Ulwakhiwo lweSellula yeNkqubo yeNervous

Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo Yenye yezona nkqubo zinzima kwaye zinomdla kumzimba womntu, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo yonke imisebenzi yomzimba. Ukuqonda kakuhle indlela esebenza ngayo kwaye uqonde ukuba iinkqubo ezivumela ukuhanjiswa kolwazi zenziwa njani kwinkqubo uvalo, kuyimfuneko ukuphonononga kuphononongo lwe isakhiwo seseli iyayenza loo nto. Kule nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokubanzi ubume beselula benkqubo ye-nervous, sihlalutya iiseli ezahlukeneyo ezizenzayo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kunxibelelwano lwe-neuronal. Ngombono wobugcisa kunye nethoni engathathi hlangothi, siya kukhangela kumacandelo abalulekileyo kunye neempawu zenkqubo ye-nervous, sibeka isiseko sokuqonda okupheleleyo kokusebenza kwayo okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ulwakhiwo lweSellula yeNkqubo yeNervous:

Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yenye yezona nkqubo zintsonkothileyo ehlabathini. umzimba womntu. Ubume bayo beselula buqulunqwe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezikhethekileyo ezenza imisebenzi ethile ekuhanjisweni nasekuqhubeni ulwazi lwe-nervous.

Okokuqala, sifumana i-neurons, iiseli eziphambili ze-nervous system. Ezi seli zinoxanduva lokusasaza imiqondiso yombane kunye neekhemikhali kuwo wonke umzimba. IiNeurons zenziwe yamacandelo aliqela, phakathi kwabo soma okanye Umzimba weSelula, equlethe i-nucleus kunye nenani elikhulu le-organelles, kunye nezandiso ezibizwa ngokuba yi-dendrites kunye ne-axons.

Olunye uhlobo lweseli olubalulekileyo kwisakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous ziiseli ze-glial. Ezi seli zinemisebenzi yokuxhasa kunye nokukhusela iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Iiseli zeGlial ziquka i-astrocyte, ebonelela ngezondlo kunye nenkxaso yomzimba kwi-neurons, i-oligodendrocytes, eyenza i-myelin ejikeleze i-axons ukunyusa isantya sokuqhuba i-nerve, kunye ne-microglia, esebenza njengeeseli zokuzivikela kwi-nervous system.

– Intshayelelo kuLwakhiwo lweSellula yeNkqubo yeNervous

Inkqubo ye-nervous yinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo zeselula ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni komzimba womntu. Ukusuka kwingqondo ukuya kwi-peripheral nerves, inxalenye nganye yale nkqubo inomsebenzi othile onegalelo ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni imisebenzi yethu yomzimba kunye nengqondo.

Isakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous siqulunqwe ziintlobo ezininzi zeeseli ezikhethekileyo. Ezi seli ziquka i-neurons kunye neeseli zeglial. I-Neurons ziiseli eziphambili ze-nervous system kwaye zinoxanduva lokuhambisa imiqondiso yombane kunye neekhemikhali phakathi kwamalungu ahlukeneyo omzimba. Iiseli zeGlial, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinoxanduva lwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo exhasayo, njengokugcina ibhalansi yeekhemikhali kunye nokukhusela i-neurons.

Isakhiwo seselula se-nervous system sinokuhluka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kwaye senze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ebuchotsheni, iiseli zeglial zenza umaleko okhuselayo ojikeleze i-neuron, ngelixa kwi-peripheral nerves, i-neurons idityaniswe kwii-fascicles ezijikelezwe ziiseli zeglial. Ezi zakhiwo zeselula zivumela ukuhanjiswa ngokufanelekileyo kweempawu ze-nerve kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ye-nervous system isebenza ngendlela ehambelanayo nesebenzayo.

– Amacandelo asisiseko kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo

Inkqubo ye-nervous yi-complex, inethiwekhi ehlelwe kakhulu yeeseli ze-nerve ezisebenza kunye ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi imizimba yethu. Amalungu asisiseko enkqubo ye-nervous zezi:

1. IiNeurons: Ezi ziiyunithi ezisisiseko zenkqubo ye-nervous kwaye zinoxanduva lokuhambisa iimpembelelo zombane kuwo wonke umzimba. I-Neurons yenziwe ngumzimba weseli, i-dendrites kunye ne-axons, kwaye inoxanduva lokunxibelelana phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-nervous system.

2. Umnqonqo: Intambo yomgogodla yi-cylindrical structure ephuma kwingqondo ukuya kwindawo ye-lumbar yomqolo. Isebenza njengeziko lokulungisa ulwazi kwaye ikwanoxanduva lokuqhuba imiqondiso yemithambo-luvo phakathi kwengqondo kunye nomzimba wonke.

3. Ingqondo: Ingqondo liziko lolawulo kunye nolwazi lokucwangcisa kwi-nervous system. Ikwahlulwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezijongene nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, njengememori, ulwimi, ukuqonda kunye nokuhamba. Ukongeza, ingqondo ikwanoxanduva lokulawula ukuhamba kolwazi phakathi kwamalungu ahlukeneyo omzimba.

Iiseli eziphambili zenkqubo ye-nervous: i-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glia

Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yinethiwekhi entsonkothileyo yeeseli ezisebenza kunye ukusasaza nokwenza ulwazi. Iiseli eziphambili ze-nervous system zi-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glia. Ngamnye kubo udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwale nkqubo ibalulekileyo.

Ii-Neurons: Ziiseli ezikhethekileyo kwisizukulwana kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso yombane kunye neekhemikhali kwinkqubo ye-nervous. Ezi seli zinesakhiwo esikhethekileyo esizivumela ukuba ziqhube imisebenzi yayo ngokufanelekileyo. Ezinye iimpawu eziphawulekayo ze-neurons ziquka:

• Banomzimba weseli oqulethe i-nucleus, apho uninzi lwemathiriyeli yemfuza yabo ifunyanwa.
• Zinezandiso ezibizwa ngokuba zii-dendrites, ezinoxanduva lokufumana imiqondiso evela kwezinye ii-neurons okanye iiseli zoluvo emzimbeni.
• Zinolwandiso olude, olubhityileyo olubizwa ngokuba yi-axon, oluvumela ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kwemiqondiso yombane kwezinye ii-neurons, izihlunu okanye amadlala.
• Zidibanisa enye kwenye ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-synapses, apho ukuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso ukusuka kwenye i-neuron ukuya kwenye kwenzeka.

Iiseli zeGlial: Nangona i-neurons ithathwa njengeeseli eziphambili zenkqubo ye-nervous, iiseli ze-glia zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ezi seli zinenkxaso eyahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi yokukhusela kwinkqubo ye-nervous. Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zeeseli zeglia zezi:

• I-Astroglia: Ibonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kunye nesondlo kwii-neurons, ngaphezu kokuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni komqobo wegazi-ubuchopho, olawula ukuhamba kwezinto ukusuka egazini ukuya kwingqondo.
• I-Microglia: Isebenza njenge-immune system ye-nervous system, iphelisa i-microorganisms kunye neeseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezifileyo.
• I-Oligodendrocytes kunye neeseli ze-Schwann: Zivelisa kwaye zigcine i-myelin, into ekhusela i-axons ye-neurons, iququzelele ukuhanjiswa kweempembelelo zombane ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo.

-Iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi ye-neurons

I-Neurons ziiseli ezikhethekileyo eziyinxalenye yenkqubo ye-nervous kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhanjisweni kwemiqondiso yombane kunye neekhemikhali. Ezi seli zineempawu ezizodwa kunye nemisebenzi evumela ukuba benze umsebenzi wabo obalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwe-neuronal.

Phakathi kweempawu eziphambili ze-neurons zezi:

• Ubume obukhethekileyo: i-neurons ine-stellate okanye i-branched shape enezandiso ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-dendrites kunye nolwandiso oluphambili olubizwa ngokuba yi-axon.
• I-excitability yombane: Ii-Neurons ziyakwazi ukuvelisa kunye nokusasaza iimpembelelo zombane, ezaziwa njengezinto ezinokubakho, kunye ne-axon yazo.
• I-Synapses: I-Neurons idibanisa enye kwenye kunye nezinye iiseli ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-synapses, evumela ukuhanjiswa kwezibonakaliso zemichiza ezibizwa ngokuba yi-neurotransmitters.

Ngokubhekiselele kwimisebenzi yazo, ii-neurons zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni ulwazi kunye nokulawula imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yomzimba. Eminye yemisebenzi eqaphelekayo yile:

• Ulwamkelo loMqondiso: Ii-Neurons zifumana ulwazi oluvela kwimo engqongileyo okanye kwezinye ii-neuron ngokusebenzisa ii-dendrites zazo, ziguqula i-stimuli ibe yimiqondiso yombane.
• Ukudibanisa: inkqubo ye-neurons kwaye yongeza izibonakaliso ezifunyenweyo, ukugqiba ukuba ulwazi lufanele ludluliselwe kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-nervous.
• Ukuhanjiswa koMqondiso: Ii-Neurons zihambisa imiqondiso yombane eveliswe ecaleni kwe-axon yazo kwezinye ii-neurons okanye iiseli ezijoliswe kuzo ngokukhupha ii-neurotransmitters kwii-synapses.

-Iintlobo ze-neurons kunye nemibutho yazo kuthungelwano

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-neurons kwinkqubo ye-nervous, nganye ineempawu ezithile ezimisela umsebenzi wabo ngaphakathi kweenethiwekhi ze-neuronal. Le mibutho yothungelwano ivumela unxibelelwano kunye nolwazi olusengqondweni.

Eminye imizekelo iintlobo ze-neurons zezi:

• Imithambo-luvo: Banoxanduva lokufumana i-sensory stimuli evela kwindalo, njengokukhanya, isandi okanye ukuchukumisa, kunye nokudlulisela olu lwazi kwinkqubo ye-nervous central.
• Imithambo-luvo: Bahambisa izibonakaliso ukusuka kwinkqubo ye-nervous central ukuya kwimisipha kunye namalungu, ukuvumela ukuphunyezwa kweentshukumo kunye neempendulo zeemoto.
• Iineurons zombutho: Badibanisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho kwaye baququzelele ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokucubungula ulwazi, ukuvumela ukwenza izigqibo kunye nokuveliswa kweempendulo ezinzima.

Ezi neurons zilungelelaniswe zibe zithungelwano zisebenzisa unxibelelwano lwe-synaptic, olulunxibelelwano olukhethekileyo phakathi kweeseli zemithambo-luvo. Olu nxibelelwano luvumela ukuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso ye-electrochemical ukusuka kwenye i-neuron ukuya kwenye, eyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo ye-nervous. Uthungelwano lwe-Neural lunokuba zombini lwasekhaya, kunye noqhagamshelo phakathi kwee-neuron ezikufutshane, kwaye zisasazwe, kunye noqhagamshelwano kwimigama emide ebuchotsheni.

– Ukubaluleka kweeseli zeglia kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo

Iiseli zeGlial zizinto ezisisiseko kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni nasekugcinweni kwayo. Ezi seli zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enegalelo kwibhalansi kunye nokukhuselwa kwezicubu ze-neuronal. Apha ngezantsi zezinye zeziphumo eziphambili zeeseli zeglia kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo:

1. Inkxaso yolwakhiwo: Iiseli zeGlial, ezifana ne-astrocytes, zibonelela nge-scaffold exhasa i-neurons kwaye igcine kwindawo yazo efanelekileyo kwinkqubo ye-nervous. Le nkxaso yesakhiwo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kwe-neural networks kunye nokuhanjiswa ngokufanelekileyo kweempawu.

2. Ugcino lwemekobume ye-neural: Iiseli zeGlial zilawula ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nebhalansi ye-ionic ejikeleze ii-neurons. Ngokomzekelo, i-Oligodendrocytes kunye neeseli ze-Schwann, zibonelela ngomgangatho okhuselayo obizwa ngokuba yi-myelin eququzelela ukuqhutyelwa ngokukhawuleza kweempembelelo zombane kunye ne-neurons. Ukongeza, iiseli ze-glial zisusa inkunkuma ye-metabolic kunye netyhefu evela kwizicubu ze-neuronal, ngaloo ndlela inegalelo ekusebenzeni kwayo ngokufanelekileyo.

3. Iimpembelelo kwiplastiki yobuchopho: Iiseli zeGlial zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiplastikhi yengqondo, okukukwazi kwengqondo ukuguqula ubume bayo kunye nokusebenza ngokuphendula kumava. Ezi seli zinokukhupha iimolekyuli zokubonisa kunye nezinto ezikhulayo ezikhuthaza iplastiki ye-synaptic kunye nokwakhiwa koqhagamshelwano olutsha lwe-neuronal, oluyimfuneko ekufundeni nasekukhumbuleni.

-Indima yeeseli ze-glial kwinkxaso ye-neuronal kunye nokukhusela

Iiseli zeGlial, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziiseli zeglial, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni nasekukhuseleni iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Ezi seli ze-non-neuronal zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwengqondo kunye nentambo yomgogodla.

Omnye weyona misebenzi iphambili yeeseli zeglia kukubonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo. Zisebenza njenge-scaffold, zigcina iiseli ze-nerve kwindawo kwaye ziqinisekisa umbutho wazo ochanekileyo. Ukongeza, iiseli ze-glial zinceda ukwenza umqobo wegazi-ingqondo, isakhiwo esikhusela ingqondo kwizinto eziyityhefu okanye eziyingozi ezinokuyonakalisa.

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo weeseli ze-glia kukuthatha inxaxheba kwabo kwi-immune reaction ye-nervous system. Ezi seli ziyakwazi ukubona kunye nokuphelisa i-microorganisms okanye iiseli ezingaqhelekanga kwingqondo okanye kwintambo yomgogodla, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela inkqubo ye-nervous kwizifo okanye izifo ezinokwenzeka. Ukongeza, iiseli ze-glial zifihla izinto ezichasayo kwaye zikhuthaza ukulungiswa kwezicubu ezonakalisiweyo kwimeko yokulimala.

- Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glia kumsebenzi we-nervous system

Inkqubo ye-nervous yinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi kunye neguquguqukayo yokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glia ezisebenza kunye ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwengqondo kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous iyonke.

Unxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli zemithambo-luvo kunye neeseli ze-glia lubalulekile ekugqithiseni ulwazi nasekuqhubeni ulwazi kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo. I-Neurons ziiseli ezikhethekileyo kwisizukulwana kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso yombane, ngelixa iiseli ze-glia zibonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokukhusela i-neurons.

Owona msebenzi uphambili weeseli zeglia kukugcina indawo eyiyo ukuze iineurons zisebenze. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glia kubandakanya:

• Ubonelelo lwezondlo: Iiseli zeGlial zinoxanduva lokubonelela ngezondlo kunye neoksijini kwiineurons, kunye nokususa inkunkuma yemetabolism kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe ii-neurotransmitters.
• Ukugcinwa komqobo wegazi-ngqondo: Iiseli zeGlial ziyinxalenye yesithintelo segazi-ingqondo, ekhusela ingqondo kwizinto ezinobungozi kwaye ilawula ukuhamba kweeathomu phakathi kwegazi kunye nengqondo.
• Inkxaso yolwakhiwo: Iiseli zeGlial zibonelela ngenkxaso yomzimba kunye nokukhuselwa kwee-neurons, ezinceda ukugcina imilo yazo kunye nokunceda ekuvuseleleni emva kokulimala.

Isishwankathelo, intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glia zibalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwenkqubo ye-nervous. Olu nxibelelwano luvumela ukuhanjiswa kolwazi, ukunikezelwa kwezondlo kunye nokukhuselwa kwengqondo. Ukuqondwa ngcono kolu nxibelelwano kunokunceda ukuphuhlisa unyango olusebenzayo kwizifo zemithambo-luvo.

-Uphuhliso kunye nombutho wesakhiwo seselula kwinkqubo ye-nervous

Inkqubo ye-nervous yinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeeseli ezikhethekileyo ezijongene nokusebenza kunye nokudlulisa ulwazi emzimbeni. Isakhiwo sayo seselula silungelelaniswe ngokuchanekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo okuchanekileyo. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga uphuhliso kunye nombutho yesakhiwo seselula kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo.

I-embryogenesis yenkqubo ye-nervous:

Ukuqulunqwa kwenkqubo ye-nervous kuqala ngexesha lesigaba se-embryonic, xa iiseli ze-stem zihlula kwiiseli ze-nervous system. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-neurulation, iqala ngokuqulunqwa kwe-neural plate, egobileyo kwaye yenze i-neural tube. Le tyhubhu yahlulahlulwe ibe zii-vesicles ezintathu eziphambili: i-forebrain, i-midbrain, kunye ne-hindbrain. Njengoko i-embryo ikhula, ezi vesicle zisisiseko ziya kubangela ubuchopho kunye nezakhiwo zomgogodla.

Umbutho weSelula kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo:

Inkqubo ye-nervous yenziwe ikakhulu zimbini iintlobo zeeseli: i-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glial. I-Neurons ziiseli ezinoxanduva lokuhambisa kunye nokucubungula ulwazi, ngelixa iiseli ze-glial zinemisebenzi yokuxhasa kunye nokukhusela i-neurons. Ukulungelelaniswa kwezi seli kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwenkqubo ye-nervous.

Inkalo ephawulekayo kukubunjwa kwee-neuronal circuits. I-Neurons idibanisa enye kwenye ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-synapses, apho ulwazi luhanjiswa ngemiqondiso yombane kunye neekhemikhali. Olu nxibelelwano lwe-synaptic lwenza iisekethe ze-neuronal ezivumela ukuhanjiswa kunye nokulungiswa kolwazi oluvela indlela esebenzayo.

-Iplastiki kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweselula kwinkqubo ye-nervous

Kwinkqubo ye-nervous, iplastiki yeselula kunye nokulungelelaniswa ziinkqubo ezisisiseko zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nokusinda kweeseli ze-neuronal. Iplastiki yeselula ibhekisela ekukwazini kweeseli ze-nerve ukuguqula isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wabo ekuphenduleni ukuvuselela okanye ukulimala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulungelelaniswa kwamaselula kubandakanya ukukwazi ukulungelelanisa nokuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwiinguqu kwindalo.

Ezi nkqubo zeplastiki kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamaselula zibalulekile kwi-neurogenesis, ukubunjwa koqhagamshelwano lwe-synaptic, ukulungiswa kwezicubu, kunye nokubuyiselwa komsebenzi we-neuronal. Iiseli ze-nerve ziyakwazi ukuguqula i-morphology yazo, ukwakheka, kunye noqhagamshelwano lwe-synaptic ngokutshintshwa kwe-gene expression, ukwakhiwa kwee-synapses ezintsha, kunye nokupheliswa kwee-synapses ezingasetyenziswanga.

Iindlela zeselula ezibandakanyekayo kwi-neuronal plasticity kunye nokulungelelanisa ziquka i-synaptic neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, i-myelination, i-apoptosis, kunye nohlengahlengiso lwe-cortical. Ezi nkqubo zinokuphenjelelwa zizinto zangaphakathi kunye nezangaphandle, ezinje ngeehomoni, izinto zokukhula, ii-neurotransmitters, kunye nokusingqongileyo kwe-biochemical.

Ezinye izinto eziphambili zeplastiki yeselula kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwinkqubo ye-nervous ziquka:

• Umthamo wokuvuselela i-Neuronal.
• Ukulungiswa ngokutsha koqhagamshelwano lwe-synaptic.
• Uhlengahlengiso olusebenzayo lwengqondo.
• Utshintsho kwi-gene expression kunye neprotein synthesis.
• Ukulungiswa kwezicubu kunye nokubuyiselwa komsebenzi wengqondo emva kokulimala.

Isishwankathelo, iplastiki yeselula kunye nokulungelelaniswa ziinkqubo eziguquguqukayo ezivumela inkqubo ye-nervous ukuba iphendule kwaye ivumelane ne-stimuli kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ezi nkqubo ziyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni, ukusebenza kwengqondo eqhelekileyo, kunye nokubuyisela emva kokulimala. Uphononongo lweplastiki kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamaselula kwinkqubo ye-nervous kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda izifo ze-neurological kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zonyango.

-Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo seselula kwizifo zenkqubo ye-nervous

Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo seselula kwizifo zenkqubo ye-nervous zifundwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yempembelelo yazo ebalulekileyo kwimpilo kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo ye-nervous central kunye ne-peripheral. Olu tshintsho lunokudityaniswa neemeko ezahlukeneyo ze-pathological, ezifana nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokwenzakala okubuhlungu kwenkqubo ye-nervous.

Olunye lolona tshintsho luphambili lweeseli ezibonwa kwizifo zenkqubo ye-nervous yi-neuronal degeneration. Oku kuncipha kungabonakalisa njengokuncipha kobukhulu kunye nenani leeseli ze-nerve, kunye noshintsho kwi-morphology yabo kunye nokudibanisa. I-neuronal degeneration inokubangelwa iinkqubo ezinobuthi, ezifana nokuqokelela kweeprotheni ezingaqhelekanga, ukungasebenzi kwe-mitochondrial, kunye nokuvuvukala okungapheliyo.

Olunye utshintsho oluqhelekileyo kubukho beeseli zeglial ezisebenzayo, ezifana ne-astrocytes kunye ne-microglia. Ezi seli zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphenduleni ukudumba kunye nokulungiswa kwenkqubo ye-nervous, kodwa kwizifo zenkqubo ye-nervous, ukusebenza kwazo kunokuba zingapheliyo kwaye zingasebenzi. Le dysregulation ikhokelela ekukhululweni kweemolekyuli ze-pro-inflammatory ezonakalisa iiseli ze-nerve ezinempilo. Ukongezelela, ukwanda kokunyuka kweeseli ze-glial kunye nokubunjwa kwezibazi ze-glial kubonwa, okuthintela ukuvuselelwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo ye-nervous.

-Iindlela zokufunda kunye nobuchule obuphambili bokubonwa kuphando lwesakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous

Eli candelo ligxininise kwiindlela zokufunda ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchule obuphezulu bokubonwa obusetyenziswa kuphando lwesakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous. Ezi zixhobo zibalulekile ukuqonda ngcono ukusebenza kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezicubu zengqondo kwinqanaba le-microscopic. Apha ngezantsi zezona ndlela ziphambili kunye nobuchule obusetyenziswa kule ndawo yophando:

Iindlela zokufunda:

• Imakroskopu yokubona: Le ndlela ivumela ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo iisampulu kusetyenziswa ukukhanya okubonakalayo kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphononongo lwezicubu zobuchopho ezisisigxina kunye nezinebala.
• I-electron microscopy: Ngokungafaniyo ne-microscope yamehlo, obu buchule busebenzisa imiqadi ye-electron endaweni yokukhanya ukufumana imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu seeseli zemithambo-luvo kunye namalungu azo.
• Fluorescence microscopy: Le ndlela isebenzisa i-fluorescence probes ukugqamisa iindawo ezithile zomdla kwiisampuli zobuchopho, okuvumela ukuchaneka okukhulu ekufumaneni izakhiwo ezithile zeselula kunye neemolekyuli.

Ubuchule bokubonwa obukwinqanaba eliphezulu:

• Ukungcola kwe-Immunohistochemical: Le ndlela ivumela ukuchongwa kweemolekyuli ezithile kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo ngokusebenzisa izilwa-buhlungu ezizibophelela kwezi molekyuli kwaye emva koko zibonwa ngee-reagents ezivelisa umbala okanye uphawu lwe-fluorescence.
• Confocal microscopy: Obu buchwephesha busebenzisa inkqubo yokuskena ngelaser ukufumana imifanekiso enemilinganiselo emithathu enesisombululo esiphezulu seeseli zemithambo-luvo kunye namalungu azo kubunzulu obahlukeneyo bobuchopho.
• Imakroskopu enesisombululo esiphezulu: Ezi ndlela zivumela ukufumana imifanekiso kwisikali se-nanometer, ukudlula imida yesisombululo seemicroscopes eziqhelekileyo kunye nokubonelela ngolwazi olucacileyo malunga nombutho kunye nendawo echanekileyo yezakhiwo zeselula.

Ukuqukumbela, indibaniselwano yezi ndlela zokufunda kunye nobuchule obuphambili bokubonwa butshintshe intsimi yophando kwisakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous. Ezi zixhobo zivumela izazinzulu ukuba zihlolisise kwaye zihlalutye ngokweenkcukacha ubunzima kunye nomsebenzi wezicubu zengqondo, ngaloo ndlela zinegalelo ekuqondeni kwethu iindlela ezisisiseko zezifo ze-neurological kunye nokuphuhliswa konyango olutsha.

- Ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elizayo lophando kwisakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous

Ukuqhubela phambili kuphando kwisakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous:

Inkqubela phambili yamva nje kuphando kwisakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous inikeze ukuqonda okunzulu kobunzima kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo yomntu. Ukusebenzisa iindlela eziphambili zokucinga ezifana ne-fluorescence microscopy kunye ne-electron microscopy, abaphandi baye bakwazi ukuhlalutya umbutho kunye nokudibanisa kweeseli ze-nerve kwinqanaba elingazange libonwe ngaphambili.

Izicelo zexesha elizayo zolu phando zithembisa ukuguqula iinkalo ezininzi, ukusuka kwi-neuroscience ukuya kuphuhliso lonyango oluqalayo. Apha sibonisa ezinye zezona ndawo zithembisayo apho ukuqhubela phambili kwisakhiwo seselula yenkqubo ye-nervous kulindeleke ukuba ibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo:

• Izifo ze-Neurodeergenerative: Ukuqonda isakhiwo seselula kunye nokudibanisa kwingqondo kunika iimbono ezintsha zokufunda izifo ezifana ne-Alzheimer's, i-Parkinson kunye ne-multiple sclerosis. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuchongweni kweempawu zebhayoloji ezintsha kunye nokuveliswa konyango olujolise ngokukodwa ukuguqulwa kweeseli.
• Ukuhlaziywa kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu zengqondo: Ulwazi olucacileyo lwesakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous lunokunceda ekuphuhliseni izicwangciso zokuvuselela kunye nokulungisa izicubu zobuchopho ezonakalisiweyo. Oku kunokuba nezicelo kuzo zombini ukuchacha kukwenzakala okubuhlungu kunye nokubuyiselwa kwisimo sangaphambili kwizifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
• Ukudityaniswa komatshini wobuchopho: Ukuqonda ukudityaniswa kweeseli kwingqondo kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni ujongano lomatshini wobuchopho kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Ezi nkqubela zinokuvumela unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwengqondo kunye nezixhobo zangaphandle, ukuvula amathuba amatsha okunyanga ukukhubazeka, ukubuyisela ukuhamba kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi kubantu abakhubazekileyo.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Yintoni i-cell structure ye-nervous system?
Impendulo: Isakhiwo seselula se-nervous system sibhekisela ekubunjweni kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweeseli eziyingxenye yale nkqubo. Ibandakanya iiseli ezinjengee-neurons kunye neeseli zeglial.

Umbuzo: Iyintoni indima ye-neurons kwisakhiwo seselula se-nervous system?
A: I-Neurons ziiseli ezisisiseko ze-nervous system kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni imiqondiso yombane kunye neekhemikhali kuwo wonke umzimba. Banoxanduva lokwamkela, ukusetyenzwa nokuhanjiswa kolwazi.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-neurons kunye nemisebenzi yazo?
A: Kukho iindidi ezininzi ze-neuron kwinkqubo ye-nervous, kuquka i-sensory neurons, i-motor neurons, kunye ne-interneurons. I-neurons ye-sensory idlulisela ulwazi lwe-sensory kwi-system ye-nervous central, i-motor neurons ithumela izibonakaliso ukusuka kwinkqubo ye-nervous central ukuya kwimisipha kunye namadlala, kwaye i-interneurons idibanisa kwaye idlulise izibonakaliso phakathi kwezinye ii-neurons.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi iiseli ze-glial kwaye yintoni umsebenzi wazo kwinkqubo ye-nervous?
A: Iiseli zeGlial, ezaziwa ngokuba ziiseli ezixhasayo, lolunye uhlobo olubalulekileyo lweeseli kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukubonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwi-neurons, ukugcina indawo efanelekileyo yokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo ye-nervous. Bakwafaka isandla ekukhuseleni nasekulungiseni i-neurons.

Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kwesakhiwo seselula se-nervous system?
A: Isakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous ibaluleke kakhulu, njengoko imisela indlela iiseli ezilungelelanisa ngayo kunye nokunxibelelana enye kwenye. Lo mbutho uyimfuneko ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwenkqubo ye-nervous kunye nokukwazi ukulawula nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yomzimba womntu.

Umbuzo: Isakhiwo seselula se-nervous system sinxulumene njani nezifo ze-neurological?
A: Izifo ezininzi ze-neurological zihambelana nokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo seselula se-nervous system. Ngokomzekelo, kwizifo ezifana ne-Alzheimer kunye ne-Parkinson, utshintsho lubonwa kwi-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glial ezinokuchaphazela umsebenzi wazo oqhelekileyo. Uphononongo lwesakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous kubalulekile ukuqonda ezi zifo kunye nokuphuhlisa unyango olusebenzayo.

Ukuququmbela

Isishwankathelo, isakhiwo seselula senkqubo ye-nervous yintsimi yokufunda enomdla esivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono ukusebenza kunye neempawu eziphambili zenkqubo yethu ye-nervous. Ngeli nqaku, siye sahlola iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezenza le nkqubo, njenge-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glial, kunye nombutho wabo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo efana nengqondo kunye nentambo yomgogodla.

Iiseli zemithambo-luvo, kunye nezandiso zazo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-axons kunye nee-dendrites, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni nasekusetyenzweni kolwazi ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Ngaphaya koko, iiseli zeglial zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni nasekugcineni ii-neurons, kunye nokulawula imeko ye-neuronal.

Okubalulekileyo, uphononongo lolwakhiwo lweseli yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo alusincedi nje ukuba siqonde indlela umzimba wethu osebenza ngayo, kodwa lukwaneziphumo zophando kunye nophuhliso lonyango lwezifo zemithambo-luvo. Ulwazi lweempawu ezisisiseko zeeseli zemithambo-luvo kunye nombutho wazo zisivumela ukuba sijongane ngempumelelo ngakumbi nokuphazamiseka okunje nge-Alzheimer's, Parkinson's kunye ne-multiple sclerosis.

Ukuqukumbela, ulwakhiwo lweselula lwenkqubo ye-nervous sisihloko esintsonkothileyo kodwa esiyimfuneko ekuqondeni kwethu ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous iyonke. Njengoko uphando kweli candelo luqhubela phambili, kuyavuyisa ukucinga ngamathuba oluvulayo ekuphuculeni impilo. kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu.