Uyiqwalasela njani ngokufanelekileyo iWSL2 ukuba isebenze neLinux kwiWindows

Ukuba uchwetheza kwiWindows kodwa usasaze kwiiseva zeLinux, ukhe wasokola ngaphezulu kwesihlandlo esinye ngokwahlukana kokusingqongileyo, iilayibrari ezisilelayo kuphela kwimveliso, okanye iDocker eqhuba ngokungahambi kakuhle. I-WSL yenzelwe ngokuchanekileyo ukunqanda obo bubusuku, kunye WSL2 UMicrosoft ekugqibeleni uye wabetha isikhonkwane entloko: iLinux ekufutshane, edityaniswe kwiWindows kwaye ngaphandle kokuseta umatshini onzima onenyani.

Le sele ilukhetho olukhethiweyo lwamawaka abaphuhlisi kuba ikuvumela ukuba uvule i-Ubuntu, iDebian, okanye i-terminal ye-Kali ngaphakathi Windows 10 okanye i-11, sebenzisa imiyalelo, i-Docker, i-database, okanye izixhobo zomgca womyalelo ngokungathi ukwiseva ye-Linux, kodwa ngaphandle kokuyeka usetyenziso lwakho lwe-Windows kunye nemidlalo. Makhe sibone indlela esebenza ngayo, indlela yokuyifaka, ukuba yahluke njani kwi-WSL1, kunye nendlela yokufumana okuninzi kuyo kumsebenzi wakho wemihla ngemihla.

Yintoni i-WSL kwaye kutheni itshintsha ubomi bomphuhlisi weWindows?

 

I-WSL sisifinyezo se Inkqubo engaphantsi kweWindows yeLinuxInkqubo esezantsi ekuvumela ukuba usebenzise unikezelo lwe-GNU/Linux ngaphakathi kwe-Windows ngaphandle kokufuna umatshini wesiqhelo wenyani okanye ukuqalelwa kabini. Unokufaka Ubuntu, iDebian, iKali, i-openSUSE, i-Arch (usebenzisa i-appx), okanye ezinye izinikezelo kwaye usebenzise izixhobo zabo ze-console ngqo kwi-Windows desktop yakho.

Ngokungafaniyo ne-WSL1, WSL2 Isebenzisa i-Linux kernel yokwenyani Isebenza kumatshini we-virtual lightweight olawulwa yiWindows (Hyper-V kunye neqonga lomatshini obonakalayo), kunye nenkxaso epheleleyo yeefowuni ze-ELF64. I-WSL1 yayingumaleko wokuguqulela inkqubo, ekhawulezayo kwimisebenzi ethile kodwa inemida enzulu ehambelanayo, ngakumbi ngezixhobo ezifana neDocker.

Kubaphuhlisi bewebhu, abaphuhlisi be-backend, i-DevOps okanye iingcali zedatha, oku kuthetha ukuba unako ukusebenza kwindawo ephantse ifane nendawo yemveliso (ekumaxesha amaninzi iLinux), kusetyenziswa amathala eencwadi afanayo, abaphathi bedatabase, imigca, abancedisi bemiyalezo, njl.njl., ngaphandle kokulahla iWindows. Iklasikhi "isebenza kumatshini wam" yinto yakudala kuba uphuhlisa kwiWindows kwaye usasaze kunikezelo olwahluke ngokupheleleyo lweLinux.

I-WSL2 ayisiyiyo iLinux egcwele ngokupheleleyo idesktop yomzobo Ifana ne-GNOME okanye i-KDE VM, ujongano olungundoqo sisiphelo sendlela. Nangona kunjalo, kule mihla unokuphinda uqhube usetyenziso lweLinux GUI ngaphezulu kweWSL2, kwaye uthathe ithuba lokukhawulezisa iGPU kumthwalo onjengokufunda koomatshini okanye imizobo ephezulu. Ukuba ufuna ukufikelela kwizicelo ukude, ungaqwalasela Idesktop ekude yeChrome kwiWindows.

IWindows vs Linux: ingxaki yophuhliso lwakudala

IiWindows zihlala ziyeyona nkqubo ifakiweyo kwiikhompyuter zedesktopNgelixa uninzi lwesicelo sokusasazwa kwemveliso lwenziwa kwiLinux, obu mbini bebusoloko budala ungquzulwano kubaphuhlisi abasebenza kwiiWindows kodwa bagcine okanye basebenzise usetyenziso kwiiseva zeLinux.

Abasebenzisi be-macOS ngokwesiko baye bafumana ukungqubana okuncinci Kuba iMacOS yabelana ngesiseko esifana ne-Unix, kwaye izixhobo ezininzi ziziphatha ngendlela efanayo kwiLinux. Eso yayisesinye sezizathu zokuba abaphuhlisi abaninzi bafudukele kwiMac kwiminyaka eyadlulayo: babekhangela i-terminal enesidima kunye neemeko ezikufutshane nemveliso.

Inguqu enkulu yeza nayo I-DockerIzikhongozeli ziye zaba yimfuneko kuphuhliso kunye nokusasazwa, kodwa kwiWindows, ukusebenza kunye namava omsebenzisi ebembi kakhulu, enemigangatho engahambelaniyo. I-WSL2 isombulula uninzi lwezi ngxaki, ibonelela ngendawo apho iDocker isebenza ngcono kakhulu.

I-WSL1 vs WSL2: iyantlukwano kwaye kutheni kufuneka usebenzise inguqulo yesi-2

I-WSL ikhona kwiinguqulelo ezimbini eziphambili: I-WSL1 kunye ne-WSL2Nangona zombini zikuvumela ukuba usebenzise i-Linux kwi-Windows, i-architecture itshintshe kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye, kwaye oko kubonakala ekusebenzeni kunye nokuhambelana.

• I-WSL1 iguqulela iifowuni zeLinux kwi kernel yeWindows. Oku kukhokelela kumaxesha okuqalisa akhawulezayo kunye nokudityaniswa kwefayile elungileyo, kodwa inongqinelwano olulinganiselweyo kunye nezinye izicelo, ngakumbi ezo zidinga i-Linux kernel yokwenyani, njengeenjini ezithile zedatabase okanye iDocker esebenza ngokupheleleyo.
• I-WSL2 isebenzisa umatshini wokukhanya ongasindi kunye ne-Linux kernel epheleleyo.Ilawulwa yiWindows. Ibonelela ngokuhambelana ngokupheleleyo kunye neefowuni zenkqubo, ukuphuculwa kwendlela yokusebenza kwefayile (ingakumbi kwindlela yefayile yeLinux ngokwayo), kwaye yenza izinto eziphambili ezifana neDocker yendalo kwiWSL2 kunye nokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwekernel.
• Zombini iinguqulelo zabelana ngeempawu ezithileIzibonelelo zayo zibandakanya ukudibanisa kunye neWindows, amaxesha okuqalisa ngokukhawuleza, ukuhambelana nezixhobo ze-virtualization ezifana ne-VMWare okanye i-VirtualBox (kwiinguqulelo zamva nje), kunye nenkxaso yokusasazwa okuninzi. Nangona kunjalo, yi-WSL2 kuphela ebonisa i-Linux kernel epheleleyo kunye nenkxaso epheleleyo yokufowuna.

Zonke ezi zingentla, Ukhetho olucetyiswayo namhlanje kukusebenzisa i-WSL2Ngaphandle kokuba unesizathu esicacileyo sokuhlala ne-WSL1. I-Docker Desktop, umzekelo, yenzelwe ukudibanisa ne-WSL2, kunye nezikhokelo ezininzi zanamhlanje kunye nezixhobo sele zithatha le nguqulo njengomgangatho.

Iimfuno zokuhlohla i-WSL2 kwi-Windows 10 kunye ne-Windows 11

Ukusebenzisa i-WSL2 udinga inguqulelo yamva nje yeWindows. Ngokubanzi, kufuneka uhlangabezane nale miqathango:

• Windows 10 inguqulo 2004 okanye kamva (yakha 19041+) ukusebenzisa umyalelo owenziwe lula wsl --install.
• Kwi-WSL2 ngokukodwa, Windows 10 inguqulo 1903, yakha i-18362 okanye ngaphezuluokanye Windows 11.
• Uyilo lwe-64-bitI-WSL2 ayifumaneki kwi-32-bit Windows 10.

Ngaphandle koko, Kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba i-virtualization ivuliwe kwi-BIOS yeqela lakho. Ukuba akunjalo, unokuhlangabezana neempazamo ezinje 0x80370102Le miyalezo idla ngokubonisa ukuba usetyenziso lwehardware alusebenzi. Ngenisa i-BIOS / UEFI, khangela iinketho ezinxulumene ne-CPU okanye "iTekhnoloji yeVirtualization," kwaye uyenze.

Faka i-WSL2 ukusuka ekuqaleni usebenzisa umyalelo othi wsl -install

Kwiinguqulelo zanamhlanje zeWindows 10 kunye neWindows 11, ufakelo lwenziwe lula kakhulu: lufuna umyalelo omnye kunye nokuqalisa kwakhona.

1. Vula i-PowerShell njengomlawuliKhangela i "PowerShell" kwimenyu yokuQala, cofa ekunene, kwaye ukhethe "Baleka njengomlawuli." Yamkela i-Akhawunti yoLawulo loMsebenzisi (UAC) ngokukhawuleza ukuba ibonakala.

2. Qhuba umyalelo opheleleyo wofakelo:

Umyalelo: wsl --install

Lo myalelo uphatha amanyathelo angaphakathi amaninzi ngaphandle kokuba uchukumise enye into:

• Vula amacandelo ayimfuneko ongawakhetha: Inkqubo engaphantsi kweWindows yeLinux y Iqonga lomatshini obonakalayo.
• Khuphela uze ufake I-Linux kernel yamva nje yeWSL.
• Lungiselela I-WSL2 njengoguqulelo olungagqibekanga.
• Khuphela kwaye ufake unikezelo lweLinux olungagqibekanga (ngokuqhelekileyo Ubuntu).

3. Qala ngokutsha ikhompyutha yakho xa iWindows ikukhuthaza ukuba wenjenjalo.Oku kubalulekile kwiifitsha ezenziweyo ukuba zisebenze.

4. Kwisiqalo sokuqala sonikezelo lweLinux (Ubuntu, ngaphandle kokuba ucacise ngenye indlela), iwindow yeconsole iya kuvula apho iifayile zitsalwa khona. Ixesha lokuqala lithatha ixesha elide; Iziqalo ezilandelayo zidla ngokuphantse kube ngoko nangoko.

Ukukhetha kunye nokutshintsha ukuhanjiswa kweLinux kwiWSL

• Ngokungagqibekanga, umyalelo wsl --install ihlala ihlohla Ubuntu njengonikezelo olungagqibekanga. Nangona kunjalo, unokukhetha ukuhanjiswa okwahlukileyo zombini ngexesha nasemva kofakelo.
• Ukubona uluhlu lonikezelo olukhoyo kwi-intanethiVula i-PowerShell kwaye uchwetheze:
• Uluhlu: wsl.exe --list --online
• Ukufakela ulwabiwo oluthile kwi-console, sebenzisa ukhetho -d ebonisa igama lakho:
• Faka i-distro: wsl.exe --install -d NombreDeLaDistro
• Ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha i-distro engagqibekanga (leyo ivulayo xa ubaleka nje wsl), ungenza:
• Ukuhlala kukho: wsl.exe --set-default NombreDeLaDistro
• Kwaye ukuba ufuna ukuqalisa unikezelo oluthile kwindawo enye Ngaphandle kokutshintsha okumiselweyo, sebenzisa:
• Yaziswa ngexesha: wsl.exe --distribution NombreDeLaDistro

Ukongeza kwiivenkile zeMicrosoft Store, Kuyenzeka ukungenisa izinikezelo zesiko kwifayile ye TAR okanye ukuhlohla iipakethe .appx en algunos casosnjengeArch Linux. Unokwenza eyakho imifanekiso ye-WSL ukuze ulungelelanise imeko-bume ngaphakathi kwenkampani.

Qwalasela igama lakho lomsebenzisi leLinux kunye negama lokugqitha kwiWSL

Ixesha lokuqala uvula unikezelo lwakho lweLinux olufakwe ngeWSLUya kucelwa ukuba wenze igama lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha le UNIX. Le akhawunti iya kuba ngumsebenzisi omiselweyo kolo nikezelo.

Gcina ukhumbula iinkcukacha ezininzi ezibalulekileyo malunga nalo msebenzisi:

• Ayidityaniswanga kwiakhawunti yakho yomsebenzisi kaWindows.; uyakwazi (kwaye kuyacetyiswa) ukwenza igama lahluke.
• Xa uchwetheza igama eligqithisiweyo, akukho nto iya kuboniswa kwiscreen. (Akukho inkwenkwezi). Oku kwaziwa njengegalelo "eliyimfama", eliqhelekileyo kwiLinux.
• Lo msebenzisi uthathwa njengomlawuli kuloo distro kwaye ingasebenzisa sudo ukwenza imiyalelo ngamalungelo aphezulu.
• Ukuhanjiswa ngakunye kunesethi yayo yabasebenzisi kunye namagama ayimfihlo; ukuba wongeza i-distro entsha kuya kufuneka uphinde inkqubo yokudala iakhawunti.

Ukuba uyathanda Tshintsha iphasiwedi Okulandelayo, vula unikezelo kwaye uqhube: Cambiar contraseña: passwd

Ukuba ulibele igama eligqithisiweyo lomsebenzisi kwi-distro Kodwa ukuba usenofikelelo lomlawuli kwiWindows, ungaphinda ulufumane ulawulo ngolu hlobo:

1. Vula i-Command Prompt okanye i-PowerShell njengomlawuli kwaye ungene njengengcambu kwi-distro engagqibekanga:
   wsl -u root
   Kwi-distro ethile:
   wsl -d NombreDistro -u root
2. Ngaphakathi kweso siphelo sengcambu, baleka:
   passwd nombre_usuario kwaye usete igama eligqithisiweyo elitsha.
3. Phuma kwi-WSL kunye exit kwaye ungene umva ngesiqhelo ngeakhawunti efunyenweyo yomsebenzisi.

Iindlela zokuqalisa kunye nokusebenzisa unikezelo lwakho lweLinux kwiWindows

Nje ukuba ufake ii-distros ezininziUnokuzivula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwinto efanelekileyo kakhulu kuwe nangaliphi na ixesha.

• Windows Terminal (iyacetyiswa). ISitena seWindows sisilinganisi setheminali sangoku seMicrosoft. Ngalo lonke ixesha ufaka ukuhanjiswa kweLinux entsha kwi-WSL, iprofayile entsha ivela kwiSitena seWindows, onokuthi uzenzele (icon, iskimu sombala, umyalelo wokuqalisa, njl.njl.). Yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokusebenza ngemigca yomyalelo emininzi ngaxeshanye.
• Ukusuka kwi-Start menu. Ungachwetheza igama losasazo (“Ubuntu”, “Debian”, “Kali Linux”…). Ukucofa kuyo kuya kuyivula ngokuthe ngqo kwifestile yayo yeconsole.
• Ukusuka kwiPowerShell okanye kwiCMD. Ungachwetheza ngokuthe ngqo igama le-distro (umzekelo, ubuntu) okanye sebenzisa umyalelo jikelele:
  wsl ukufaka i-distro engagqibekanga, okanye
  wsl -d NombreDistro ukufaka enye.
• Yenza umyalelo othile weLinux kwiWindows. Sebenzisa isivakalisi:
  wsl
  Umzekelo: wsl ls -la, wsl pwd, wsl datenjl. Ngale ndlela udibanisa imiyalelo yeWindows kunye neLinux kumbhobho omnye.

Windows Terminal: iqabane eligqibeleleyo leWSL2

Ukufumana okuninzi kwi-WSL2, kufanelekile ukufakela Windows Terminal kwiMicrosoft Store. Isebenziseka ngakumbi kwaye inamandla kuneyakudala yomyalelo wePrompt okanye ifestile yePowerShell engagqibekanga.

Itheminali yeWindows iyakuvumela yenza iiprofayili zedistro nganyeChaza ukuba yeyiphi i-terminal evula ngokungagqibekanga (PowerShell, CMD, Ubuntu, njl.), sebenzisa iithebhu, iiphaneli ezicandiweyo, imixholo yemibala eyahlukeneyo, iifonti zesiko, imifanekiso yangasemva, kunye neendlela ezimfutshane ezimfutshane zebhodibhodi.

Kubaphuhlisi abaninzi kwiWindowsIWindows Terminal + WSL2 yindibaniselwano esondela kakhulu kumava okusebenza enkqubo yeLinux okanye i-macOS ene-terminal ephucukileyo, ngaphandle kokushiya indawo yakho yesiqhelo yeWindows.

Ukumisela indawo yakho yophuhliso: IKhowudi ye-VS, i-Visual Studio, i-Git, kunye ne-database

Nje ukuba i-WSL2 iphakame kwaye isebenze, inyathelo elilandelayo elinengqiqo Dibanisa umhleli wakho owuthandayo okanye i-IDE naloo ndawo. UMicrosoft ubeke umzamo omkhulu ekwenzeni iKhowudi yeSitudiyo esiBonakalayo kunye neVisual Studio zisebenze ngokugqibeleleyo ngeWSL.

Ikhowudi ye-VS

Ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka ufake i Ipakethi yoPhuhliso olukudeOlu lwandiso lukuvumela ukuba uvule ifolda ebekwe kwi-WSL ngokungathi yiprojekthi yendawo, kodwa iqhuba iseva yeKhowudi yeVS ngaphakathi kosasazo. Chwetheza nje:

code .

Ukusuka kwi-terminal ye-WSL, kwifolda yeprojekthi yakho, iKhowudi ye-VS iya kuvula indlela "ekude" nayo yonke inkqubo yendalo: izandiso, ukulungisa iimpazamo, i-terminal edibeneyo, njl., kodwa eneneni isebenza ngokuchasene neLinux.

Istudiyo yokubonwayo

Ikuvumela ukuba uqwalasele i-WSL njengento ekujoliswe kuyo kwiiprojekthi zeC++ usebenzisa iCMake. Ungaqokelela kwaye ulungise kwiWindows, WSL, okanye koomatshini abakude, utshintshela ekujoliswe kuko ngaphakathi kwe-IDE ngokwayo.

Ngokumalunga nolawulo lwenguqulelo, ukusebenzisa iGit ngaphakathi kweWSL kulula njengokuyifaka nomphathi wepakethe yedistro yakho (umzekelo, sudo apt install git (ku-Ubuntu) kwaye uqwalasele iziqinisekiso, iifayile zokukhutshwa, iziphelo zomgca, njl.

Ukuqwalasela oovimba beenkcukacha kwi-WSL (MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Redis, SQL Server, SQLite, njl.) ifana kakhulu nokuyenza kuyo nayiphi na iseva yeLinux. Ungaqala iinkonzo ngaphakathi kwe-distro okanye usebenzise izikhongozeli zeDocker kwi-WSL2, emva koko uqhagamshele usetyenziso lwakho kwiWindows okanye kwi-WSL ngokwayo, kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zakho.

Ukulawula iidrive zangaphandle, i-GUI, kunye ne-backups yonikezelo

I-WSL2 nayo iyakuvumela nyusa iidiski zangaphandle okanye iidrive ze-USB ngqo kwindawo yeLinux. Amaxwebhu athile akhona okunyusa iidiski ngomyalelo wsl --mountOku kukunika ukuguquguquka okukhulu xa usebenza ngedatha onayo kwezinye iiyunithi.

Ukuba uyathanda sebenzisa izicelo zegraphic zeLinux (GUI) ngaphakathi kweWSL2 ngoku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yenkxaso yeMicrosoft yezicelo zeGUI. Oku kukuvumela ukuba uvule abahleli bemizobo, izixhobo zoyilo, okanye iimeko-bume zedesktop ezikhaphukhaphu ngaphandle kokufuna ukuqalisa umatshini wemveli wenyani.

Ukwenza i-backups okanye ukuhambisa i-distro epheleleyo kwenye ikhompyuterI-WSL ibandakanya imiyalelo emibini eluncedo kakhulu:

• Thumela ngaphandle i distro:
  wsl --export NombreDistro backup-wsl.tar
  Oku kuvelisa ifayile ye TAR kunye nenkqubo yayo yonke yeefayile.
• Ngenisa idistro:
  wsl --import NombreDistro C:\ruta\destino backup-wsl.tar --version 2
  Oku kubuyisela i-distro nayo yonke imixholo yayo kwenye indlela kwaye, ukuba uyafuna, iqinisekisa ukuba isebenzisa i-WSL2.

Le ndlela yokuthumela ngaphandle/yokurhweba ngaphandle ilungele kakhulu ukubumba ubume bophuhliso, ukwabelana nabo noogxa, okanye ukugcina nje ugcino lokhuseleko ngaphambi kokwenza utshintsho olukhulu.

I-WSL2 iziseke njengendawo engundoqo yophuhliso Kubasebenzisi abaninzi beWindows abafuni kuyeka ukudlala, ukusebenzisa isoftware ethile, okanye ukuhamba komsebenzi wabo kule nkqubo, kodwa bafuna indawo yeLinux yokwenyani yenkqubo, ukunika iWSL2 itrayi kunokuba ngumdlalo wokutshintsha indlela osebenza ngayo.