Imbali ye-Intanethi Lisaga elinomdla lokuqamba izinto ezintsha kunye nentsebenziswano yabantu eye yaguqula indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, esinxibelelana ngayo kwaye sisebenzisana kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, siza kuphonononga imvelaphi ye-Intanethi kunye nendlela esi sigebenga setekhnoloji esiye sakhula ngayo kwi-intanethi Ihlabathi jikelele esilaziyo namhlanje. Ukusukela kwisiqalo esithobekileyo ukuya ekwandiseni nasekuphuhliseni kwayo, ukuvela kwe-Intanethi ibe linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuveleni koluntu kunye nobuchwepheshe.
Ukudalwa kwe-ARPANET: Ngasekupheleni kwee-1960, iSebe lezoKhuselo i-USA ibijonge indlela yokunxibelelana neenethiwekhi zekhompyuter kunye nokuqinisekisa unxibelelwano xa kunokwenzeka yohlaselo zenyukliya. Yile ndlela i-ARPANET (i-Arhente yoPhando oluPhambili lwe-Arhente ye-Arhente) idalwe, inethiwekhi yovavanyo eya kusebenzisa ipakethe yokutshintsha ukuhambisa idatha ngokufanelekileyo nangokuthembeka. Olu lutsha lwabeka isiseko sento eyayiza kuba yi-Intanethi kamva, kwaye indawo yayo yokuqala yasekwa ngo-1969 phakathi kweZiko loPhando laseStanford kunye neYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles.
Ukwamkelwa kweprotocol ye-TCP/IP: Ngeminyaka yee-1970, imfuno yeprotocol esemgangathweni yokuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukeneyo yabonakala. Yile ndlela ngo-1974, uVint Cerf kunye noBob Kahn baphuhlisa iprotocol ye-TCP/IP (iProtocol yoLawulo loThutho/iProtocol ye-Intanethi), eyavumela uthungelwano olwahlukeneyo ukuba lunxibelelane ngaphandle kweengxaki. Le protocol yaba lulwimi lwehlabathi jikelele kwi-Intanethi kwaye yabeka isiseko sokwandiswa nophuhliso lwexesha elizayo.
Ukunyuka kweWebhu yehlabathi ngokubanziNgeminyaka yoo-1980, uTim Berners-Lee, isazinzulu sekhompyutha saseBritani, ucebise ngenkqubo ye-hypertext yokwabelana kunye nokufikelela kulwazi kwi-Intanethi. Oku kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweWorld Wide Web, eyavumela ukudala kunye nokuboniswa kwamaphepha ewebhu ngendlela ekulula ukuyisebenzisa. Ngentshayelelo ye iibhrawuza zewebhu NjengoMosaic kunye neNetscape Navigator nge1990s, ulwazi lwe-intanethi luye lwafikeleleka kubaphulaphuli ababanzi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kuye kwaqhuma kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngamafutshane, ukuvela kwe-Intanethi kwaba ngumphumo wamashumi eminyaka yophando, intsebenziswano, kunye nophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe Ukususela kumanyathelo okuqala kunye ne-ARPANET ekudalweni kwe-protocol ye-TCP / IP kunye nokuveliswa kwe-World Wide Web, i-Breakthrough nganye yayiyi-. inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekwakhiweni uthungelwano lwehlabathi esilwaziyo nesilusebenzisayo namhlanje. Impembelelo ye-Intanethi kuluntu nakwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana norhwebo lwe-elektroniki, unxibelelwano kunye nemfundo, ibingenakuphikiswa. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, eli bali liya kuhlala livela rhoqo njengoko i-Intanethi iqhubeka nokuzihlaziya kwaye iguqula indlela umhlaba onxibelelana ngayo.
1. Imvelaphi yembali yokudalwa kwe-Intanethi
Ukuvela kwe-Intanethi kwaphawulwa ngoluhlu lweziganeko zembali ezibeka iziseko zokudalwa kwayo kunye nophuhliso olulandelayo. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano lwedatha., eyayivumela ukusasazwa kolwazi ngeentambo neerediyo. Embindini wenkulungwane yama-20, ukuqhubela phambili kobu buchwepheshe kwakhokelela ekudalweni kothungelwano lwekhompyutha lokuqala, olusetyenziswa ikakhulu ngurhulumente kunye namanye amaziko emfundo.
Enye into ephambili ekuzalweni kwe-Intanethi ukuvela kwe-ARPANET, inethiwekhi yonxibelelwano eyenziwe kwi-1969 liSebe lezoKhuselo evela eMelika. I-ARPANET yenzelwe "uthungelwano olunatyisiweyo nokusasazwa kwamagunya, eyilelwe ukuxhathisa uhlaselo lwenyukliya oluya kwenzeka." Le network revolution yavumela ukuba idatha idluliselwe phakathi kweekhompyuter ezahlukeneyo ezibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ngaloo ndlela ibeka iziseko zengqikelelo yothungelwano lwehlabathi.
Ekugqibeleni, njengoko uthungelwano lwekhompyuter lusanda, kwavela imfuneko yokuseka inkqubo yonxibelelwano esemgangathweni oko kuyakuvumela udibaniso lwazo zonke iinethiwekhi ezikhoyo. Ngo-1983, iprotocol ye-TCP/IP (iProtocol yoLawulo loThutho/iProtocol ye-Intanethi) yaphunyezwa, eya kuba ngumgangatho wehlabathi wonxibelelwano kwi-Intanethi. Lo mthetho uvumele ugqithiselo lwedatha ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ethembekileyo, ethe yaphembelela ukukhula kunye nokuthandwa kwe-Intanethi kwihlabathi liphela.
2. Abona badlali baphambili ekuveleni kwe-intanethi
Ekuveleni kwe-Intanethi, kwakukho ezahlukeneyo abalinganiswa abaphambili odlale indima engundoqo kuphuhliso lobu buchwepheshe buguqukayo. Phakathi kwabo kukho abaphandi, iinkampani kunye nemibutho ethe yanikela ngomsebenzi wabo kunye nombono wokwenza ukudalwa kothungelwano lothungelwano olunokwenzeka.
Enye ye abadlali abaphambili Ukuvela kwe-Intanethi yayingurhulumente wase-United States, ngenyathelo le-Arhente yeeProjekthi zoPhando oluPhezulu (ARPA). Le arhente, eyenziwe ngo-1958, yayinenjongo yayo ephambili yokuphuhlisa itekhnoloji ezomeleza ukhuseleko lwase-United States. Kwakulo mxholo apho iprojekthi ARPA-NET, ithathelwe ingqalelo isandulela se-Intanethi, yaqhutywa.
Enye i-protagonist ephambili ekuveleni kwe-Intanethi yayiyinzululwazi yaseBrithani UTim Berners-Lee, owaziwa ngokuba ngumqambi weWebhu yeHlabathi ebanzi. Kwi-1989, uBerners-Lee ucebise inkqubo yokulawula ulwazi olusekelwe kwi-hypertext evumela ukuba ulwazi lufikeleleke kwaye lwabelwane ngalo kwihlabathi jikelele. Lo mbono wenziwa ngoku ekudalweni kweyokuqala iwebhusayithi kunye nokuqaliswa kwesikhangeli sokuqala ngo-1990, sibeka iziseko zokwandisa kunye nokuthandwa kwe-Intanethi.
3. Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano phambi kwe-intanethi
Kube sisiseko sokuqonda ukuba le nethiwekhi yehlabathi yonxibelelwano yavela njani. Ukususela kuphuhliso lokuqala lwenkqubo yocingo kunye nefowuni ukuya ekudalweni kukamabonakude kunye nonomathotholo, inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji nganye iye yabeka isiseko sokuvela kwe-Intanethi. Ukuvela kwezi teknoloji kuye kwavumela ukuhanjiswa kolwazi kunye nedatha kwimigama emide, ukuvula indlela yokuvela kwenethiwekhi eya kudibanisa abantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwi-evolution ye-teknoloji yezonxibelelwano yayikukuphuhliswa kwe-ARPANET kwi-60 yiSebe lezoKhuselo lase-United States. Eyona njongo yale projekthi yayikukudala uthungelwano lonxibelelwano oluqinileyo nolunatyisiweyo olunokuthi luxhathise naxa kukho uhlaselo okanye iintlekele. I-ARPANET yabeka iziseko zeprotocol ye-TCP / IP, eyaba ngumgangatho wonxibelelwano kwi-Intanethi kwaye yavumela uxhulumaniso lwamanethiwekhi ahlukeneyo. kwinto enye.
Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yayikukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zonxibelelwano ngesathelayithi. Ezi nkqubo zivumele ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kunye nemiqondiso yonxibelelwano kwimigama emide ngaphandle kwemfuneko yeentambo okanye iziseko ezingundoqo zomhlaba. Le ibiyinkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lothungelwano lonxibelelwano lwehlabathi, njengoko ivumele imimandla ekude ukuba iqhagamshelwe kunye nemida yejografi ukuba yoyiswe ukusasazwa kolwazi.
4. Ukuzalwa kwe-ARPANET: umanduleli wewebhu yehlabathi ngokubanzi
Ukuzalwa kwe-ARPANET kwaphawula ukuqala kwento esiyaziyo namhlanje njenge-Intanethi. Yaphuhliswa kwi-1960 yi-Arhente yeeProjekthi zoPhando oluPhambili (ARPA) yeSebe lezoKhuselo laseMelika. Le projekthi yobuvulindlela yayiyeyona njongo iphambili yokuseka uthungelwano lonxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo nolwabiwayo olunokumelana nokusilela xa kuhlaselwe okanye iintlekele zendalo.. Esi sisombululo sitsha sibandakanya ukwahlula ulwazi kwiipakethi ezincinci zedatha kunye nokuzithumela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, eziqinisekisa ukomelela kunye nokungafuneki kwenethiwekhi.
I-ARPANET yayisekelwe kwi-teknoloji ebizwa ngokuba yi-packet switching, apho idatha ihlulwe ibe ngamacandelo alawulekayo kwaye ithunyelwe ngokwahlukileyo. Le ndlela yenguqu yavumela unxibelelwano olusebenzayo nolukhawulezayo lomgama omde, into engazange yabonwa ngaphambili.. Ukongeza, i-ARPANET yazisa ingqikelelo yothungelwano lothungelwano, ekuqaleni idibanisa iindawo ezine zekhompyuter kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi.
Njengoko i-ARPANET ikhula, iindawo ezininzi zongezwa, iiyunivesithi ezidibanisa, amaziko ophando, kunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente. Olu thungelwano lothungelwano lwaba sisiseko esisisiseko se-Intanethi. Ukukwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi ngoko nangoko kunye nehlabathi jikelele kwavula umnyango wenkqubela phambili engazange ibonwe kwiinkalo ezifana nophando lwezenzululwazi, imfundo kunye norhwebo.. Itekhnoloji emva kwe-ARPANET yabeka isiseko sokudala iziseko zonxibelelwano zehlabathi esizisebenzisayo namhlanje.
5. Ukuphuhliswa kwe-TCP / IP kunye nefuthe layo ekwandiseni i-Intanethi
I-TCP/IP (iProtokholi yoLawulo loThutho/iProtokholi ye-Intanethi) yiseti yemigaqo ephuhliswe kwiminyaka yoo-1970 eyabeka isiseko sokusebenza kunye nokwandiswa kwe-Intanethi. Yeyona ndlela iphambili esetyenziselwa unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi kwaye ivumela izixhobo ukuba ziqhagamshelane kwaye zabelane ngolwazi kwihlabathi liphela. Uphuhliso lwe-TCP/IP ludlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuveleni kwe-Intanethi kwaye ukwamkelwa kwayo kwakubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekukhuliseni inethiwekhi.
Ngaphambi kwe-TCP/IP, iiprothokholi ezininzi zonxibelelwano zazikho, kodwa akukho mgangatho wehlabathi usekiweyo. Oku kwenza nzima uthungelwano lothungelwano olwahlukeneyo kwaye kwanciphisa amandla onxibelelwano lwehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, ngophuhliso lwe-TCP/IP, uthungelwano bakwazi ukunxibelelana omnye komnye ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi kwaye kwasekwa iprotocol eqhelekileyo evumela izixhobo ukuba zidibanise kungakhathaliseki ukuba inethiwekhi zixhunywe kuyo.
Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yophuhliso lwe-TCP / IP yayiyikhono layo lokuqhekeza kunye nokudibanisa idatha ethunyelweyo Oku kwenze ukuba ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kwedatha kwiinethiwekhi ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchule. Ukongeza, i-TCP/IP iphumeze ingqikelelo yedilesi ye-IP, evumele ukuchongwa okukodwa kwesixhobo ngasinye kuthungelwano kwaye iququzelele ukuhanjiswa kweepakethi zedatha ukuya kwindawo yazo echanekileyo. Impembelelo ye-TCP / IP ekwandiseni i-Intanethi yayibalulekile kwaye ubeke isiseko sophuhliso lwezicelo kunye neenkonzo esizisebenzisayo namhlanje, ezinje ngeWorld Wide Web, email kunye ukudluliselwa kwefayile.
6. Indima ebalulekileyo yeWebhu yeHlabathi ebanzi ekusasazweni kwe-Intanethi
IWebhu yehlabathi ngokubanzi idlale a indima ebalulekileyo kudumo lwe-Intanethi. Le nethiwekhi yolwazi inkulu, ekwaziwa njengeWebhu, ivumele abantu ukuba bafikelele kwaye babelane ngedatha kwihlabathi jikelele ngokukhawuleza nangokulula. IWeb isekwe kusetyenziso lwehyperlink, evumela abasebenzisi ukuzula phakathi kwamaphepha ohlukeneyo kunye iiwebhusayithi, ngaloo ndlela iququzelela ukukhangela kunye nokutshintshiselana ngolwazi.
IWebhu yaphuhliswa ngo-1990 nguTim Berners-Lee, owadala inkqubo ye-hypertext evumela abasebenzisi ukuba badibanise kwaye bafikelele kumaxwebhu ahlukeneyo kwi-Intanethi. Le nkqubo yayisekelwe kulwimi lophawulo olubizwa ngokuba yiHTML. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iteknoloji efana neziphequluli zewebhu zaphuhliswa, ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafikelele kwaye bajonge amaxwebhu kunye nezixhobo kwiWebhu ngendlela ecacileyo kunye ne-intuitive.
I-World Wide Web iye yaba ebalulekileyo ukwenzela ukusasazwa kwe-Intanethi, njengoko iququzelele ukufikelela kulwazi kunye nezibonelelo ze zonke iintlobo. Enkosi kwiWebhu, abantu banokukhangela kwaye babelane ngomxholo wemultimedia, onje ngemifanekiso, iividiyo, kunye nomculo. Ukongeza, iWebhu ivumele ukuphuhliswa kwezicelo zewebhu, ezifana ne-imeyile kunye iinethiwekhi zoluntu, eziye zaguqula indlela esinxibelelana ngayo kunye nokunxibelelana nabanye.
7. Iingcebiso zokuqonda indlela i-Intanethi evele ngayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo namhlanje
Ukubaluleka kwe-Intanethi okwangoku:
I-Intanethi ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ebomini bethu. Ukususela ekuveleni kwayo, iye yatshintsha indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, esizazisayo kunye nokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Kule mihla, kunzima ukucinga ubukho bethu ngaphandle kwale nto yetekhnoloji evumela ukuba sidityaniswe ngoko nangoko kwaye singaphazanyiswa kunye nehlabathi liphela.
Ukuvela kunye nokukhula kwe-Intanethi:
I-Intanethi yaqala njengeprojekthi yokudibanisa iinethiwekhi ezahlukeneyo zekhompyuter kwiminyaka yoo-1960, ixhaswa ngemali nguRhulumente wase-United States. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, le nethiwekhi yanda kwihlabathi kwaye yaba siziseko esizaziyo namhlanje. Inani labasebenzisi liphindaphindeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye inani lolwazi olukhoyo kwi-Intanethi likhulu kakhulu. Ukwengeza, i-Intanethi ihlala iguquka, iqhelana neemfuno ze abasebenzisi bayo kunye nokubonelela ngemisebenzi kunye neenkonzo ezintsha.
Iingcebiso zokuqonda ukuba i-Intanethi yavela njani:
1. Phanda imvelaphi ye-Intanethi: Ukuqonda ukuba i-Intanethi yavela njani, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphande ngembali yayo kunye noovulindlela ababa negalelo ekudalweni kwayo. Zininzi izixhobo ze-intanethi, ezinje ngamaxwebhu, iincwadi, kunye namanqaku, anika ulwazi oluneenkcukacha ngesihloko.
2. Yazi iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko zothungelwano kunye neeprothokholi: Ukuqonda ngcono indlela esebenza ngayo i-Intanethi, kuyanceda ukuqhelana neengqikelelo ezisisiseko zothungelwano kunye neeprothokholi. Oku kuquka ukuqonda indlela uqhagamshelwano olusekwe ngayo, indlela idatha ehanjiswa ngayo, kunye nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo eyenza imodeli yesalathiso ye-TCP/IP.
3. Phonononga amanyathelo abalulekileyo kunye nenkqubela phambili yethekhinoloji: Njengoko i-Intanethi iye yavela, kubekho imigama emide nenkqubela phambili yethekhinoloji ethe yanegalelo kuphuhliso lwayo. Ukuphanda le nkqubela phambili, njengokudalwa kweWorld Wide Web okanye ukuvela kweenjini zokukhangela, kusivumela ukuba sibe nombono opheleleyo wendlela i-Intanethi ibe ngayo namhlanje. .
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.