Zeziphi izigaba zeCandelo leSeli

Icandelo cell phone yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kumjikelezo wobomi beseli, oqinisekisa ukukhula, uphuhliso kunye nokuphila kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda amanqanaba okwahlukana kweeseli kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda iindlela kunye nemimiselo ephantsi kwale nkqubo isisiseko. Kweli nqaku lobugcisa, siya kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ukuba zeziphi izigaba zokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli, sijonge kwiziganeko eziphambili ezenzeka ngexesha ngalinye. Ukusuka ekuphindaphindweni kwezinto zofuzo ukuya ekwahlukaneni kweechromosomes kunye nokwakheka kweeseli zeentombi ezimbini, siya kuxoxa ngemiba ebalulekileyo yenqanaba ngalinye kunye nokubaluleka kwazo ekugcineni intembeko yemfuza kunye nokwanda kweeseli. Sijoyine kolu hambo lokungena kwihlabathi elimangalisayo lolwahlulo lweeseli.

Intshayelelo kwinkqubo yolwahlulo lweeseli

Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni izinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Kule nkqubo, i-stem cell yahlula kwiiseli zentombi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, nganye inamandla okwenza yonke imisebenzi eyimfuneko yokugcina ubomi. Ngokuhlukana kweeseli, izicubu zikhula, zilungiswe kwaye zihlaziye, kwaye kubalulekile ekuveliseni nasekuphuhliseni izinto ezintsha.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zokwahlukana kweeseli: i-mitosis kunye ne-meiosis. I-Mitosis yinkqubo yokwahlula apho iseli yomama ivelisa iiseli ezimbini zeentombi ezinemfuzo ezifanayo kuyo. Ngexesha le-mitosis, i-stem cell iyahlula ibe ngamanqanaba amaninzi: i-prophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase, kunye ne-telophase. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, iichromosomes ziphindaphindwa kwaye zisasazwe ngokuchanekileyo kwiiseli zeentombi, ziqinisekisa ukuba nganye ifumana isixa esifanayo semathiriyeli yemfuza.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-meiosis yinkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli eyenzeka kwiiseli zesini, ezaziwa ngokuba ziiseli zentsholongwane. Ngokungafaniyo ne-mitosis, i-meiosis ivelisa iiseli zentombi ezinesiqingatha senani leechromosomes njengeseli yomzali. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekuveliseni ngokwesondo, njengoko ivumela indibaniselwano yemfuza kunye nokwahluka phakathi kwenzala. I-Meiosis ikwaqulunqwe ngamanqanaba aliqela, kubandakanywa ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA, ukwahlukaniswa kwechromosome kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwakhona, kunye nokuveliswa kokugqibela kweeseli zesini ezikhulileyo, ezaziwa ngokuba ziigeyithi.

Ukubaluleka kokwahlulwa kweeseli kwizinto eziphilayo

Ukwahlukana kweeseli kubalulekile kwizinto eziphilayo njengoko kuvumela ukukhula, ukuphuhliswa kunye nokugcinwa kwezicubu kunye namalungu. Le nkqubo elawulwa kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuveliswa kunye nokuhlaziywa rhoqo kweeseli, okubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto ezininzi eziphilayo.

Izizathu eziphambili zokuba kutheni ukwahlukana kweeseli kubaluleke kakhulu kubandakanya:

• Ukulungiswa kwezicubu: Xa ukulimala okanye ukulimala kwezicubu kwenzeka, ukuhlukana kweeseli kuvumela ukuvuselelwa kunye nokulungiswa kweeseli ezichaphazelekayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umzimba unokuchacha ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokugcina imfezeko yolwakhiwo.
• Ukukhula nophuhliso: Ngexesha leembryonic kunye nenqanaba lolutsha, ukwahlukana kweeseli kubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni izinto eziphilayo. Njengoko iiseli zihlukana, izinto ezintsha kunye namalungu ayakha, nto leyo evumela into ephilayo ukuba ihambe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ophuhliso kwaye ifikelele kubukhulu bayo bokugqibela kunye nokumila kwayo.
• Ukuhlaziywa kweSeli: Iiseli zinobomi obulinganiselweyo kwaye kufuneka zitshintshwe ngamaxesha athile. Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli kuqinisekisa ukuhlaziywa rhoqo kweeseli ezigugileyo okanye ezigugileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nobomi obude bento ephilayo.

Ukuqukumbela, ukubaluleka kokwahlukana kweeseli kulele kwinto yokuba yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokukhula, uphuhliso, ukulungiswa nokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ndiyabulela kule nkqubo, izicubu kunye nezitho zinokugcinwa kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, zivumela ukusinda kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwindawo yazo.

Inqanaba le-Interphase kunye nokulungiselela ulwahlulo lweeseli

Inqanaba lojongano lixesha elibalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli, ngexesha apho iseli ilungiselela ukwahlukana kweeseli. Eli nqanaba lahlulahlulwe lazizigaba ezithathu: isigaba G1, isigaba S kunye nesigaba G2. Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iseli ikhula kwaye isebenze imisebenzi yayo eqhelekileyo. Ngexesha le-S isigaba, uphindaphindo lwe-DNA lwenzeka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi inekopi epheleleyo yemathiriyeli yemfuzo. Ekugqibeleni, kwisigaba se-G2, iseli iyaqhubeka nokukhula kwayo kwaye ilungiselela ukwahlukana.

Ngethuba lesigaba se-interphase, iseli iphinda iqhube uchungechunge lweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zokulungiselela. Ezi nkqubo ziquka ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, i-protein synthesis, kunye nokuphindaphinda kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwee-organelles zeselula. Ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA kuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi inekopi echanekileyo yemfuza. Ukuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kweseli kunye nokuphindaphinda kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwe-organelles kuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi inezakhiwo eziyimfuneko ukuze iqhube imisebenzi yayo.

Ukongeza kwezi nkqubo, iseli nayo iphinda ilandele uthotho lweetshekhi kunye nemimiselo ngexesha lesigaba se-interphase. Ezi tshekhi, ezaziwa ngokuba ziindawo zokuhlola umjikelo weseli, qinisekisa ukuba iseli ikwimeko ezifanelekileyo zokwahlulwa. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na ingxaki okanye umonakalo ofunyenwe kwi-DNA okanye amanye amacandelo eselula, ezi ndawo zokukhangela ziyayeka. umjikelo weseli kwaye uvumele umonakalo ukuba ulungiswe ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili kulwahlulo lweeseli. Le ndlela yokulawula ibalulekile ukuthintela ukusasazeka kweempazamo zofuzo kunye nokuqinisekisa impilo kunye nokuzinza kweeseli zeentombi.

Izigaba ze-mitosis: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase kunye ne-telophase

Inkcazo eneenkcukacha yeprophase kulwahlulo lweeseli

I-Prophase sisigaba sokuqala sokwahlulwa kweeseli, ngokukodwa i-mitosis, apho uthotho lweziganeko ezibalulekileyo zenzeke ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwemathiriyeli yemfuza kwiiseli zentombi. Ngeli nqanaba, ii-subprocesses ezininzi zinokuhlukaniswa:

• Ukujiya kweChromosome: Iichromosomes eziphindiweyo ziba compact kwaye zibonakale phantsi kwemicroscope. Ulwakhiwo olumile ngo-"X"-lujongwa olumele iikopi ezimbini ezifanayo zechromosome kadade edityaniswe embindini wayo, ebizwa ngokuba yicentromere.
• Uphindaphindo lwe-Centrosome: I-Centrosomes, i-organelles ebekwe kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli, ziphindaphinda kwaye zifudukele kwezo zibonda. I-microtubules ye-cytoskeleton yandisa ukusuka kwi-centrosomes eyenza inethiwekhi eya kunceda ukuhlukanisa i-chromosomes.
• Ukwahlukana kwemvulophu yenyukliya: I-membrane yenyukliya iyahlukana, ivumela i-microtubules ukuba ingene kwi-nucleus. Le nkqubo iyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba iichromosomes zikhululekile kwi-cytoplasm kwaye zinokulungelelaniswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Iprophase sisigaba esibalulekileyo kulwahlulo lweeseli, njengoko ibeka isiseko sokwahlulwa okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes ngexesha lemitosis. Iziganeko zabo ezilungelelaniswe ngononophelo ziqinisekisa ukuba iichromosomes ziyajiyaniswa kwaye zibekwe kwindawo efanelekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi epheleleyo, esebenzayo yemathiriyeli yemfuza. Ngale ndlela, i-prophase idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni uzinzo lwechromosome kunye nophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi.

Indima ebalulekileyo ye-metaphase kulwahlulo lweeseli

I-Metaphase linqanaba elisisiseko kwinkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mitosis. Ngeli nqanaba, i-chromosomes ihambelana ngokulinganayo kwi-equatorial plane yeseli, ilungiselela ukuhlukana kwabo okulandelayo. Olu lungelelwaniso luchanekileyo kunye nolungelelwaniso olulingeneyo lubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusasazwa okuchanekileyo kwemathiriyeli yemfuza kwiiseli zentombi.

Esinye seziganeko eziphambili ze-metaphase kukwenziwa kwe-achromatic spindle, i-microtubule complex ephuma kwi-centrosomes kwaye idlulele kwiichromosomes. Le spindle isebenza njengoluhlobo lwesikafula, ivumela zombini ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo lweechromosomes kunye nokwahlukana kwazo okulandelayo ngexesha le-anaphase. Ukongeza, ngexesha le-metaphase, i-spindle microtubules incamathela kwimimandla ye-centromeric yeechromosomes, isenza isakhiwo esaziwa ngokuba yi-kinetochore, esibonelela nge-anchorage eyimfuneko yokwahlulwa kwechromosome ngokuchanekileyo.

Omnye umba obalulekileyo we-metaphase kukulawulwa kwendawo yokukhangela i-mitotic. Ngeli xesha, iindlela zokulawula iiseli ziqinisekisa ukuba zonke iichromosome zilungelelaniswe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zilungele ukwahlukana ngaphambi kokudlulela kwisigaba esilandelayo sokwahlulwa kweeseli. Kwimeko apho ichromosome ibekwe ngendlela engachanekanga, iindlela zokulungisa ziyakwenziwa zisebenze ukuqinisekisa imfezeko yemathiriyeli yemfuzo. Olu lawulo lungqongqo luqinisekisa uzinzo lwechromosomal kwaye luthintela ukwakheka kweeseli zeentombi ezinokwakheka kwemfuzo okungaqhelekanga.

I-Anaphase: Umzuzu ophambili wokwahlulwa kwechromosome

I-Anaphase ngumzuzu obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwahlula i-chromosome ngexesha le-mitosis kunye ne-meiosis. Ebudeni beli nqanaba, iichromosome eziphindiweyo ziyahlukana zibe ngamaqela amabini afanayo kwaye zitsalwa kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi epheleleyo nechanekileyo yezinto zemfuza.

Kwi-anaphase ye-mitosis, eyenzeka emva kwe-metaphase, ii-microtubules ze-mitotic spindle ziba mfutshane kwaye zitsale iichromatids ezingodade ukuya kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Njengoko iichromatids zihlukana, ziba yichromosomes nganye. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi inekopi echanekileyo yenani elichanekileyo leechromosomes.

Kwi-anaphase I ye-meiosis, elandela i-prophase I kunye ne-metaphase I, ukuhlukana okufanayo kwe-chromatids kwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, i-chromosomes e-homologous, kunokuba i-chromatids engudade, iyahlukana kwaye ihambela kwiipali ezichaseneyo. Eli nyathelo libalulekile ekuveliseni iiseli zesini se-haploid kunye nokwahluka kofuzo kwinzala.

I-telophase kunye ne-cytokinesis: ukugqitywa kwecandelo leseli

I-telophase kunye ne-cytokinesis ziphawula isigaba sokugqibela senkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cytokinesis. Ngexesha le-telophase, i-chromosomes yahlulahlulwe kwinqanaba langaphambili i-decondense kwaye iphinda ihlengahlengise ibe yi-nuclei yentombi entsha. Le nkqubo yenzeka kwimitosis nakwi meiosis.

Kwi-telophase, i-nucleoli iphinda ivele ngaphakathi kwi-nuclei entsha, kwaye i-chromosomes iyakhululeka kwaye isasazeke njengechromatin. Ukongeza, imvulophu entsha yeenyukliya ijikeleze i-nucleus nganye yefilial. Ichromatin iyancipha kwaye i-chromosomes ayibonakali emehlweni.

Kwelinye icala, icytokinesis yinkqubo apho icytoplasm yahlulwe ngokwasemzimbeni ukuze yenze iiseli ezimbini zeentombi ezahlukeneyo. Kwiiseli ezininzi zezilwanyana, le nkqubo iqhutyelwa ngokuqulunqwa kwe-cytokinesis forrow kwindawo ye-equatorial yeseli. Njengoko umsele we-cytokinesis uya usiba nzulu, i-plasma membranes fuse kunye neeseli ezimbini ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo.

Khumbula ukuba i-telophase kunye ne-cytokinesis ngamanqanaba abalulekileyo kulwahlulo lweeseli, ukuqinisekisa ukwahlulwa okuchanekileyo kwezinto zofuzo kunye nokwakheka kweeseli ezimbini zeentombi ezisebenza ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphandle kwezi nkqubo, ubomi njengoko siyazi ukuba abunakwenzeka.

Ukubaluleka kokuhlukana kweeseli ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni izinto eziphilayo

Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso kunye nempumelelo ekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngale nkqubo, iiseli ziyakwazi ukwanda, zihlaziye kwaye zikhetheke, ezivumela ukuba ukunyaniseka kwezicubu kunye nezitho zigcinwe, kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Okokuqala, ukwahlukana kweeseli kubalulekile ekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Njengoko into ephilayo ikhula ukusuka kwiseli enye ukuya kwinto epheleleyo, iiseli ziyahlukana ukuze zenze iiseli ezintsha. Oku kukhula kubonakala kwizinto zombini kunye ne-unicellular organisms, apho ukuhlukana kweeseli kuvumela ukuzala kunye nokwanda kwenani labantu.

Ngaphaya koko, ukwahlukana kweeseli kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni iiseli kunye nokwahlulahlula. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, iiseli zisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwaye zifumana imisebenzi ethile, zivelisa izicubu ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu enza into ephilayo. Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli kulawula umlinganiselo kunye nokuhanjiswa ngokufanelekileyo kweeseli ezikhethekileyo, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo ngokuchanekileyo kumzimba wokugqibela.

Ulawulo kunye nolawulo lolwahlulo lweeseli

Ukwahlula kweeseli kuyinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi, kwaye ukulawulwa kwayo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kokulinganisela kunye nomsebenzi ochanekileyo wezicubu kunye nezitho. Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli kulawulwa luluhlu lweendlela eziqinisekisa ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA echanekileyo kunye nokuhanjiswa okulinganayo kweechromosomes kwiiseli zeentombi. Ezi ndlela zokulawula kunye nokulawula zibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukwakheka kweeseli ezitshintshileyo ezinokukhokelela kwizifo ezifana nomhlaza.

• Umjikelo weSelula: Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo nelandelelanayo equka izigaba zokwahlulwa kweeseli. Ilawulwa luluhlu lweeprotheyini ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cyclins kunye ne-cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) ezilawula ukuqhubela phambili kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. amanqanaba omjikelo weseli. Ezi proteni zisebenza kwaye zivaliwe ngamaxesha athile kumjikelezo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iseli igqiba isigaba ngasinye ngaphambi kokuba iqhubele phambili ukuya kwelinye.
• Iindawo zokuhlola: Ngethuba lomjikelo weseli, kukho ii-checkpoints eziphambili ezivumela iseli ukuba ihlole ukuba zonke izigaba zigqitywe ngokuchanekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubele phambili kwisigaba esilandelayo. Ezi ndawo zokuhlola ziqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwe-genome kunye nokufumanisa umonakalo we-DNA. Ukuba kufunyenwe izinto ezingaqhelekanga, umjikelo weseli unokuyekwa ukuvumela ukulungiswa kwe-DNA okanye, kwimeko yomonakalo ongenakulungiseka, kubangele ukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis.
• Ulawulo lweHormonal: Ukwahlulwa kweeseli kunokuphenjelelwa ziihomoni ezisebenza njengemiqondiso yeekhemikhali. Amanye amahomoni anokukhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli, ngelixa amanye anokukuthintela. Ezi ziphumo ze-hormonal zinokubaluleka ekuphuhliseni izicubu kunye nokukhula, kunye nokuphendula kukulimala okanye iimeko zoxinzelelo.

Isishwankathelo, ukulawulwa kunye nokulawulwa kokwahlula kweeseli kuyinkqubo enzima kunye nezichanekileyo eziqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwe-genome kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezicubu. Ulwazi ngezi ndlela lubalulekile ukuqonda izifo ezifana nomhlaza kwaye lunokuba nezicelo zonyango kuphuhliso lonyango oluchasene nezifo ezingalawulekiyo ezikhulayo.

Izinto ezinokuchaphazela kakubi ukwahlukana kweeseli

:

Ukwahlulahlulwa kweeseli kuyinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokukhula nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu kwizinto eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokuphazamisa kwaye zichaphazele kakubi le nkqubo ibalulekileyo. Ngezantsi zeminye yale miba:

• I-ionizing radiation: Ukuvezwa kwimitha ye-ionizing, njenge I-X-reyi kunye nonyango lwemitha, lungonakalisa imathiriyeli yemfuza yeeseli kwaye luphazamise ukwahlukana kweeseli. Oku kunokubangela ukwakheka kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga okanye uthintelo lokukwazi ukwahlula iiseli ngokuchanekileyo.
• Iikhemikhali kunye neearhente ezinetyhefu: Ii-agent ezithile zeekhemikhali kunye neekhompawundi eziyityhefu ezikhoyo kwindawo esingqongileyo okanye kwizinto esizityileyo zinokuchaphazela kakubi ukwahlulwa kweeseli. Ezi khompawundi ezinobuthi zinokubangela umonakalo weDNA kwaye ziguqule iindlela ulawulo lomjikelo weseli, enokukhokelela ekwandeni kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga kunye nezifo ezinjengomhlaza.
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo zemitotic: Isixhobo se-mitotic yiseti yezakhiwo kunye neeprotheni ezidlala indima ephambili kulwahlulo lweeseli. Nakuphi na ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwesi sixhobo, nokuba kungenxa yoguquko lwemfuza okanye ukungalingani kumanqanaba eeprotheyini ezithile, kunokutshintsha inkqubo yokwahlulwa kweeseli kwaye kukhokelela ekungafaneni kwechromosomal okanye ukwakheka kweeseli ezingasebenziyo.

Ezi zizinto nje eminye imizekelo ye . Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ezi zinto zinokuchaphazela njani le nkqubo isisiseko ukuze kuthintelwe iziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yethu. impilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle.

Iingcebiso kuphononongo kunye nokuqonda izigaba zokwahlulwa kweeseli

Ukufumana uphononongo olungcono kunye nokuqonda izigaba zokuhlukana kweeseli, kubalulekile ukulandela iingcebiso eziphambili. Ezi ngcebiso ziya kukunceda udibanise ulwazi ngokufanelekileyo kwaye uqonde iinkqubo zeselula ezibandakanyekayo kulwahlulo.

1. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezibonakalayo: Ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso, imizobo kunye noopopayi kunokuba luncedo olukhulu ekuboneni izigaba zokwahlukana kweeseli. Ezi zixhobo ziya kukuvumela ukuba uchonge kwaye uqonde ngcono isigaba ngasinye, njenge-interphase, i-mitosis kunye ne-cytokinesis. Ukongeza, unokuthatha ithuba lezixhobo ze-intanethi, ezinje ngee simulators ezisebenzisanayo, eziya kukuvumela ukuba ulawule kwaye ujonge inkqubo yokwahlulwa kweeseli.

2. Misela inkqubo yokufunda: Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli sisihloko esintsonkothileyo kwaye sifuna ukuzinikela kunye nexesha lokuqonda. Ukumisela ucwangciso lokufunda kuya kukuvumela ukuba ufumane ulwazi ngokuthe ngcembe. Ungahlula izigaba zibe ziiseshoni zokufunda ezahlukeneyo kwaye ubeke bucala ixesha lokuphonononga kwaye wenze umthambo wokuziqhelanisa. Khumbula ukuba ukuphindaphinda nokusebenzisa ulwazi olusebenzayo kuya kukunceda ubethelele ukuqonda kwakho.

3. Sebenzisa ezinye izixhobo: Ukongeza kwizinto ezifundiswa ngutitshala wakho okanye incwadi yesifundo, ungasebenzisa imithombo eyongezelelweyo ukwandisa ulwazi lwakho. Unokukhangela amanqaku enzululwazi, iividiyo ezifundisayo kunye neencwadi ezikhethekileyo kwibhayoloji yeseli. Ngokunjalo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kumaqela okufunda okanye ukuncokola nabo ufunda nabo kunokukunceda ufumane iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye ucacise amathandabuzo anokuthi avele kwinkqubo yokufunda.

Izigqibo malunga nezigaba zokuhlukana kweeseli

Izigqibo ezifunyenwe emva kokuhlalutya amanqanaba okwahlukana kweeseli zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuntsokotha nokuchaneka kwale nkqubo ibalulekileyo. Ngokusebenzisa i-mitosis, iiseli zahlulahlulwe zibe ziiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo ngokwemfuza, ezivumela ukukhula kwezicubu kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto ezininzi.

Okokuqala, kubonisiwe ukuba i-interphase linqanaba elingenasiphelo nelibalulekileyo kuphuhliso oluchanekileyo lolwahlulo lweeseli. Ngeli nqanaba, iseli ilungiselela ukuphinda i-DNA kunye ne-organelles, iqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana umlinganiselo ofanayo wezinto zofuzo kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ukuze ziphile kwaye zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo.

Okwesibini, iprophase linqanaba elibalulekileyo apho iichromosome zijiya, zibonakale, kwaye zilungelelaniswe kwipleyiti ye-ikhweyitha. Kamva, kwimetaphase, iichromosomes zilungelelaniswa kumbindi weseli kwaye zincamathele kwimicu yemitotic spindle. Olu lungelelwaniso lwechromosomal luqinisekisa ukwahlulwa okuchanekileyo kwezinto zofuzo kwiiseli zeentombi.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Zeziphi izigaba zokwahlulwa kweeseli?
A: Amanqanaba okwahlukana kweeseli ziinkqubo ezenziwa yiseli ukuze iphindaphindeke kwaye yenze iiseli zentombi, kokubini kwizinto eziphilayo ezingafaniyo nakwii-multicellular organisms.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi izigaba zokuhlukana kweeseli kwi-eukaryotes?
A: Kwizinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, ukwahlukana kweeseli kukho izigaba ezibini eziphambili: i-mitosis kunye ne-cytokinesis.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha le-mitosis?
A: Ngexesha le-mitosis, i-nucleus yeseli iyahlukana ibe yinuclei ezimbini ezifanayo. Eli nqanaba lihlulwe lazizigaba ezine: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase kunye ne-telophase.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni kwisigaba seprophase?
A: Kwi-prophase, i-chromosomes iyajiya kwaye ibonakale. Ukongezelela, iifom ze-mitotic spindle kunye ne-nucleoli ziyanyamalala. Inwebu yenyukliya nayo iqalisa ukuqhekeka.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni kwinqanaba le-metaphase?
A: Ngexesha le-metaphase, iichromosomes zilungelelaniswa kumbindi weseli enkosi kwimicu ye-mitotic spindle. Ulungiselelo lwayo luqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwezinto zofuzo kwiiseli zeentombi.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni kwisigaba se-anaphase?
A: Ngexesha le-anaphase, i-chromatids engudade yechromosome nganye iyahlukana kwaye ihambela kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi epheleleyo yemathiriyeli yemfuza.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni kwinqanaba le-telophase?
A: Ngexesha le-telophase, i-chromosomes ifikelela kwiipali zeseli kwaye i-decondense. Ii-nuclei ezintsha zenziwe kwaye inwebu yenyukliya iphinda ihlanganiswe malunga neseti nganye yeechromosomes. Ekugqibeleni, i-cytokinesis iqala.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha le-cytokinesis?
A: I-Cytokinesis yinkqubo apho i-cytoplasm, equlethe i-cell organelles, iyahlula. Oku kukhokelela ekwenziweni kweeseli ezimbini zeentombi ezipheleleyo, nganye inenucleus yayo kunye nomxholo weselula.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi izigaba zokwahlula iiseli kwiprokaryotes?
A: Ngokungafaniyo ne-eukaryotes, iiseli zeprokaryotic zifumana kuphela uhlobo olunye lwesahlulo seseli ebizwa ngokuba yibinary fission. Ebudeni bale nkqubo, iseli iyahlukana ibe ngamacandelo amabini alinganayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo.

Umbuzo: Ngaba akhona amanye amanqanaba okwahlulwa kweeseli?
A: Ukongeza kwi-mitosis kunye ne-cytokinesis kwi-eukaryotes kunye ne-binary fission kwi-prokaryotes, kunokubakho ezinye izigaba ezithile kwizinto eziphilayo okanye kwiimeko zokuhlukana kweeseli ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-meiosis yokwenziwa kweeseli zesini. Ezi zigaba zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwento ephilayo kunye nenjongo yayo yokuzala.

Uqwalaselo lokugqibela

Ukuqukumbela, uphononongo lwamanqanaba okwahlukana kweeseli kubalulekile ukuqonda iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezenzeka kumjikelo wobomi beseli. Ngokuqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo kunye nophando lwamaxesha ahlukeneyo e-mitosis kunye ne-meiosis, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukutyhila iindlela eziqinisekisa ukwahlula okuchanekileyo kwezinto zofuzo kunye nokwakhiwa kweeseli ezintsha.

Ukusuka kwisigaba se-interphase, apho iseli ilungiselela ukwahlula, ukuya kwi-telophase, apho ukwahlulwa kwe-nuclei kunye ne-cytokinesis kugqityezelwa, isigaba ngasinye sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcinweni nasekuhlaziyweni kwezicubu kwizinto eziphilayo. kwi-unicellular organisms.

Ulwazi ngezi zigaba lukhokelele kwinkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezifana nezamayeza, imfuzo kunye nebhayoloji yemolekyuli. Ukuqonda indlela iiseli ezahlula ngayo nokulawula ukukhula kwazo kubalulekile ekunyangeni izifo ezinjengomhlaza, apho ukwahlulwa kweeseli okungalawulekiyo kuluphawu.

Isishwankathelo, izigaba zokwahlulwa kweeseli sisihloko esinomdla nesibalulekileyo kwicandelo lebhayoloji. Uphononongo lwayo luyaqhubeka nokwandisa kwaye luveze iinuances ezintsha kunye neendlela ezisivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono indlela iiseli eziphindaphindeka ngayo kwaye ziqhubekisela phambili ubomi.