Yintoni omawuyenze ukuba iWindows yabela i-APIPA IP (169.xxx): oonobangela bokwenyani kunye nesisombululo esiqinisekileyo

Xa isixhobo sakho sibonakala sinedilesi ye-169.254.xx kwaye inethwekhi ibonisa isilumkiso esilinganiselweyo soqhagamshelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba i-APIPA idilesi ngokuzenzekelayo isebenze. Lo matshini unika i IP yendawo kaxakeka xa iDHCP falla, ivumela unxibelelwano oluthile kwinethiwekhi yomzimba efanayo kodwa ngaphandle kokufikelela kwezinye iinethiwekhi.

Kwiindawo zasekhaya kunye neenkampani, ngumxholo ophindaphindiweyo: amakhadi kwi-DHCP angayifumani impendulo kwaye awela kwi-APIPA, ii-laptops ezidibanisa nge-Wi-Fi ngaphandle kwe-intanethi, okanye iiseva ezithi, ngenxa yengxaki ethile, ziyeke ukuhlaziya ukuqeshisa kwazo. Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni i-APIPA, isebenza njani, kunye nendlela yokuyikhubaza okanye ukuyixilonga Kuya kukugcina ixesha kunye neentloko.

Yintoni i-APIPA kwaye yenzelwe ntoni?

APIPA (Idilesi ye-IP yaBucala ngokuzenzekela) yi IPv4 isici esilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo i-interface enedilesi evela kwi-block ye-169.254.0.0/16 ukuba akukho mncedisi we-DHCP okhoyo. Inika kuphela idilesi ye-IP kunye nemaski 255.255.0.0, ngaphandle kwesango okanye i-DNS, ngoko ke ivumela unxibelelwano lwendawo phakathi kwezixhobo ezikwicandelo elifanayo kwaye akukho nto iyenye.

Esi sithuba sigcinwe yi-IANA yeedilesi zekhonkco-zendawo ngokwe-RFC 3927, kwaye iwela ngaphakathi kwendawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-link-local ranges. Ngokusebenza, i-APIPA igcina inethiwekhi "iphila" kwinqanaba lendawo. xa kungekho lungelelwaniso lusebenzayo, kodwa aluhambiseki okanye lulungele ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi.

Kubalulekile ukumisela imithetho: i RFC 3330 (kamva ithathelwe indawo yi-RFC 5735) kunye ne-RFC 3927 ichaza ukusetyenziswa kwezi dilesi. Uluhlu olusebenzisekayo kwiikhompyuter luhlala lusuka kwi-169.254.1.0 ukuya ku-169.254.254.255, ezishiya zombini iziphelo zigciniwe (169.254.0.x kunye 169.254.255.x) kwaye usebenzisa i-169.254.255.255 njengosasazo.

Isebenza njani i-APIPA ngokweenkcukacha

Xa i-interface ikwi-DHCP kwaye ayifumani mpendulo, inkqubo yenza i-APIPA isebenze. Umxhasi uthumela ii-DHCPDISCOVER ezininzi ekuqaleni; inkcazo eqhelekileyo kukuba yenza izicelo ze-3 okanye ezi-4 kwimizuzwana embalwa kwaye, ukuba akukho mpendulo, iqalisa ikhonkco-local autoconfiguration.

Ngethuba lokucwangcisa ngokuzenzekelayo, ifowuni ikhetha idilesi ye-IP ye-pseudo-random ngaphakathi koluhlu oluvunyelweyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ayisebenzi ngokusebenzisa i-probes (i-ARP okanye i-sasazo) ngaphambi kokuyicwangcisa. Ukuba ibhaqa impixano, izama enye idilesi ukuya kuthi ga kwinani eliphezulu lokuzama.; ezinye izicatshulwa zichaza ukuya kuthi ga kwimizamo ye-10 ngaphambi kokunikezela ukuba ungquzulwano luyaqhubeka.

Nje ukuba yabelwe, umxhasi uyaqhubeka nokukhangela iseva yeDHCP ngamaxesha athile. Kwi-Windows, umzekelo, izicelo ze-DHCP zizanywa kwakhona malunga nemizuzu emi-5.Ukuba umncedisi uyavela, i-TCP/IP stack ithatha indawo ye-APIPA IP ngesivumelwano esisebenzayo.

I-APIPA isebenza kuphela kwi-IPv4; I-Stateless Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) isetyenziswa kwi-IPv6, echazwe kwi-RFC 2462 (ngoku ihlaziywe yi-RFC 4862), ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye needilesi zekhonkco-zendawo ezifakwe kuqala nge-fe80::/10.

APIPA kwiWindows: ukuziphatha kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo

Kwiisistim zeWindows zangoku, i-APIPA yenziwe ngokungagqibekanga. Xa ungafumani i-DHCP, i-stack iyazabela kwaye ngamaxesha athile izama ukuphinda ifumane isivumelwano sokuqeshisa.Ukongeza, imbonakalo yemidiya yemidiya ikhawulezisa ukuzama kwakhona xa uqhagamshelo lubuya.

Kwiinguqulelo ezindala ezifana ne-Windows 98, i-Media Sense yayingekho, enokulibazisa uxhulumaniso kwakhona emva kokuphazamiseka komzimba. IWindows 2000, XP, 7, 10 kwaye kamva ibandakanya iMedia Sense kunye nezinye izinto ezincedisayo ezifana ne-ICMP Router Discovery okanye i-RIP yokuphulaphula ukuphucula umxholo wenethiwekhi.

Olunye usetyenziso lweWindows luvelisa i-APIPA IP ngokurhashaza idilesi ye-MAC yojongano, ukufuna uzinzo emva kokuqaliswa ngokutsha kunye nokunciphisa ukubakho kophindaphindo (usoloko ujongisisa impixano ngaphambili).

Ungazi njani ukuba uku-APIPA

Kwi-Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003 kwaye kamva, vula i-prompt yomyalelo kwaye uqhube: ipconfig / konke ukuphonononga ibhloko yoqwalaselo oluzenzekelayoUkuba uqwalaselo oluzenzekelayo luvuliwe kwaye i-IP yi-169.254.xy ngemaski 255.255.0.0, uku-APIPA.

Kuhlelo oludala lweWindows (Windows 98, Windows Me), into eluncedo yewinipcfg ikuvumela ukuba ubone ukuba idilesi ikhona phakathi kwe-169.254.xx phantsi kweleyibhile yoqwalaselo oluzenzekelayo. Ukubona le IP kubonisa ukuba akukho ngqeshiso ye-DHCP ekhoyo.

Khubaza okanye uvule i-APIPA kwiWindows

I-APIPA inokukhubazeka, ukugcina okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-DHCP kuxhomekeke kwimeko. Oku kwenziwa ngokuhlela iRegistry yeWindows, iyatshintsha indlela ngokuxhomekeke kuguqulelo lwesixokelelwano.

• Kwi-Windows 98/Me: yongeza ingeniso ye-DWORD 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' ngexabiso 0x0 ukuya: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\DHCP.
• Kwi-Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003: yongeza 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' (DWORD 0x0) phantsi kojongano oluthile: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<GUID_del_adaptador>.
• Kwiinguqulelo ezintsha (Windows 7/ 8/10/11), uya kubona kwakhona iimbekiselo kwi-TCP/IP yeparameter yehlabathi esongayo: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters. Khumbula ukuba ixabiso le-1 lenza i-APIPA kwaye i-0 iyayikhubaza.

Emva kokutshintsha iRejistri, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uqalise ngokutsha ukuze useto lusebenze. Gcina irejista yakho ngaphambi kokuba uchukumise nantoni na., ngakumbi kwizixhobo ezibalulekileyo.

Iimeko eziqhelekileyo apho i-APIPA ivela khona

Qalisa ngaphandle kokuqeshisa kwangaphambili kwaye ngaphandle kwe-DHCP: iibhutsi zomthengi, zikhupha imiyalezo emininzi yokufumanisa (3 okanye ngaphezulu) kwaye, Ukuba akukho mpendulo, izabela iklasi B IP ngaphakathi 169.254/16. Qhubeka uzame kwakhona ngamaxesha athile.

Ngokuqeshisa kwangaphambili kwaye ngaphandle kwe-DHCP: isixhobo sivotela isango elingagqibekanga; Ukuba iyaphendula, gcina i-IP endalaUkuba akukho mpendulo okanye akukho sango lilungiselelwe, i-APIPA ivuliwe kwaye iimpazamo zixelwa kumsebenzisi.

Ukuqeshisa kuphelelwe lixesha kwaye akukho DHCP: umthengi uzama ukuhlaziya; Ukuba ayifumani umncedisi, ibuyela kwi-APIPA, ithumela ubhaqo oluninzi kwaye iphinda umjikelo rhoqo kwimizuzu embalwa de umncedisi abuyele kwi-intanethi.

Ukuxilongwa ngokukhawuleza xa ubona 169.254.xx

Qala ngezinto ezisisiseko: khangela iintambo, iikhonkco, isimo se-router okanye utshintshe, kunye nenkonzo ye-DHCP yesixhobo esinikezela ngayo (ekhaya, ngokuqhelekileyo i-router). Ukuqalisa kwakhona okulawulwayo kwe-router kunye ne-interface yenethiwekhi kunyanzelisa ukuphinda kuxoxwe.

Kwi-Windows, sebenzisa le miyalelo kumyalelo womyalelo ophakanyisiweyo wokuseta kwakhona isitaki: Zikhuselekile kwaye zihlala zixazulula iziganeko eziqhelekileyo.

netsh int ip reset c:\resetlog.txt
netsh winsock reset
ipconfig /flushdns
ipconfig /registerdns
ipconfig /release
ipconfig /renew

Khangela kwakhona ukuba inkonzo ye-'DHCP Client' iyasebenza (services.msc) kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, Vula i-DHCP kwiWindows 10. Kufuneka ibekwimeko yokuQalisa kwaye uqalise uhlobo oluzenzekelayo ukuze ujongano lufumane izibonelelo ngokuchanekileyo.

Ukuba usebenzisa i-Wi-Fi, khangela ukuhambelana kwe-adapter kunye nokhuseleko lwendawo yokufikelela (WPA/WPA2, njl.) kunye nomgangatho wesignali. Uthethathethwano olubi lunokuthintela ukufumana i-IP ngaphandle kokubona i-SSID kunye nokunxulumana.

Iseva ye-DHCP okanye i-router ihlola

Kwiinethiwekhi ezinomncedisi we-DHCP ozinikeleyo, yinto efanelekileyo ukujonga iilogi kunye nobume bemida. Isusa amangeniso aseleyo kwi-169.254.xx ukuba agcinwe ngempazamo kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ichibi elisebenzayo aliphelelwanga.

Iindlela zokusebenza ezilungileyo: khubaza ujongano olungasetyenziswanga, inika i-IP engatshintshiyo esebenzayo kujongano lolawulo, sebenzisa i-DHCP kwi-subnet nganye kwaye uphonononge iinketho eziphambili (ezifana nokufumanisa ukusasaza ukuba kufanelekile).

Kwiimeko zasekhaya, ngena kwi-interface ye-router kwaye uqinisekise ukuba iseva ye-DHCP ivuliwe kwaye inoluhlu olwaneleyo. Ukuhlaziya i-firmware ye-router kunceda ukulungisa iibhugi ezaziwayo. kwaye iphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuzinza.

Ukujongana neengxabano kunye nempembelelo yazo

Ungquzulwano lwe-IP lunokubangela ukuphindaphinda kwezabelo zezandla, iimpazamo ze-DHCP, okanye ugcino olulawulwa kakubi. Ukuchonga uhlobo lwempixano ngundoqo ekuthatheni isigqibo sokumisela okumileyo, ukuhlaziya okuguquguqukayo okanye ukurhoxiswa kokuqeshisa..

Kumashishini, iikhomputha ezimbini ezinedilesi ye-IP efanayo zinokuzisa iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ekumiseni, ngakumbi ukuba ingxabano ichaphazela amaseva. Ukubeka iliso kunye nokuphicothwa kwenethiwekhi ngamaxesha kukuvumela ukuba uqikelele iingxaki. kwaye unciphise ixesha lokuphumla.

I-APIPA kunye nokhuseleko: ukuxhatshazwa okunokwenzeka kunye neendlela zokulwa

Eminye imithombo ibonisa ukuba ngokuqhubekayo ukunyanzelisa i-APIPA kwi-Windows ingasetyenziselwa ngokungalunganga, umzekelo ngokuguqula amangeniso obhaliso anxulumene nokulungiswa ngokuzenzekelayo, i-DHCP, okanye i-interface metrics. Injongo yomhlaseli iyakuba kukuthatha uqhagamshelwano lomamkeli ngaphandle kweintanethi. iparameters ezitshintshayo.

Phakathi koseto olukhankanywe kulo mxholo kukho izitshixo ezinje 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled', 'EnableDHCP', 'DhcpConnForceBroadcastFlag' okanye amaxabiso emetric ojongano kwi. ...\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<GUID>. Nangona ukuzazi kunceda ukukhusela, akucebisi ukuba zizenze ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphandle kokulawula. kuba unokuvala inethiwekhi ngokwakho.

Amanyathelo okulwa: Nciphisa amalungelo olawulo, khusela iRejistri, qinisa imigaqo-nkqubo yesiphelo, Lawula utshintsho olungaqhelekanga lwenethiwekhi kwaye ube nezikripthi zokubuyisela (ukusetha kwakhona kwe-TCP/IP)Kwaye, ewe, ukugcina abaqhubi kunye ne-OS ehlaziyiweyo kunciphisa indawo yokuhlaselwa.

Linux: Zeroconf, Avahi, kunye nendlela yokuyikhubaza

Kwi-GNU/Linux, ukuziphatha okulinganayo kudityaniswa ne-Zeroconf kunye ne-avahi-autoipd daemon. Ukuba awufuni ukuba ujongano lwamkele i-169.254/16, kukho iindlela ezininzi kuxhomekeke kwi-distro.

Kwiintsapho zakudala zeRed Hat/CentOS, iZeroconf ihlala ingasebenzi ngokongeza oku kulandelayo kuqwalaselo lwehlabathi: seta 'NOZEROCONF=ewe' kwaye uqale kabusha inethiwekhi ukunqanda uqhagamshelo oluzenzekelayo lweendlela zasekuhlaleni.

# /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
NOZEROCONF=yes
# Reinicio del servicio
service network restart

Ukuba usebenzisa i-Avahi, ukuqalisa kwakhona okanye ukuvala i-daemon yayo kunokuba yimfuneko ngokuxhomekeke kwipolisi yakho yenethiwekhi. Kwiinkqubo ezindala ze-SysV uya kubona iindlela ezifana '/etc/init.d/avahi-daemon restart'; Lungisa umphathi wenkonzo yoguqulelo lwakho.

Enye indlela kukutshisa-ukucima indlela ye-169.254.0.0/16 kwaye usete iindlela ezisebenzayo ze-subnet yakho nge-ip / umzila. Njengomlinganiselo oqhubekayo, ungaphawula imigca eyongeza ikhonkco-umendo wendawo kwi-avahi-autoipd scripts. ukuba unikezelo lwakho luyazisebenzisa.

# Ejemplo orientativo (ajusta a tu entorno)
# Eliminar ruta link-local y forzar gateway de la LAN
ip route del 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 metric 100

Amanye amanyathelo asebenzayo adla ngokunceda

Ukuhlaziya umqhubi we-adapter yenethiwekhi (kunye ne-router firmware ukuba iyasebenza) isombulula ukungahambelani kunye nokungaphumeleli kothethathethwano. Ukuba akukho nguqulelo intsha, ukufakela kwakhona umqhubi ngamanye amaxesha kususa imimandla eyonakeleyo. emva kweenyanga zokusetyenziswa.

Ukuba imeko iyaqhubeka kwaye uyakrokrela ukufakwa kwenkqubo, ukubuyisela i-OS kunokuba yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokuhamba. Yenza i-backup kwaye ucinge ngokufakela okucocekileyo ukuba sele ulawula i-hardware kunye ne-DHCP..

Koomatshini abanonxibelelwano oluninzi (ngokomzimba kunye nenyani), hlola izinto eziphambili kunye neemetrics. Amakhadi e-hypervisor virtual anokuphazamisa ukuba i-metric ingaphezulu kwe-NIC ebonakalayo ekufuneka iphume iye kwi-LAN.

Ukujonga itafile yendlela kunye neemetrics ezinxulumeneyo kwiWindows, sebenzisa: Ngale ndlela uya kwazi ukuba yeyiphi i-interface "ephumeleleyo" kwizigqibo zendlela..

netstat -rn

Ukuba ufuna ukulungelelanisa ngesandla i-metric, yiya kwiipropathi ze-TCP/IPv4 zekhadi, iinketho eziphambili, kwaye ungakhangeli i-metric ezenzekelayo ukuseta ixabiso eliphantsi (umzekelo, i-1) kwi-interface engundoqo. Okunye kunokushiywa kuzenzekelayo. i-evitar sorpresas.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

• Kutheni iqela lam lithetha kuphela nabanye ku-169.254.xx? Kuba i-APIPA ayiqwalaseli amasango okanye i-DNS. Kukho kuphela uqhagamshelo lweNqanaba lesi-3 lwendawo ngaphakathi kwikhonkco elifanayo, kwaye akukho zi routers zithunyiweyo.
• Ngaba i-APIPA ihamba yodwa? Ewe, xa iseva yeDHCP iphendula kwaye inikezela ngesivumelwano esisebenzayo. IWindows iphinda izame ukufumana iseva rhoqo ngemizuzu embalwa kwaye ibuyisela ikhonkco lendawo ye-IP ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla.
• Ndingasebenzisa i-169.254.xx njenge-IP esisigxina "kuba iyasebenza"? Ayingombono ulungileyo lo. Ayitshintshi kwaye igxobha injongo yoluhlu lwendawo yekhonkco. Isebenzisa uluhlu lwe-RFC1918 yee-IP zabucala ezimileyo.
• Ndiyivala njani i-APIPA ngaphandle kokususa i-DHCP? Hlela iRejistri ukuseta 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' ukuya ku-0 kujongano oluhambelanayo. Iinguqulelo ezindala zineendlela ezahlukeneyo eziphambili; bona icandelo lokukhubaza.

Umatshini obonisa i-169.254.xx awuyena, ngokwawo, "ingxaki", kodwa kunoko uphawu lokuba i-DHCP yokuqeshisa ayifumanekanga. Ngeetshekhi ezingentla (inkonzo ye-DHCP, iintambo, abaqhubi, i-firewall kunye neemetrics) Into eqhelekileyo kukubuyela kwi-IP esebenzayo kwaye uphinde ufumane uxhumano olupheleleyo.