Intshayelelo:
I-European Avant-garde yintshukumo yobugcisa ethathwa njengenye yezandulela eziphambili ze-avant-garde eYurophu. Ithe yavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 yaza yaphuhliswa kumashumi okuqala eminyaka enkulungwane yama-20, le revolution yangoku yaphawulwa ngumnqweno wayo wokuqhawula iicanon zesintu kunye nokukhangela iindlela ezintsha zokubonisa ubugcisa. Kule nqaku, siza kuhlalutya isishwankathelo se-Avant-garde yaseYurophu kunye neempawu zayo ezahlukileyo, ezigxininisa impembelelo yayo ekuziphendukeleni kobugcisa obubonakalayo, uncwadi kunye nomculo.
1. Isingeniso kwi-European Avant-garde kunye neempawu zayo ezisisiseko
I-avant-garde yaseYurophu ibhekisela kwintshukumo yobugcisa eyaphuhliswa eYurophu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Le ntshukumo ibonakaliswe ngokuqhawula kwayo kunye nezitayile zemveli kunye nokugxila ekuzameni nasekuqaliseni izinto ezintsha.
Enye yeempawu ezisisiseko ze-avant-garde yaseYurophu yayikugatya kwayo ukumelwa ngokwenyani kunye nokukhangela iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha. Uninzi lwamagcisa e-avant-garde asuka kumzobo wemveli kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwaye ajonga iindlela ezinje ngekholaji, ukufota kunye nokusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, i-avant-garde yaseYurophu ibonakaliswe ngomdla wayo wokukhupha kunye nokubonakaliswa kweemvakalelo kunye namazwe engqondo.
Ngaphakathi kwe-avant-garde yaseYurophu, sinokufumana iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ezifana ne-cubism, i-dadaism, i-surrealism kunye ne-futurism. Nganye kwezi ntshukumo zineempawu zayo kunye neenjongo, kodwa zonke zabelana ngokuthanda izinto ezintsha kunye nokulinga. Ngokusebenzisa i-avant-garde yaseYurophu, amagcisa afuna ukwahlukana neendibano ezimiselweyo kunye nokudala ubugcisa obubonakalisa utshintsho lwezentlalo nenkcubeko yelo xesha.
2. Iintsika ze-European Avant-garde: Iintshukumo zobugcisa kunye neempembelelo
Babhekisela kwiintshukumo zobugcisa ezavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 eYurophu. Ezi ntshukumo, ziphawulwa ngokuyila kwazo kunye nokwaphulwa kwezithethe zobugcisa ezisele zikho, zaphawula utshintsho olukhulu emhlabeni yobugcisa kwaye yaba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela yokuqonda kunye nokuxabisa ubugcisa kude kube namhlanje.
Enye yezona ntshukumo zibalaseleyo zeEuropean Avant-garde yayiyi Expressionism, eyaphuhliswa ikakhulu eJamani. Abaculi be-Expressionist bafuna ukudlulisa iimvakalelo kunye namava angaphakathi ngokusebenzisa iimilo ezigqwethekileyo kunye nemibala enzulu. Injongo yayo yayikukuxhokonxa impendulo yovakalelo kumbukeli kwaye imele ubunyani ngokwembono ezimeleyo. Abanye abaculi abamele kakhulu kule ntshukumo ngu-Edvard Munch kunye no-Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.
Enye intshukumo ebalulekileyo yayiyiCubism, eyayinemvelaphi eFransi. Amagcisa eCubist, afana noPablo Picasso kunye noGeorges Braque, balahla ukumelwa kwendabuko yenyani kwaye basebenzisa iimilo zejometri ukumela izinto ezivela kwiimbono ezininzi. zombini. Eyona njongo iphambili yayikukwaphula inkohliso yobunzulu kunye nembono kwipeyinti, kwaye uphonononge isiseko esisicaba kunye nomlinganiswa omacala amabini weseyile. ICubism yayinempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhliseni ubugcisa obungabonakaliyo kwaye yabeka iziseko zokuvela kwezinye iindlela zobugcisa.
3. Iimpawu zeStylistic ze-European Avant-garde: Uvavanyo kunye nokuphulwa kunye neengqungquthela
I-European Avant-garde ibonakaliswe ngokuzibophelela okuqinileyo ekulingweni kunye nokwaphulwa kweendibano zobugcisa ezimiselweyo. Amagcisa alo mbutho azama ukuzikhulula kwizithintelo ezibekwe bubugcisa bemveli kwaye ajonge iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha.
Enye yeempawu eziphambili ze-stylistic ze-European Avant-garde yayikukukhangela imvelaphi kunye nokutsha. Amagcisa alo mbutho aphule imithetho yemveli yobugcisa, acela umngeni kwiindibano ezimiselweyo kunye nokuphonononga iindlela ezintsha kunye nezixhobo.
Kumnqweno wabo wokulinga, amagcisa aseYurophu avant-garde aphonononge iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendlela zobugcisa kunye neentlobo. Ukusuka kwiCubism kunye neFuturism ukuya kwi-Dadaism kunye ne-Surrealism, amagcisa e-European Avant-garde aye angena kwimimandla engakhange ihlolwe, esaphula imilinganiselo emiselweyo kwaye acele umngeni okulindelekileyo ngelo xesha.
4. I-Avant-garde yaseYurophu kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye nenkqubela phambili yentlalo-ntle yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
I-European Avant-garde yaba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwinkqubela phambili yentlalo-ntle yenkulungwane yama-20, iguqula imisinga yobugcisa kunye noncwadi lwexesha. Ngeli xesha, amagcisa, ababhali kunye neengcinga badibana ukuze bacele umngeni kwizithethe zemveli kwaye baphonononge iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha.
Enye yeentshukumo ezibalaseleyo ze-European Avant-garde yayiyi-surrealism, eyayigxininisa ukubaluleka kwe-subconscious kunye nokukhululwa kwizithintelo zengqiqo. Amagcisa e-Surrealist afune ukumela ilizwe lamaphupha kunye nokungenangqondo, esebenzisa ubuchule obutsha obufana ne-automatism kunye nekholaji. Olu hlobo lutsha lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa luphembelele ezinye iintshukumo ezininzi, kubandakanya iqonga elingenangqondo kunye noncwadi lovavanyo.
Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo ye-European Avant-garde yayibubudlelwane bayo kunye nenkqubela phambili yentlalo-ntle. Le ntshukumo yobugcisa kunye neyoncwadi yacela umngeni kwiindibano ezikhoyo zentlalo kunye nenkcubeko, ivula indlela yokuhlola iingcamango ezintsha kunye nemibono. Bavumela abantu ukuba babuze izithethe ezimiselweyo kwaye bandise i-horizons yabo, ngaloo ndlela bekhuthaza inkqubela kunye notshintsho. kuluntu. I-European Avant-garde ikwakhuthaze intsebenziswano phakathi kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo, ukudibanisa ubugcisa kunye noncwadi ngomculo, icinema kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo.
5. Abaxhasi abaphambili be-European Avant-garde kunye nomsebenzi wabo omele kakhulu
I-European Avant-garde yayiyintshukumo yobugcisa eyavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwaye yaphawulwa ngokuhlukana kwayo neendibano zobugcisa ezamiselwa ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha. Phakathi kwabona baphambili bale ntshukumo, oku kulandelayo kugqamile:
Pablo Picasso:
UPicasso wayengomnye wamagcisa anempembelelo kwi-European Avant-garde. Umsebenzi wakhe omele kakhulu ngumzobo odumileyo "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon", owaphula kunye nemimiselo yobugcisa bendabuko ngokubonisa amanani agqwethekileyo kunye nomngeni kwimithetho yembono.
Salvador Dalí:
Omnye umxhasi obalaseleyo weEuropean Avant-garde yayinguSalvador Dalí. Umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu ngu "UkuZingisa kweMemori," ebonisa iiwotshi ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye neendawo zomhlaba. U-Dalí uhlolisise uxhulumaniso phakathi kwe-subconscious kunye nenyani, ukudala imifanekiso eyothusayo kunye neyothusayo.
Marcel Duchamp:
UMarcel Duchamp wayeligcisa elixhokonxayo elalicela umngeni kwiindibano zobugcisa bemveli. Owona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo ngu "The Fountain", umchamo osayinwe ngegama elingu-R. "Mthi." U-Duchamp wabuza imida yobugcisa kwaye wacela umngeni kwingcamango yokuba nayiphi na into inokuthathwa njengomsebenzi wobugcisa.
6. I-Avant-garde yaseYurophu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa: Ukupeyinta, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, uncwadi kunye nezakhiwo.
I-European Avant-garde ibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, ezifana nokupenda, umzobo, uncwadi kunye nezakhiwo. Kwindawo nganye kwezi, amagcisa aseYurophu ashiye uphawu olunzulu ngobuchule babo obutsha kunye neendlela.
Kwinkalo yokupeyinta, amagama anje ngoPicasso, uMonet noVan Gogh bagqamile, abaguqula ubugcisa ngezitayile zabo ezikhethekileyo nezigqithisayo. Imisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa ishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbali yobugcisa baseYurophu kwaye iqhubeke nokuba yinto encomekayo kwaye ifundwe kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, amagcisa afana noMichelangelo noRodin baye baseka iiparadigms ezintsha ngemifanekiso yabo eqingqiweyo. Indalo yakhe ibonakalisa isakhono esingaqhelekanga sokuzisa ilitye nelitye lenyengane ebomini, ivelisa imisebenzi evuselela iimvakalelo ize ibambe ubuhle bemo yomntu ngendlela ekhethekileyo.
Kuncwadi, iYurophu ibe yindawo yokuzalwa yababhali abakhulu abanjengoShakespeare, uCervantes noGoethe. Iincwadi zakhe ziye zaba nefuthe kwizizukulwana zababhali abalandelayo kwaye zishiye ilifa loncwadi elingenakuthelekiswa nanto. Amabali kunye nabalinganiswa bakhe abafi kwaye bayaqhubeka benomdla kubafundi. yabo bonke ubudala.
Ngokubhekiselele kuyilo lwezakhiwo, iYurophu likhaya kwezinye zezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo kunye nezaziwayo kwihlabathi, njengeNqaba ye-Eiffel, iColiseum yaseRoma, kunye neCathhedral yaseNotre Dame. Ezi zakhiwo zintle zibubungqina bokugqwesa kwezakhiwo zaseYurophu kwaye zitsala izigidi zabakhenkethi minyaka le.
Ngamafutshane, i-European Avant-garde ishiye uphawu oluhlala luhleli kwiinkalo zobugcisa ezifana nokupenda, ukudweba, uncwadi kunye nezakhiwo. Ukulingwa, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nobuchule bamagcisa aseYurophu kuye kwaphakamisa ezi zifundo ukuba amanqanaba amatsha kwaye baye bakhuthaza izizukulwana zamagcisa kwihlabathi liphela. Ilifa lakhe linyamezele kwaye liyaqhubeka limangalisa abo bazintyintya ngobuhle kunye nobuchule bakhe.
7. Imisinga ye-avant-garde yaseYurophu kunye nelifa labo kwindawo yangoku yobugcisa
Imisinga ye-avant-garde yaseYurophu ishiye ilifa elibalulekileyo kwindawo yangoku yobugcisa. Le misinga, eyavela ngenkulungwane yama-20, yaqhekeka kwiindibano ezimiselweyo kwaye yahlola iindlela ezintsha zokubonakaliswa kobugcisa. Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa kwimiboniso eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa bexesha langoku, ukusuka kwipeyinti ukuya kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ngefilimu kunye nomculo.
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ze-avant-garde currents yi-cubism, ephuhliswe ngamagcisa afana noPablo Picasso kunye noGeorges Braque. Le ntshukumo ibonakaliswe ngokubonakaliswa kwezinto ezivela kwiindawo ezininzi zokujonga ngaxeshanye, ukuphulwa kunye nombono wendabuko. ICubism iye yaphefumlela amagcisa amaninzi anamhlanje ukuba azame ijometri kunye nokuthatha izinto, eyile imisebenzi emitsha kunye nemingeni emiselweyo.
Enye intshukumo efanelekileyo ye-avant-garde yi-surrealism, ekhokelwa ngamanani afana noSalvador Dalí kunye noRené Magritte. I-Surrealism ifuna ukumela ukusebenza kweengcinga kunye neemvakalelo ezingenangqondo, ngemifanekiso efana nephupha kunye nokuphazamiseka. Le ntshukumo ishiye uphawu olunzulu kubugcisa bangoku, impembelelo kwiindawo ezifana ne-cinema kaDavid Lynch kunye nefoto kaCindy Sherman. I-surrealism iyaqhubeka nokuba ngumthombo wenkuthazo kumagcisa anamhlanje njengoko ephonononga imida yokwenyani kunye nentelekelelo.
8. I-Avant-garde yaseYurophu kunye neempembelelo zayo ekuchazweni kwakhona kwesazisi senkcubeko yaseYurophu
Contexto histórico
I-European Avant-garde yayiyintshukumo yobugcisa nenkcubeko eyenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 eYurophu. Kwavela njengempendulo kwiinguqu zentlalo kunye nezopolitiko ezazisenzeka ngelo xesha, kwaye zaba nefuthe elikhulu ekuchazeni kwakhona ubuni benkcubeko yelizwekazi. Le ntshukumo yaphawulwa ngokuzama kwayo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kunye nokugatya izithethe ezimiselweyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekudalweni kweendlela ezintsha zokubonisa ubugcisa.
Impembelelo kubugcisa nenkcubeko
I-Avant-garde yaseYurophu yayinempembelelo enkulu kubugcisa kunye nenkcubeko yaseYurophu. Indlela yakhe ye-avant-garde kunye nenguquko yahlukana neendibano zemveli kwaye yavula indlela yeendlela ezintsha zokubonisa ubugcisa. Amagcisa alo mbutho afuna ukuphonononga umhlaba omtsha, afunise ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, aze abuze imida yobugcisa obumiselweyo. Impembelelo yayo yasasazeka kwiinkalo zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokupeyinta, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, uncwadi kunye nomculo, kwaye yasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, itshintsha ngonaphakade imbonakalo yenkcubeko yelizwekazi.
- Le avant-garde ikhuthaze ingcamango ebanzi nekhululekileyo yobugcisa nenkcubeko.
- Wazisa indlela yokuvavanya ngakumbi kunye nentsha kubugcisa, ukwaphula ngeendlela ezimiselweyo.
- Wacela umngeni kwizithethe kunye neengqungquthela zobugcisa bemveli, ukuvula indawo yeengcamango ezintsha kunye neengcamango.
- Ikhuthaze intsebenziswano kunye notshintshiselwano phakathi kwamagcisa asuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo, evelisa imbonakalo yenkcubeko eyahlukeneyo nehlala itshintsha.
Impembelelo kwisazisi senkcubeko yaseYurophu
Impembelelo ye-European Avant-garde kwisazisi senkcubeko yaseYurophu yayigqithise. Le ntshukumo yacela umngeni kwaye yachaza iingqiqo zemveli zobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko, ivula iingcango ezintsha ezibhekiselele kwisazisi saseYurophu esibanzi nesahlukileyo. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yayo entsha, iVanguard yaseYurophu ibe negalelo ekwaphuleni imiqobo yenkcubeko kunye nokukhuthaza iingxoxo zenkcubeko phakathi kweYurophu iphela. Ngaphaya koko, uphononongo kunye nokulinga kwiindlela ezintsha zokubonakaliswa kobugcisa ezikhuthazwa ngulo mbutho kwanceda ekuyileni inkcubeko yaseYurophu eyodwa neyaziwayo kumazwe ngamazwe.
9. I-European Avant-garde kunye nokwamkelwa kwayo okubalulekileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zembali
I-European Vanguard, iphephancwadi loncwadi kunye nenkcubeko eyasungulwa kwi-1881, ibe yinto ebalulekileyo yokwamkelwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zembali. Impembelelo yayo kunye nokufaneleka kwayo kuye kwahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha, kubonisa utshintsho lwezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko eYurophu nakwihlabathi. Okulandelayo, ezinye zezi meko zembali kunye nendlela eli phephancwadi eliye lafunyanwa ngalo ngokugxekayo kuzo zonke ziya kuphononongwa.
Ngexesha le-interwar, i-European Avant-garde yaphenjelelwa yi-avant-garde yobugcisa kunye neencwadi zexesha, ezifana ne-surrealism kunye ne-dadaism. Eli phephancwadi laba liqonga lamagcisa kunye nababhali abacela umngeni kwiindibano zobuhle kunye nezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, le avant-garde nayo yayingumxholo wokugxekwa kunye nokuchaswa kwabo babona kuyo isoyikiso kwizithethe zemveli kunye nemilinganiselo.
Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, ebudeni beMfazwe Yomlomo, iThe European Vanguard yazifumanisa ibandakanyeke kwiingcamango nezobupolitika. Eli phephancwadi lazibeka kwimeko yokuchasana nokuhlolwa nokucinezelwa, likhusela inkululeko yokuthetha namalungelo abantu. Nangona kunjalo, ikwafumene ukugxekwa ngezityholo zokukhetha icala kwezopolitiko kunye nobudlelwane bayo nemibutho ethile okanye oorhulumente. Kulo mongo, ukwamkelwa okubalulekileyo kweli phephancwadi kwaphenjelelwa ngamandla ziingcamango kunye nokuqhelaniswa nezopolitiko kwilizwe okanye ummandla ngamnye.
10. Iingcamango eziphambili kwi-European Avant-garde: Imvelaphi, ukuzithoba kunye nenkululeko yokudala
I-European Avant-garde yayiyintshukumo yobugcisa kunye neyoncwadi eyavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ephawulwa yimvelaphi yayo, ukuthobela kunye nenkululeko yokudala. Ezi ngcamango zingundoqo zazisisiseko ekwahlukaneni nemigaqo nemigaqo esekwe kubugcisa kunye noncwadi lwelo xesha.
Imvelaphi yabonakaliswa kukhangelo lweendlela ezintsha zokuthetha kunye nokwaphulwa kweendlela zemveli. Amagcisa e-Avant-garde asukile kumboniso wokwenyani aza afuna ukubamba eyawo imibono neemvakalelo kumsebenzi wawo. I-subjectivity, inxalenye yayo, yayibandakanya ukubonakaliswa kobuntu bomzobi kunye nokuzithoba, ukuzikhulula kwizithintelo zenyaniso enenjongo. Abadali bagxininise ekugqithiseni amava abo kunye nemibono yabo, rhoqo ngokusebenzisa imiqondiso enzima kunye nezikweko. Ekugqibeleni, inkululeko yokudala yavunyelwa kumagcisa ulinge ngobuchule obutsha kunye nezimbo, uphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokumelwa kunye nomngeni wemigaqo esekiweyo.
Kwi-Avant-garde yaseYurophu, imisinga eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa kunye neyoncwadi yayigqamile njenge-surrealism, cubism, dadaism kunye nekamva. Nganye yale misinga ibandakanya iikhonsepthi zayo eziphambili, kodwa zonke zabelana ngembono yemvelaphi, ukuzithoba kunye nenkululeko yokuyila njengeentsika ezisisiseko. Ezi ntshukumo aziphembeleli kuphela ubugcisa kunye noncwadi, kodwa nomculo, izakhiwo, kunye nefashoni yelo xesha.
Isishwankathelo, i-European Avant-garde yayilixesha lempumelelo enkulu yokuyila apho amagcisa kunye nababhali baphula izithethe ezimiselweyo kwaye baphonononga iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha. Ngemvelaphi, ukuzimela kunye nenkululeko yokuyila, bakwazile ukusasaza imibono yabo yehlabathi kwaye baguqule ipanorama yobugcisa kunye noncwadi ngelo xesha.
11. Iimpembelelo zefilosofi kunye nethiyori kwi-Avant-garde yaseYurophu: uNietzsche, uFreud noBergson
I-European Avant-garde yayiyintshukumo yobugcisa kunye noncwadi eyavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwaye yaba nefuthe elikhulu kwinkcubeko nakwingcamango yefilosofi. Ngeli xesha, kwavela imisinga emitsha yokucinga kwaye kwavela ikhefu ngeengcamango zemveli. Phakathi kwezona mpembelelo zibalaseleyo zefilosofi nezethiyori kwi-European Avant-garde zezo zikaNietzsche, uFreud noBergson.
UFriedrich Nietzsche wayengumthandi wobulumko waseJamani owacebisa indlela entsha yentanda-bulumko, ethandabuza iimbono zemveli zokuziphatha nenkolo. UNietzsche wayikhusela ingcamango yomntu obalaseleyo, isidalwa esidlula imilinganiselo emiselweyo size sizikhulule kwimiqobo yokuziphatha. Indlela yakhe yokucinga yaphembelela kakhulu umkhwa wobukho bezinto ezikhoyo kunye nengcamango yobugcisa njengendlela yokukhulula umntu ngamnye.
USigmund Freud, kwelakhe icala, wayiguqula intsimi yezengqondo ngethiyori yakhe yokungazi nto. KuFreud, iidrive ezingazi nto kunye neminqweno idlala indima emiselayo kwindlela esiziphatha ngayo nakwiimvakalelo zethu. Lo mbono waba nempembelelo enkulu kwi-Avant-garde yaseYurophu, ephonononga ukumelwa kwamaphupha, i-subconscious, kunye neyona mpembelelo yakudala kubugcisa kunye noncwadi.
12. Ukuchaswa kwemida esesikweni kwi-European Avant-garde kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye nokucinga kwe-avant-garde.
I-European Avant-garde yayiyintshukumo yobugcisa kunye noncwadi eyaphuhliswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Enye yezona zinto zichaphazelekayo kule ntshukumo ye-avant-garde kukugqithiswa kwemida esemthethweni esekwe kubugcisa obubonakalayo kunye noncwadi. Olu kreqo lwalubandakanya ukwaphulwa kwemigaqo yesithethe yokumelwa kunye nokuphonononga iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha nokucinga.
Ekupeyinteni, umzekelo, amagcisa aseYurophu avant-garde asuka kumelo oluyinyani aza afuna iindlela ezintsha zokubonisa ngokusebenzisa imibala ebukhali, imigca engabonakaliyo, kunye neemilo zejometri. Oku kophulwa kwemida esesikweni kwavumela amagcisa ukuba aphonononge amathuba amatsha obuhle kwaye azikhulule kwizithintelo ezibekwe ngokwesithethe.
Kuncwadi, ababhali be-avant-garde bazama iindlela ezintsha zokubalisa kunye nolwimi. Bayishiya indlela yokubalisa elandelelanayo baza baphonononga iimo ezicandekileyo kunye nemibongo yeprozi. Oku kuchithwa kwemida esemthethweni kwavumela ababhali be-avant-garde ukuba baveze iingcamango kunye neemvakalelo ngendlela ethe ngqo kunye neyomntu. Ngaphaya koko, ukophulwa kwemida esesikweni kuncwadi lwe-avant-garde nayo yayinxulumene nengcinga ye-avant-garde, njengoko yayifuna ukubhukuqa izithethe ezimiselweyo kunye nokubuza izivumelwano zentlalo nenkcubeko.
Isishwankathelo, ukugqithiswa kwemida esemthethweni kwi-European Avant-garde kwakuyinto ebalulekileyo yale ntshukumo ye-avant-garde. Kuzo zombini ubugcisa obubonakalayo kunye noncwadi, abaculi be-avant-garde baqhekeza iindibano zemveli kwaye bahlola iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha kunye nokucinga. Olu tyeshelo lwemida esesikweni luvumele amagcisa e-avant-garde ukuba akhululeke kwizithintelo zesithethe kwaye aphonononge iindlela ezintsha zobuhle kunye neengxelo. [ISIPHELO
13. I-Avant-garde yaseYurophu kunye nefuthe layo kwiintshukumo zobugcisa zamva: Inkcazo engabonakaliyo, ubugcisa bepop kunye nobuncinci.
I-European Avant-garde yayiyintshukumo yobugcisa eyayinempembelelo enkulu kwiintshukumo zamva, ezifana ne-Abstract Expressionism, i-Pop Art kunye ne-Minimalism. Ezi ntshukumo zavela eYurophu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwaye zaziphawuleka ngokugxila ekulingweni nasekuhlukaneni nezivumelwano zobugcisa.
I-Abstract Expressionism yaphuhliswa kwi-1940s kwaye yaphawulwa ngokugxininisa ekubonakalisweni kweemvakalelo kunye nokumelwa kwe-subconscious. Amagcisa ale ntshukumo azama ukudlulisa iimvakalelo kunye namava abo ngokupeyinta, esebenzisa iibrushstrokes ezikhululekileyo, imibala eqaqambileyo, kunye neemilo ezingabonakaliyo. Abapeyinti abadumileyo abafana noJackson Pollock kunye noMark Rothko babengamanani abalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni i-Abstract Expressionism.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, kwavela iPop Art, intshukumo eyakhuthazwa yinkcubeko edumileyo kunye noluntu lwabathengi. Amagcisa ePop asebenzise imifanekiso kunye nezinto zobomi bemihla ngemihla ukudala imisebenzi yobugcisa eyayicel’ umngeni iingcamango zemveli zobuhle negunya kubugcisa. UAndy Warhol kunye noRoy Lichtenstein babini bawona magcisa aziwayo ePop, adume ngokubonisa abantu abadumileyo kunye neetoti zesuphu zikaCampbell.
Ekugqibeleni, i-Minimalism yavela ekupheleni kwee-1960 kwaye yabonakaliswa ngokugxila ekulula kunye nokunciphisa kwizinto ezibalulekileyo. Abaculi beMinimalist bafuna ukuphelisa naziphi na izinto ezingafunekiyo kwimisebenzi yabo, besebenzisa iimilo zejometri ezilula kunye nemibala engathathi hlangothi. Abanye abaculi abanobuchwephesha bale ntshukumo baquka uDonald Judd kunye noDan Flavin, abasebenzisa izinto zoshishino kunye nezibane ze-fluorescent kwiifakelo zabo ezincinci.
Ukuqukumbela, i-European Avant-garde yaba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwiintshukumo zobugcisa zamva, ezifana ne-Abstract Expressionism, iPop Art kunye neMinimalism. Ezi ntshukumo zacela umngeni kwiindibano ezisekiweyo, ukuhlola iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha kunye nokudala imisebenzi ebonisa utshintsho lwentlalo kunye nenkcubeko yexesha labo. Ngovavanyo lwabo kunye nemvelaphi, ezi ntshukumo ziyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza amagcisa anamhlanje kwihlabathi liphela.
14. Iingcinga zokugqibela kwi-European Avant-garde: Ilifa layo kwimbali kunye nokufaneleka kwayo kumaxesha angoku.
I-European Avant-garde yayiyintshukumo yobugcisa nenkcubeko eyavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 eYurophu. Yayiyintshukumo ephawuleka ngokuhlukana kwayo neengqungquthela zemveli kunye nokukhangela iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, sihlolisise imisinga yobugcisa eyahlukeneyo eyenza i-European Avant-garde, efana ne-cubism, i-futurism, i-dadaism kunye ne-surrealism. Ngamnye kule misinga yayineempawu zayo ezahlukileyo, kodwa zonke zabelana ngomoya wokutshintsha kunye notshintsho.
Ilifa lembali ye-European Avant-garde ayinakuphikiswa. Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa kuzo zonke iindlela zobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko yangoku. Iingcamango kunye nobuchule obuphuhliswe ngabaculi be-avant-garde babeka isiseko sokuguquka kobugcisa banamhlanje kunye ne-postmodern. Indlela yakhe yokulinga kunye nokuzimisela ukucela umngeni kwizithethe ezimiselweyo ibe ngumthombo wenkuthazo kwizizukulwana zamagcisa ukusukela ngoko. Ngexesha langoku, i-European Avant-garde ihlala ifanelekile, kuba yayo imigaqo kunye neenqobo zokuziphatha Ziyaqhubeka zihlolisiswa kwaye ziphinde zichazwe ngamagcisa namhlanje.
Ukuqukumbela, i-European Avant-garde ishiye ilifa elihlala lihleli kwihlabathi lobugcisa nenkcubeko. Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa kuzo zonke iindlela zokubonisa ubugcisa bale mihla. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yabo yokuqalisa kunye nenguquko, amagcisa e-avant-garde aqhawula iindibano zemveli kwaye abeka isiseko sobugcisa bale mihla kunye nobemva. Nangona intshukumo ngokwayo ya no existe, ukufaneleka kwayo kusekho nanamhlanje, njengoko iingcamango nemigaqo yayo iqhubeka iphononongwa kwaye iphinda icaciswe ngamagcisa anamhlanje.
Isishwankathelo, i-European Avant-garde izenzele njengentshukumo ephambili yobugcisa kwinkcubeko yenkcubeko yaseYurophu. Iimpawu zayo ezahlukileyo, ezinjengokukhangela intsusa, ukulingwa ngobuchule obutsha kunye nokwaphulwa kwezithethe ezimiselweyo zobuhle, zishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbali yobugcisa. Ngaphaya koko, impembelelo yayo inabela ngaphaya kwecandelo lobugcisa, ikwaquka uncwadi, uyilo kunye noyilo. Ngemisebenzi yabo yoguqulo, amagcisa e-avant-garde aye acela umngeni kwiindibano kwaye atyhalela ukubonakaliswa kokuyila kwimida emitsha. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, intshukumo yaseYurophu yeAvant-garde iya kuqhubeka iyisalathiso esibalulekileyo kwisifundo sobugcisa kunye nenkuthazo eqhubekayo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
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