Umjikelo weSeli kunye ne-Interface

El umjikelo weseli Yinkqubo esisiseko yophuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ubunzima kunye nezigaba ezibalulekileyo yomjikelo weseli, kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye nojongano. I-Interphase, ixesha lokuphumla kunye nokulungiswa phakathi kokuhlukana kweeseli, ivumela ukuphindaphinda kwezinto zofuzo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni eziyimfuneko ekukhuleni kweseli kunye nokusebenza. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yobugcisa kunye nethoni engathathi hlangothi, siya kuhlolisisa ukubaluleka kunye neendlela eziphambili emva komjikelezo weseli kunye ne-interphase, ukubonelela ngokuqonda okunzulu kwezi nkqubo ezibalulekileyo kwi-biology yeseli.

Intshayelelo kumjikelo weseli kunye ne-interphase

Umjikelo weseli Yinkqubo esisiseko yokukhula kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona kweeseli kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Olu lulandelelwano lwezehlo ezivumela iiseli ukuba ziphindaphinde imathiriyeli yemfuza yazo kwaye zahlulwe zibe ziiseli ezimbini zeentombi. Kulo mjikelo, iiseli zihamba ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-interphase ukuya kwi-cell division, ngokulandela umyalelo ochanekileyo kunye nokulawulwa ngeendlela zokulawula.

I-Interphase lelona nqanaba lide lomjikelo weseli, ngexesha apho kulungiselelwa ukwahlula kweeseli kwenzeka. Ngesi sigaba, iiseli zenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, iprotein synthesis, kunye nokukhula kweeseli. I-interface ihlukaniswe yaba ngama-subphase amathathu: isigaba se-G1, isigaba se-S, kunye nesigaba se-G2. Kwinqanaba le-G1, iiseli zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziqhube imisebenzi yayo rhoqo. Kwinqanaba le-S, i-DNA iyaphindaphinda, iqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi efanayo yemathiriyeli yemfuzo. Kwinqanaba le-G2, iiseli zilungiselela ukwahlula ngokudibanisa iiprotheni eziyimfuneko kwinkqubo ye-mitosis.

Ukubaluleka kokuqonda umjikelo weeseli kunye nonxibelelwano kulele kwindima yazo ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezi nkqubo zibalulekile ekukhuleni kweeseli, ukulungiswa kwezicubu, kunye nokukwazi kweeseli ukuzala ngendlela elawulwayo. ukungalingani kumjikelo weseli Inokuba nemiphumo emibi, njengokubunjwa kwamathumba kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezifo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukufunda nokuqonda iindlela ezilawula umjikelo weseli kunye ne-interphase ukufaka isandla ekuthinteleni nasekunyangelweni kwezifo ezinxulumene nokunyuka kwamaseli okungalawulwayo.

Umjikelo weseli: isishwankathelo

Umjikelo cell phone yinkqubo inzima kwaye ilawulwa kakhulu eqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda okuchanekileyo kunye nokwahlulahlula kweeseli. Ikwahlulwe kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya isigaba se-G1, isigaba se-S, isigaba se-G2 kunye nesigaba se-M Ngexesha le-G1, iseli iyakhula kwaye ilungiselele ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA. Emva koko, kwisigaba S, i-DNA iyaphindaphinda, iqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi inekopi epheleleyo yemfuza. Isigaba se-G2 sivumela iseli ukuba ilungiselele ukwahlukana kweeseli, ngelixa i-M isigaba kuxa ukwahlukana kweeseli, okubizwa ngokuba yi-mitosis, ekugqibeleni kwenzeka.

Kwinqanaba ngalinye kula, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula ziqinisekisa ukuthembeka komjikelo weseli. Ukuba iimpazamo okanye umonakalo ufunyenwe kwi-DNA, ukulungiswa okanye iindlela ze-apoptosis ziyasebenza, ukuthintela ukwanda kweeseli ezineziphene. Ngaphezu koko, imimiselo echanekileyo iyenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umjikelo weseli ugqitywe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo nefanelekileyo. Iiseli zinokuqhubela phambili okanye zime nakweliphi na inqanaba, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zemolekyuli kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.

Umjikelo weseli ukwabalulekile ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ngexesha lophuhliso lwe-embryonic, iiseli ziyahlukana ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuvelisa izicubu kunye namalungu. Nje ukuba i-organism ifikelele ekuvuthweni, umjikelo weseli uyaqhubeka nokugcina i-homeostasis kunye nokutshintsha iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezindala. Le nkqubo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuvuseleleni ngokukhawuleza izicubu, ezifana ne-epidermis kunye ne-intestinal lining.

Ukubaluleka kokulawulwa komjikelo weeseli

Ukulawulwa komjikelo weseli yinkqubo esisiseko yokuqinisekisa ukukhula okuchanekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo. Ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo, iiseli zilawula ukuba ziyahlukana nini yaye ngokukhawuleza kangakanani, ngaloo ndlela zithintela ukwanda okungalawulekiyo nokwakheka kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga.

Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba kutheni ukulawulwa komjikelo weseli Kubaluleke kakhulu ilele kwindima yayo ekuthinteleni umhlaza. Xa umjikelo weseli ungalawulwa kakuhle, iiseli zinokwahlulahlula ngokungalawulekiyo zize zibangele amathumba ayingozi. Yiyo loo nto iindlela ulawulo lomjikelo weseli Zibalulekile ukukhusela ingqibelelo yemfuza nokugcina impilo yezinto eziphilayo.

Ukongeza kwindima yayo ekuthinteleni umhlaza, ukulawulwa komjikelo weeseli nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwe-embryonic kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu ezonakalisiweyo. Ngexesha lophuhliso lwe-embryonic, ukulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo komjikelezo weseli kuvumela ukubunjwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokwahlulahlula izicubu kunye nezitho ezahlukeneyo. Ngokumalunga nokulungiswa kwezicubu, ukulawulwa komjikelezo weeseli kuqinisekisa ukuba iiseli ezonakalisiweyo zitshintshwa ngamaseli amatsha, aphilileyo, ngaloo ndlela akhuthaza ukubuyiswa nokuphulukiswa.

Izigaba zomjikelezo weseli: i-interphase kunye ne-mitosis

Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo apho iseli iyahlula kwaye ivelise kwakhona. Lo mjikelo wenziwe zizigaba ezibini eziphambili: i-interphase kunye ne-mitosis. Ngasinye kwezi zigaba sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcinweni nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi.

Ujongano: Yeyona nqanaba elide lomjikelo weseli kwaye lihlulwe libe ngamanqanaba amathathu: G1, S kunye neG2. Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli ilungiselela ukwahlula kwaye iqhube imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-metabolic. Ezi zigaba zibonakaliswa ngezi nkqubo zilandelayo:

• I-G1 (isigaba sokukhula 1): Iseli yandisa ubungakanani bayo kwaye idibanise iiprotheni eziyimfuneko kwi-DNA yokuphindaphinda.
• S (isigaba se-synthesis): Ngeli nqanaba, imathiriyeli yemfuza yeseli, oko kukuthi, i-DNA, iyaphindwa.
• I-G2 (isigaba sokukhula sesi-2): Iseli iyaqhubeka ikhula kwaye ilungiselela imitosis.

I-Mitosis: Sisigaba sokwahlulwa kweeseli apho iseli yoomama ihlukana ibe ziiseli zentombi ezimbini ezifanayo ngokwemfuza. Esi sigaba senziwe ngamanqanaba amane: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase kunye ne-telophase. Ngexesha le-mitosis, ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwezinto zofuzo kunye nokwahlulwa kwe-cytoplasm kwenzeka. Inqanaba ngalinye le-mitosis libonakaliswa zezi ziganeko zilandelayo:

• Iprophase: Iichromosomes ziyajiya kwaye zibonakale. Iifom zemitotic spindle kunye nezakhiwo zenyukliya ziyanyamalala.
• I-Metaphase: Iichromosomes zilungelelaniswa kwipleyiti ye-ikhweyitha kwaye zincamathele kwi-mitotic spindle nge-centromeres yazo.
• I-Anaphase: I-Centromeres yahlula kwaye i-chromosomes yodade iyahlukana, ihambela kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli.
• I-Telophase: Iichromosomes zifikelela kwiipali zeseli kwaye ziyancipha. Iinuclei ezimbini zeentombi zenziwe kwaye i-cytoplasm yahlula nge-cytokinesis.

Isishwankathelo, umjikelo weseli ubandakanya izigaba ze-interphase kunye ne-mitosis. Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli ilungiselela ukwahlula kwaye iqhube ukukhula kunye neenkqubo zokuphindaphinda i-DNA. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-mitosis sisigaba sokuhlukana kweeseli ngokwayo, apho ukuhanjiswa kwezinto zofuzo kunye nokwakheka kweeseli ezimbini zeentombi kwenzeka. Ezi zigaba zenzeka ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo nelawulwayo ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso oluchanekileyo kunye nokusebenza okuchanekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo.

I-Interphase: inqanaba elibalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli

Kumjikelo weseli, i-interphase linqanaba elibalulekileyo apho iseli ilungiselela ukwahlulahlula. Eli xesha libandakanya izigaba ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: isigaba se-G1, isigaba se-S kunye nesigaba se-G2. Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli ifumana inkqubo enzulu yokukhula, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kunye nokulungiselela isigaba esilandelayo, i-mitosis.

Isigaba sokuqala se-interphase sisigaba se-G1, apho iseli ikhula kwaye yenze imisebenzi yayo eqhelekileyo. Ngeli nqanaba, i-enzymes kunye neeprotheni eziyimfuneko zokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwisigaba se-S ziphinde ziqinisekiswe ukuba iimeko zifanelekile ukuqhubela phambili komjikelo weseli, ukuvavanya izinto ezifana nokufumaneka kwezondlo kunye nesimo sokulungiswa kwe-DNA. Kwimeko apho iseli ayihlangabezani neemfuno, inokungena kwixesha lokuphumla elibizwa ngokuba sisigaba se-G0.

Isigaba sesibini se-interphase sisigaba S, i-synthesis, apho ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka. Ngeli nqanaba, imathiriyeli yemfuzo iyaphindwa kwaye ichromosome yodade yenziwa. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi epheleleyo nechanekileyo yeDNA. Ngaphezu koko, ngexesha le-S isigaba, ingqibelelo ye-DNA isoloko ibekwe esweni, kuba nayiphi na impazamo ekuphindaphindeni ingaba nemiphumo emibi kwimpilo yeseli kunye ne-organism jikelele. Ukunyaniseka kokuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA kubalulekile ekugqithiseni okuchanekileyo kolwazi lwemfuzo!

Ukulungiselela ulwahlulo lweeseli kwi-interphase

Linqanaba elibalulekileyo kumjikelo weeseli. Ngesi sigaba, iseli idlula kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kweeseli ngempumelelo. Okulandelayo, imiba emithathu esisiseko yolungiselelo kujongano iya kuchazwa nzulu:

1. Ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA: Ukwenziwa kwe-DNA kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi epheleleyo yezinto zofuzo. Ngexesha le-interphase, imolekyuli ye-DNA iphinda-phinda ibe yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yichromosome. Oku kuphindaphindwa ngokuchanekileyo nangokucokisekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba ikhromozomi nganye iphinda umxholo wayo wemfuza ngaphandle kweempazamo. Le nkqubo ibalulekile kwilifa elifanelekileyo lemfuza kunye nokusasazwa okuchanekileyo kolwazi lwemfuza ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye.

2. Umjikelo weseli kunye nolawulo lwe-checkpoint G1: I-Interphase ihlukaniswe ngama-subphase amathathu: G1, S kunye ne-G2. Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iseli ilungiselela ngokusebenzayo ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-biochemical kunye ne-molecular. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiseli zahlula ngokuchanekileyo, i-checkpoint isekwe kwinqanaba le-G1. Le ndawo yokuhlola ijonga ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo zilungile, ingaba i-DNA yonakele, okanye ingaba amandla aneleyo akhoyo ukuxhasa ukwahlukana kweeseli. Ukuba zonke iimeko zilungile, iseli iqhubela phambili kwisigaba S kwaye iqhubeke nomjikelo weseli.

3. Ukulungiswa kwezixhobo zemitotic: Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli ilungiselela inkqubo yokwahlula ebizwa ngokuba yi-mitosis. Ngethuba lesigaba se-G2, ukuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni eziyimfuneko ekwenziweni kwe-mitotic spindle kwenzeka, isakhiwo esinoxanduva lokwahlula okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes kwiiseli zentombi. Ukongezelela, ukuphindaphinda kwe-centrosomes, i-organelles ethatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kwe-mitotic spindle, kwenzeka. Ezi ziganeko ziqinisekisa ukuba, xa iseli ingena kwisigaba sokwahlula, inazo zonke iinxalenye eziyimfuneko kulwahlulo olufanelekileyo lwechromosome kunye nokwakheka kweeseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo ngokwemfuza.

Isishwankathelo, yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ebandakanya ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, ulawulo lomjikelo weeseli, kunye nokulungiswa kwezixhobo zemitotic. Ezi ziganeko zibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukwahlulahlula kweeseli ngempumelelo kunye nelifa elichanekileyo lolwazi lwemfuzo. Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu kwaye elawulwayo eqinisekisa ukuba iiseli zahlula ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ukuthembeka kwezinto zofuzo zigcinwa.

I-G1: Isigaba sokukhula kunye nokulungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA

S: Isigaba se-DNA synthesis kwi-interface

Inqanaba le-DNA synthesis, elikwabizwa ngokuba yi-DNA replication, sisigaba esibalulekileyo kumjikelo weeseli owenzeka ngexesha le-interphase. Ebudeni bale nkqubo, imolekyuli yeDNA iyaphindwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi echanekileyo yolwazi lwemfuza. I-DNA synthesis yenzeke kwizigaba ezintathu eziphambili: ukukhulula i-helix ephindwe kabini, ukubunjwa kwefoloko yokuphindaphinda, kunye nokudibanisa amaqhekeza amatsha e-DNA.

Isinyathelo sokuqala kwi-DNA synthesis kukukhulula i-helix ephindwe kabini. Oku kuphunyezwa ngenxa yesenzo se-enzyme ye-helicase, eyaphula i-hydrogen bond phakathi kweziseko zenitrogen kwaye yahlula imisonto emibini encedisanayo ye-DNA. Njengoko uphindaphindo luqhubela phambili, amaqamza amancinci angaphumliyo ahamba ecaleni kwemolekyuli yeDNA, esenza iindawo ezininzi zokuqalisa kwiDNA entsha.

Nje ukuba i-helix ephindwe kabini ikhutshwe, ifolokhwe yokuphindaphinda yenziwa. Ifolokhwe yokuphindaphinda sisakhiwo esimilo ka-Y esenza kwindawo yokuqala yokuphindaphinda. Kule sakhiwo, zombini i-strand ehamba phambili kunye ne-lagging strand ikhona. I-strand ehamba phambili idityaniswe ngokuqhubekayo kwicala le-hairpin, ngelixa i-strand ye-lagging idityaniswe ngokuqhubekayo kwiinqununu ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba ngamaqhekeza e-Okazaki.

Ukwenziwa kwamaqhekeza amatsha eDNA kuqhutywa ngesenzo se-enzyme DNA polymerase. Le enzyme isebenzisa umsonto ngamnye we-DNA ukuze idibanise amaqhekeza amatsha eDNA ahambisana naloo misonto yantlandlolo. Njengoko i-polymerase ye-DNA ihamba kunye ne-template strand, i-nucleotides ehambelanayo yongezwa kwizinto ezivezwe kwi-strand nganye, ngaloo ndlela zenza i-DNA strand entsha. Ekupheleni kokuhlanganiswa kweengceba ze-Okazaki, iziqwenga zitywinwe yi-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-ligase, ekhokelela kwii-molecule ze-DNA ezimbini ezifanayo kunye nezipheleleyo.

Isigaba se-DNA synthesis kwi-interphase yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu kwaye iyimfuneko ekusebenzeni okufanelekileyo kwamaselula. Ndiyabulela kwesi sigaba, iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi echanekileyo ye-genome yasekuqaleni, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuzinza kwemfuza kunye nokukwazi ukusasaza ulwazi lwemfuza ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye. Ulwazi oluthe kratya lweendlela ezibandakanyekayo kwi-DNA synthesis lunokwenzeka ngenxa yophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe, ityhila ubunzima kunye nokuchaneka kwale nkqubo isisiseko kwibhayoloji yeeseli.

G2: Ukulungiselela ulwahlulo lweeseli kwi-interphase

Kwinqanaba Umjikelo weseli we-G2, iseli ngenkuthalo ilungiselela ulwahlulo lweeseli oluya kwenzeka kwisigaba esilandelayo, imitosis. Ngeli nqanaba, uchungechunge lweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo kunye neziganeko zenzeke eziqinisekisa ukuba iseli ilungele ukwahlula ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo. Ezi ziganeko ziquka ukuphindaphindwa kokugqibela kwe-DNA, ukukhula, kunye nokuqokelela amandla.

Omnye wemiba ephambili yokulungiselela kwisigaba se-G2 kukuphindaphindwa kokugqibela kwemathiriyeli yemfuzo. Ngexesha le-interphase yangaphambili (i-S isigaba), i-DNA iyaphindwa kwaye ikopi efanayo yechromosome nganye iyadityaniswa. Kwinqanaba le-G2, naziphi na iimpazamo kuphindaphindo lwe-DNA ziyajongwa kwaye zilungiswe ukuze kugwenywe ukuguquguquka kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwemfuza. Le nkqubo yaziwa njengolawulo lomgangatho weDNA.

Ngaphezu koko, kwisigaba se-G2, iseli ikhula ngakumbi kwaye iqokelela amandla ayimfuneko ekuhlukaneni kweeseli. Ngeli nqanaba, iamolekyu ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-organelles ziyaxutywa kwaye ziqokelele, njenge-microtubules kunye neeprotheni, eziya kuba yimfuneko ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kwe-mitotic spindle kwisigaba se-mitosis. La malungu abalulekile kukwahlulwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokusasazwa kweechromosomes kwiiseli zeentombi.

Ukubaluleka kokuphunyezwa okuchanekileyo kojongano

Ukwenziwa okuchanekileyo kojongano kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo okanye isoftwe. I-interface eyilwe kakuhle kwaye iphunyezwe ngokuchanekileyo iphucula amava omsebenzisi, iququzelele ukuhamba kunye nokusebenzisana neprogram.

Enye yeenzuzo zokwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kojongano kukuncitshiswa kweempazamo kunye nokudideka kwicala lomsebenzisi. Ngokuba nojongano olucacileyo nolufutshane, amathuba okwenza iimpazamo xa ukhetha iinketho okanye ukwenza izenzo ziyancitshiswa. Ngaphezu koko, uyilo olufanelekileyo lwezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nokulungelelaniswa okunengqiqo kwamaqhosha kunye neemenyu kuvumela umsebenzisi ukuba afumane ngokukhawuleza oko akufunayo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuchofoza kaninzi okanye ukukhangela okungadingekile.

Ukwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kojongano nako kunempembelelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle komsebenzisi kunye nemveliso. Xa ujongano luphunyeziwe olulungelelanisa iimfuno zomsebenzisi kwaye luququzelele ukuhamba komsebenzi wabo, imisebenzi ihlengahlengiswa kwaye amaxesha okuphendula ayancitshiswa. Oku kuguqulela kwi-a ukusebenza kakuhle okukhulu kunye nemveliso ekulawuleni inkqubo okanye isoftwe.

• Ujongano oluyilwe kakuhle nolwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo:
• Mejora la experiencia del usuario.
• Ukunciphisa iimpazamo kunye nokudideka.
• Yandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nemveliso.

Ukuqukumbela, ukuphunyezwa okuchanekileyo kojongano kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo okanye isoftwe. I-interface eyilwe kakuhle kwaye iphunyezwe ngokuchanekileyo iphucula amava omsebenzisi, inciphisa iimpazamo kunye nokudideka, kwaye yandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nemveliso. Ukufezekisa ukuphunyezwa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-interface, kubalulekile ukuba neqela lophuhliso elinolwazi lobugcisa kunye namava kuyilo lwe-interface olulandela ukusebenziseka kakuhle kunye namava omsebenzisi.

Ulawulo kunye nolawulo lwe-interface kumjikelo weseli

Kumjikelo weeseli, ukulawulwa kunye nolawulo lwe-interface idlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwahlulo oluchanekileyo kunye nokuphindaphinda imathiriyeli yemfuzo. Ngexesha le-interphase, elibandakanya izigaba ze-G1, i-S kunye ne-G2, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo zenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunyaniseka kwe-DNA kunye nokulungiswa kweseli kwisigaba esilandelayo somjikelezo weseli.

Ukulawulwa kwe-interface yenziwa ngokulandelelana kweendlela zokulawula ezilungelelanisiweyo. Omnye wabalawuli abaphambili yinkimbinkimbi yeeprotheyini ezixhomekeke kwi-cyclin (Cdks), ezisebenza njengeenguqu ze-molecular ukulawula iindawo zokuhlola ezahlukeneyo kwi-cell cycle. Ezi Cdks zenziwa zisebenze kwaye zivaliwe ngokuzibophelela kwii-cyclins ezithile ngamaxesha abalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli.

Ngaphezu koko, ukulawulwa kwe-interphase kukwabandakanya ukubeka iliso kwizinto zangaphandle ezinokuchaphazela iseli, ezifana noxinzelelo lweselula okanye umonakalo weDNA. Iindlela zokulungisa i-DNA, ezifana nokulungiswa kwe-base excision kunye ne-non-homologous end joining fix, qinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umonakalo uyalungiswa ngaphambi kokuba udlulele kwisigaba esilandelayo. Ngokufanayo, ukufumanisa ubude be-telomeres, izakhiwo ezikhuselayo ekupheleni kweechromosomes, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukwahlukana okufanelekileyo kweeseli kunye nokuthintela ukwanda kweeseli okungalawulwayo.

Utshintsho lwesinxibelelanisi kunye neempembelelo zabo

Ukuguqulwa kwe-Interphase ziziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha lomjikelo weseli kwaye zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo yeselula. Olu tshintsho lunokubonakala ngokujongwa ngemicroscope yeeseli ezahlulayo.

Enye yeenguqu eziphambili ze-interphase kubukho be-microtubules engalungelelananga, echaphazela kakubi ukuhlukana okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes ngexesha lokuhlukana kweeseli. Oku kungasebenzi kungakhokelela ekwakhekeni kweeseli zentombi ezineziphako zechromosomal, ezinokuthi zibangele izifo zemfuzo okanye umhlaza.

Enye intsingiselo ebalulekileyo yokuguqulwa kwe-interface kukuphazamiseka kwi-synthesis yeeprotheni ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kweselula. Ngexesha le-interphase, iiseli zilungiselela isigaba sokwahlula kwaye oku kubandakanya ukuveliswa kweeprotheni ezahlukeneyo eziqinisekisa ukwahlula okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes. Ukuba ezi proteni azidityaniswanga ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yotshintsho, ukukwazi kweseli ukwahlula nokuzala ngokusempilweni kuyachaphazeleka.

I-interface njengento ekujoliswe kuyo kunyango lwe-antitumor

I-interphase yomjikelezo weseli yinqanaba elibalulekileyo elibonisa amandla amakhulu njengento ekujoliswe kuyo kunyango lwe-antitumor. Ngeli xesha, iiseli zilungiselela ukwahlukana kunye neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemical kunye ne-molecular zenzeka. Ukulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwenguqu ukuya kunye nokusuka kwi-interphase kubalulekile ukugcina ingqibelelo ye-genomic kunye nokuthintela ukwanda okungalawulwayo kweeseli zethumba.

Isicwangciso esithembisayo sonyango kukujolisa kwiindlela ezithile zeemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo lwe-interphase. Ngokuqonda indlela iziganeko ze-molekyuli ziqalwa kwaye zilungelelaniswe ngayo ngeli nqanaba lomjikelo weeseli, izazinzulu zinokuyila unyango oluchaphazela ngokukhethiweyo iiseli zomhlaza, ukunciphisa iziphumo ezibi kwiiseli ezisempilweni. Ezinye iithagethi zonyango ezinokubakho kwi-interface ziquka:

• Ukuvinjelwa kweeprotheyini eziphambili zeprotheyini: Iprotein kinases ziyi-enzymes ezibalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukwanda kweeseli. Ngokuthintela ngokukhethekileyo i-kinases ebandakanyekayo kwinkqubela phambili ye-interphase, umjikelo weseli unokubanjwa kwiiseli ze-tumor.
• Ukumodareyithwa kokulungiswa kweDNA: I-Interphase lixesha elibalulekileyo lokulungiswa komonakalo weDNA. Iziyobisi eziphazamisana neendlela zokulungisa i-DNA zinokunyusa ukubakho kweeseli zomhlaza ukufa kweeseli icwangcisiwe.

Isishwankathelo, i-interface ye-cell cycle interface ibonisa amathuba amaninzi okuphuhliswa konyango olusebenzayo kunye nolukhethekileyo lwe-antitumor. Ukuqonda iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zeemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo kweli nqanaba libalulekileyo lomjikelo weseli kubalulekile ukuyila iindlela ezintsha zonyango ezinokunqanda ngokukhetha okanye ukulibazisa ukwanda kweeseli zethumba.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Buza:
Yintoni umjikelo weseli kwaye yintoni indima odlalayo kubomi beseli?

Impendulo:
Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo ethi iiseli zidlule kuyo kwaye iqulathe izigaba ezahlukeneyo, apho ukuphinda-phindwa kwemathiriyeli yemfuza kunye nokwahlulwa kweeseli okulandelayo kwenzeka. Lo mjikelo ubalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezinto eziphilayo.

Buza:
Zeziphi izigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo weseli?

Impendulo:
Umjikelo weseli wahlulwe waba zizigaba ezithathu eziphambili: interphase, mitosis kunye cytokinesis. Isigaba se-interphase sibandakanya ii-subphase ezintathu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-G1, S, kunye ne-G2, apho iseli ikhula kwaye ilungiselele ukwahlula. Isigaba se-mitosis kulapho kwenzeka khona ukwahlulwa kweechromosome eziphindiweyo kunye nokwakheka kweeseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo. Ekugqibeleni, i-cytokinesis linqanaba apho ukwahlukana kweeseli kuphelile kwaye iiseli ezimbini zeentombi zahluke ngokupheleleyo.

Buza:
Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha lesigaba sojongano?

Impendulo:
Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli idlula ixesha lokukhula kunye nokulungiselela ukwahlukana. Kwi-subphase ye-G1, iseli iyakhula kwaye yenze imisebenzi yayo eqhelekileyo ye-metabolic. Kwi-subphase ye-S, i-DNA iphinda iphindwe kwaye izinto eziyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokwahlula zenziwe. Ekugqibeleni, kwi-subphase ye-G2, i-centrosomes ilungiselelwe kwaye ukuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni eziyimfuneko kwi-mitosis kwenzeka.

Buza:
Yintoni ukubaluleka kwesigaba se-mitosis?

Impendulo:
Isigaba se-mitosis sibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukwahlulwa okuchanekileyo kweechromosome eziphindiweyo kwiiseli zeentombi. Ngesi sigaba, imathiriyeli yemfuza yahlulwe ngokulinganayo kwaye isasazwe kwiseli nganye yentombi, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ilifa elichanekileyo lemfuzo kunye nokuthembeka kwazo zombini iinuclei.

Buza:
Yintoni umsebenzi we-cytokinesis?

Impendulo:
I-Cytokinesis linyathelo lokugqibela kumjikelezo weseli, apho i-nuclei ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zahlula ngokuqinisekileyo kwiiseli ezimbini zeentombi ezizimeleyo. Ngeli nqanaba, ulwahlulo lwe-cytoplasm luyenzeka kwaye iiseli zeseli eziya kuthi zihlukanise iiseli zentombi entsha zenziwe, zivumela ukuba zisebenze ngokuzimeleyo.

Buza:
Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umjikelo weseli awuqhutywanga ngokuchanekileyo?

Impendulo:
Ukuba umjikelo weseli awuqhutywanga ngokuchanekileyo, zininzi iziphumo ezibi ezinokwenzeka. Umzekelo, ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA enesiphene kunokukhokelela kwiimpazamo zofuzo kwiiseli zeentombi kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukubunjwa kwamathumba omhlaza. Ngaphezu koko, iimpazamo kulwahlulo lweeseli zingakhokelela kuphuhliso kunye neengxaki zokukhula kwizinto eziphilayo.

Buza:
Ziziphi izinto ezilawula nokulawula umjikelo weeseli?

Impendulo:
Umjikelo weseli ulawulwa ngokuqinileyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zeselula. Ezi ndlela ziquka isenzo seeprotheni ezilawulayo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cyclin kunye ne-cyclin-dependent kinases, kunye nokufumanisa umonakalo we-DNA kunye nobukho bezinto zokukhula. Ezi zinto kunye neenkqubo zisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba umjikelo weeseli wenziwa ngokufanelekileyo nangexesha elifanelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Isishwankathelo, umjikelo weseli kunye ne-interphase ziinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezisisiseko sokukhula, uphuhliso kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngexesha le-interphase, iseli ilungiselela ukwahlula ngokudibanisa i-DNA, ukuphindaphinda i-organelles, kunye nokukhula ngobukhulu. Umjikelo weseli ke uqhubela phambili ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo zokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli, uqinisekisa ukwahlulwa okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes kunye nokusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwemathiriyeli yemfuza kwiiseli zentombi.

Okubalulekileyo, umjikelezo weseli kunye ne-interphase zilawulwa kakuhle yinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeendlela zokulawula, eziqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwe-genome kunye nokuthintela ukubunjwa kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile kuphando kunye nonyango lwezifo ezinxulumene nokuqhekeka kweeseli ezingalawulwayo, ezinjengomhlaza.

Ukuqukumbela, uphononongo lomjikelo weeseli kunye ne-interphase lusinika umbono ocacileyo weendlela ezilawula ubomi ngokwabo. Ukuqonda kwakho kunye nokukhohlisa isinika ukuba nokwenzeka kokungenelela kwiinkqubo eziphambili zebhayoloji, ezineempembelelo ezithembisayo zombini kwezonyango njengakwibiotechnology. Njengoko sisenza nzulu ulwazi lwethu ngezi nkqubo, silinyathelo elinye elikufutshane ekutyhileni iimfihlelo zophuhliso kunye nokuphila kwezinto eziphilayo.