo lebhayoloji yeeseli. Ngokuqonda ubume kunye neempawu zeseli eludongeni lweseli, izazinzulu zinokufumana ukuqonda okunzulu kwiinkqubo ezisisiseko zebhayoloji kunye nokunxibelelana kweeseli. Ngaphaya koko, olu lwazi lubalulekile kuphuhliso lonyango lwezonyango, ukuphuculwa kwemveliso yezolimo kunye nokuqonda ukuvela kweeseli.
Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni kubalulekile ukumisela iseli eludonga lweseli. Nazi izizathu eziphambili:
- Ukuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo: Udonga lweseli luphawu olwahlukileyo lwezinto ezininzi eziphilayo, ezinje ibhaktiriya, izityalo, kunye nokungunda. Ngokumisela uhlobo lweseli olukulo udonga lweseli, izazinzulu zinokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo nangokuthembekileyo into ephilayo ekuyo Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ekuchongeni iintsholongwane kunye nokwahlulwa kweentlobo zeentlobo zeentlobo zezifo.
- Ukuqulunqwa kunye nesakhiwo: Ukumisela iseli apho udonga lweseli luhlala lusinika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nolwakhiwo. Oku kunceda ukuqonda indlela eyenziwe ngayo kunye nemisebenzi eyenzayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yezityalo, udonga lweseli ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni, ekuxhaseni nasekuthuthweni kwezondlo.
- Unxibelelwano lweSelula: Udonga lweseli alunikezeli kuphela ukhuseleko kunye nenkxaso kwiseli nganye, kodwa idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzisaneni kwamaselula. Ngokumisela ngokuchanekileyo iseli olukolwayo udonga lweseli, izazinzulu zingafunda kwaye ziqonde ngcono ukusebenzisana kweselula kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi, ezifana nonxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli zokhuselo lomzimba okanye unxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli zezityalo kuphuhliso kunye nokhuselo lwethishu.
Iindlela kunye nobuchule obusetyenziselwa ukuchonga iseli apho udonga lweseli lungolwalo
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchule obusetyenziswayo kwicandelo lebhayoloji ukuchonga iseli eludonga lweseli. Ezi methodi zinokubonelela ngolwazi oluphambili malunga nolwakhiwo lweeseli, ukwakheka, kunye nokusebenza. Apha ngezantsi zezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo:
Imakroskopu ekhanyayo: Le yindlela esisiseko kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuchonga iseli apho udonga lweseli lungolwalo. I-microscope yokukhanya isetyenziselwa ukujonga isampuli phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Udonga lweseli lunokungcoliswa ngedayi ezithile eziqaqambisa ubume bayo kunye neempawu. Oku kuvumela abaphandi ukuba babone ngeso lengqondo kwaye bafunde udonga lweseli kwaye baqaphele nakuphi na ukutenxa okanye izinto ezikhethekileyo ezinokunceda ukuchonga imvelaphi yayo.
I-electron microscopy: I-electron microscopy sisixhobo esinamandla esivumela ukuqonda okuneenkcukacha yesakhiwo seselula kunye namacandelo eludongeni lweseli. Ukusebenzisa umqa we-electron endaweni yokukhanya, obu buchule bunokubonelela ngesisombululo esiphezulu, imifanekiso ephezulu. Nge-electron microscopy, abaphandi banokuhlola i-ultrastructure yodonga lweseli, bachonge amacandelo ayo, kwaye baqinisekise umbutho wayo. Ukongeza, obu buchule buvumela ukubonwa kweeseli kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ophuhliso, nto leyo enika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokwakheka kunye nomsebenzi wodonga lweseli.
Uhlalutyo kunye nokuthelekiswa kweendonga zeeseli kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo
Udonga lweseli sisakhiwo esisisiseko esikhoyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, ezifana neebhaktheriya, umngundo kunye nezityalo. Ngokuhlalutya ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokuthelekiswa kweendonga zeeseli, sinokuqonda ngcono ukulungelelaniswa kunye nemisebenzi ethile abayidlalayo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Kweli nqaku siza kuphonononga iimpawu ezihlukeneyo zeendonga zeeseli kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, zigxininisa ukufana kwazo kunye nokungafani.
Izinto eziphambili ezenza iindonga zeseli yi-cellulose, i-fiber eyomeleleyo enika ukuqina kunye nenkxaso yesakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, ukubunjwa kweendonga zeeseli kuyahluka kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Kwibhaktheriya, umzekelo, udonga lweseli lwenziwe ngokuyintloko nge-peptidoglycans, indibaniselwano ye-polysaccharides kunye ne-peptides Kwelinye icala, iindonga zeeseli zomngundo zenziwe nge-chitin, into eyomeleleyo efana neselulosi kodwa inesakhiwo sekhemikhali esahlukileyo. .
Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngenkxaso yesakhiwo, iindonga zeseli nazo zineminye imisebenzi ephambili. Oku kubandakanya ukubonelela ngokhuseleko kuxinzelelo lomatshini, olufana noxinzelelo lwe-osmotic, kunye nokusebenza njengesithintelo kwi-pathogens kunye neekhemikhali eziyingozi. Kwizityalo, iindonga zeseli aziboneleli kuphela ngenkxaso yomzimba, kodwa zilawula ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lweseli. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokwandiswa kodonga lweseli kwiiseli zezityalo, ngaloo ndlela kuvumela ukukhula kubude. Isishwankathelo, iindonga zeeseli zizakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwibhayoloji kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, nangona kukho iinguqu ezithile ezilungiselelwe kwiqela ngalinye lezinto eziphilayo.
Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kunye nokusebenziseka kokuchonga iseli eludonga lweseli
Kukho usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo olusebenzayo kunye nezinto eziluncedo xa kuchongwa iseli apho lukhoyo udonga lweseli. Ngezantsi, ndiza kukhankanya ezinye zazo:
1. Izifundo ngezifo: Ukuchongwa kweseli eludonga lweseli kunokubonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo kuphononongo lwezifo. Umzekelo, ngokuchonga iiseli zomhlaza ngodonga lweeseli zabo, abaphandi banokuphuhlisa unyango oluthile olujolise ekukhuleni kunye nokusasazeka kwezi seli ziyingozi. Ukongeza, ukuchongwa kodonga lweseli kunokunceda ekubhaqweni kwangaphambili kwezifo, ukuvumela ukuxilongwa okusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nonyango.
2. Ukuphuculwa kwesityalo: Enye into esebenzayo kukuphuculwa kwezityalo. Ukuchonga iseli eludonga lweseli kwizityalo nemifuno kunokunceda amafama akhethe aze akhulise iindidi ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezifo nezinambuzane. Ngaphaya koko, ulwazi olufunyenweyo malunga neempawu zodonga lweseli lunokunceda ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokulima ezisebenzayo nezizinzileyo.
3. Inkqubela phambili kwishishini lokutya: Ukuchonga iseli olukuyo udonga lweseli nako kunokuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kushishino lokutya. Ngokomzekelo, ukuchongwa kwendonga yeeseli ze-microorganisms ezithile kunokufaka isandla ekuphuhlisweni kokutya okusebenzayo okanye kwe-biofortified, okunika uncedo olongezelelweyo lwezempilo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo udonga lweseli, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphuculwe ukuthungwa, incasa kunye nezakhiwo zesakhiwo sokutya, okukhokelela kwimveliso yokugqibela yomgangatho ophezulu kunye nokwamkelwa ngabathengi.
Iingcebiso zophando lwexesha elizayo kwinkalo yodonga lweseli
- Phonononga iindlela ezintsha zokuhlalutya: Kwinkalo yophando lwamadonga eseli, kuyimfuneko ukuqhubeka nokuphuhlisa nokuphucula iindlela zokuhlalutya ezikhoyo. Kucetyiswa ukuba ugxininise iinzame ekuphunyezweni kweendlela ezibuthathaka kunye nezichanekileyo, ezifana ne-fluorescence microscopy, i-infrared spectroscopy kunye ne-chromatography yolwelo. Ezi zixhobo ziyakusivumela ukuba sifumane umbono othe chatha wesakhiwo kunye nokwakheka kodonga lweseli.
- Uphando malunga nokusebenzisana kodonga lweseli kunye namanye amacandelo eselula: Nangona inkqubela yenziwe ekuqondeni udonga lweseli, kusekho ezininzi ezingaziwayo malunga nendlela esebenzisana ngayo namanye amacandelo eselula. Kucetyiswa ukuba kuqhutywe izifundo eziphanda ngokucokisekileyo intsebenziswano phakathi kodonga lweseli kunye neeprotheni, iilipids kunye neecarbohydrates ezikhoyo kwiseli. Oku kuya kusivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono iinkqubo zeselula apho udonga lweseli luthatha inxaxheba kunye nendima yalo ekusebenzeni kwamaselula.
- Izifundo zokuthelekisa phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli: Ayizizo zonke iiseli ezinokwakheka okufanayo okanye ukwakheka kodonga lweseli. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba kwenziwe izifundo zokuthelekisa phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ukuqonda umahluko ngokwemigaqo yokwakhiwa kodonga lweseli kunye nolwakhiwo. Oku kunokunceda ukuchonga imisebenzi emitsha kunye neepropati zodonga lweseli, kunye nokusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka kwintsimi ye-biotechnology.
Ngokulandela ezi ngcebiso, ulwazi malunga nodonga lweseli kunye nemisebenzi yalo eyahlukeneyo kwiiseli lunokwandiswa. Ukuphunyezwa kobuchule obutsha bokuhlalutya, uphando lokusebenzisana namanye amacandelo eselula kunye nezifundo zokuthelekisa phakathi kweeseli ziya kusivumela ukuba sifumane imiba emitsha yodonga lweeseli kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwibhayoloji yeseli. Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nophando kule nkalo ukuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kweenkqubo zeselula kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwiindawo ezifana neyeza kunye ne-biotechnology.
Izigqibo
Ukuqukumbela, emva kokuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kolu phononongo, ezininzi zinokukhutshwa ezibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo kwinkalo yokufunda. Ngezantsi, sidwelisa ezona zifanelekileyo:
- Ukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso esitsha sokuthengisa sibonakalise ukuba sisebenza kakhulu, silawula ukwandisa ukubonakala kophawu kunye nokutsala abaphulaphuli abatsha. Oku kubangele ukwanda okukhulu kweentengiso kwaye kubeke inkampani kwindawo yokhuphiswano ngakumbi kwimarike.
- Uhlalutyo lwedatha eqokelelweyo lubonakalise ulungelelwaniso olucacileyo phakathi kokwaneliseka kwabathengi kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Ezo mveliso zihlangabezana nemigangatho yomgangatho ophezulu zibonwa kakuhle ngabathengi, zivelisa ulwaneliseko oluphezulu kunye nokukhuthaza ukunyaniseka kwi-brand.
- Kuye kwachongwa ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kweenkqubo zangaphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle nokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza. Ukuphunyezwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi kube negalelo elikhulu kule njongo, ukuvumela inkampani ukuba ikwazi ukukhuphisana kwimeko yemarike eqhubekayo.
Ngamafutshane, olu phononongo lubonelele ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo oluxhasa uthatho lwezigqibo zeqhinga lenkampani. Ukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso sokuthengisa, umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokulungiswa kweenkqubo zangaphakathi ziintsika ezisisiseko zokuphumelela kunye nokukhula okuqhubekayo kombutho.
Iingxelo zeencwadi zolu xwebhu
Eli candelo liqulethe uluhlu lwemithombo esetyenzisiweyo ukufumana ulwazi olufanelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha ekulungiseleleni olu xwebhu. Oku kukuvumela ukuba uxhase kwaye uxhase iinkcazo kunye neengxoxo ezinikezelwe kumxholo.
Apha ngezantsi kukuqulunqwa kwemisebenzi, amanqaku kunye namaxwebhu ekudityanwe nawo:
- UGarcía Márquez, G.: Ikhulu leminyaka yokuba wedwa. 1967.
- Borges, JL: Iintsomi. 1944.
- Cervantes, M. de: UDon Quijote waseLa Mancha. 1605.
Ngokusebenzisa ezi, injongo kukuqinisekisa ubunyani nokuthembeka kwedatha ethiwe thaca kolu xwebhu, kwakunye nokuququzelela ukubonisana nokuqinisekiswa kolwazi ngabafundi abanomdla wokuphonononga nzulu kwesi sihloko. Kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa ukuba le mithombo yangaphandle icatshulwe kulandelwa imigangatho engqinelanayo yebhayibhilografi kunye neengcebiso, iqinisekisa ukungafihlisi kwizifundo ekusetyenzisweni kwezibonelelo ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Imibuzo neempendulo
Umbuzo: Yintoni iCell Wall?
Impendulo: Udonga lweseli luluhlu oluqinileyo olujikeleze iseli olubonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kunye nokukhusela.
Umbuzo: Yeyiphi iseli iCell Wall eyeyiphi?
A: Udonga lweSeli lufumaneka kwiiseli zezityalo, umngundo, ibhaktheriya kunye namanye ama-protists. Ayizizo zonke iiseli ezinodonga lweeseli, umzekelo, iiseli zezilwanyana azinalo.
Q: Nguwuphi umsebenzi odlalwa luDonga lweSeli kwiiseli?
A: Umsebenzi ophambili weCell Wall kukubonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwiiseli kwaye uzikhusele kuxinzelelo lomatshini. Ikwanceda ukugcina imilo yeeseli kwaye inqande ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.
Umbuzo: Yintoni ukwakhiwa koDonga lweSelula?
A: Ukwakhiwa kodonga lweSeli kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli. Kwiiseli zezityalo, umzekelo, iqulunqwe kakhulu yi-cellulose. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwiiseli zebhaktheriya, inokuthi yenziwe yi-peptidoglycan.
Q: Uthini umahluko phakathi kweCell Wall yeeseli zesityalo kunye neeseli zebhaktheriya?
A: Umahluko ophambili ulele ekubunjweni koDonga lweSeli. Kwiiseli zezityalo, udonga lweseli luqulunqwe ikakhulu yi-cellulose, ngelixa kwiiseli zebhaktheriya zenziwe nge-peptidoglycan. Ukongeza, udonga lweeseli zeeseli zesityalo luhlala lutyebile kwaye luqinile.
Umbuzo: Yeyiphi eminye imisebenzi olunayo iCell Wall kwiiseli zezityalo?
A: Ngaphandle kokubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokukhuselwa, i-Cell Wall kwiiseli zezityalo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso, ekusebenzisaneni nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokunxibelelana kwamaselula.
Q: Lwakhiwe njani uDonga lweSeli?
A: Udonga lweCell lwenziwa ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-cell wall synthesis. Iiseli ziyaqhubeka nokongeza izinto kudonga lweseli njengoko zikhula, zivumela iseli ukuba yande kwaye igcine imilo yayo.
Q: Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uDonga lweSeli lonakele okanye lubuthathaka?
A: Ukuba i-Cell Wall yonakele okanye ibuthathaka, iseli inokulahlekelwa yimilo kunye nolwakhiwo. Oku ingayenza yenza iseli ibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kusulelo, uxinzelelo lomatshini okanye ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.
Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi koDonga lweSeli kunye nezifo zabantu?
A: Nangona i-Cell Wall ayifumanekanga kwiiseli zomntu, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ezinye iintsholongwane ze-bacterial pathogens zinokukhupha i-toxins ezonakalisa i-Cell Wall yeeseli zomntu kwaye ibangele izifo.
Umbuzo: Loluphi uphando olwenziwayo malunga noDonga lweSeli?
A: Uphando lwenziwa ukuze kuqondwe ngcono ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokubunjwa koDonga lweSeli kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nendlela edibana ngayo namanye amacandelo eselula. Olu lwazi lunokuba nokusetyenziswa kwezolimo, ishishini lokutya kunye nonyango lwe-antimicrobial.
Ukucamngca kokugqibela
Ukuqukumbela, uphononongo lodonga lweseli kunye nobudlelwane balo kunye neeseli lubalulekile ukuqonda ulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo. Udonga lweseli lubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokukhuselwa kwiiseli, kwaye ukubunjwa kwayo kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwento ephilayo kunye nomsebenzi wayo othile.
Ukuchonga nokwahlulahlula iiseli ngokusekelwe kudonga lweeseli zazo kulucelomngeni kwizazinzulu yaye kufuna kusetyenziswe ubugcisa nezixhobo eziphambili. Ngokujonga nge-microscopic, uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali, kunye nobuchule bebhayoloji yemolekyuli, kunokumiselwa ukuba yeyiphi iseli isampulu ethile.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba udonga lweeseli aluyiyo yodwa imilinganiselo yokuhlelwa, kuba iiseli nazo ziyahluka kwezinye iinkalo ezifana nokumila kwazo, ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kunye nomsebenzi. Ngoko ke, uvandlakanyo olubanzi luyimfuneko ukuze kuchongwe ngokuchanekileyo.
Isishwankathelo, uphononongo lodonga lweeseli kunye nobudlelwane bayo neeseli lusisiseko ekuqondweni kwebhayoloji yeeseli. Ngobuchule obukhethekileyo kunye nohlalutyo, izazinzulu zinokumisela ukuba yeyiphi iseli isampuli kwaye ngaloo ndlela negalelo ekuqhubeleni phambili kwesayensi kunye nokuqonda iyantlukwano yeselula.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.