Iiathom zihlelwa njani?

Iiathom zihlelwa njani?

Ukuhlelwa kweeathom sisihloko esisisiseko kwi-chemistry kunye ne-physics, kuba ivumela ukuba siqonde kwaye siqikelele indlela yokuziphatha. ngalo mba. Iiathomu Zezona yunithi zincinci zezinto zemichiza kwaye zenziwe yi-nucleus apho iiproton kunye ne-neutron zifumaneka, kunye ne-electron ejikeleza i-nucleus. Njengoko isayensi iqhubela phambili, siye safumanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela iiathom, ezikhokelela ekudalweni kwetafile yeperiodic kunye nezinye izixhobo zokuhlela.

Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokwahlula iiathom yi ngokwenani labo leathom. Inani le-atom ye-athomu linani leeprotons enazo kwinucleus yayo. Ekubeni iiprotoni zinentlawulo efanelekileyo kwaye ii-electron zinentlawulo engalunganga, inani leelektroni kwi-athomu likwalingana nenani le-athomu. Ngale ndlela, zonke iiathom ezinenani elifanayo leathom zezekhemikhali enye.

Enye indlela yokwahlulahlula iiathom ngokobunzima bayo beathom. Ubunzima beathom yeathom sisimbuku seeprotoni kunye neeneutron kwinucleus yayo. Nangona inani atomic ichaza element yemichiza, ezinye iielementi unokuba isotopes ezahlukeneyo, ezo iiathom zento enye kunye amanani ezahlukeneyo neutron. Ke ngoko, ubunzima be-athomu ye-athomu yento bubalwa ngokuthathela ingqalelo ii-isotopi ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuninzi bazo.

itheyibhile yeperiodic Sisixhobo esiphambili ekwahluleleni iiathom. Kuyo, iiathomu zilungelelaniswe kwimiqolo kunye neekholamu ngokwe iipropati zayo kunye neempawu. Kwitheyibhile yeperiodic, iiathom zidityaniswe ngokwamaxesha namaqela, kunye namaxesha ayimiqolo ethe tye kwaye amaqela abe yimiqolo ethe nkqo. Izinto ezikwiqela elifanayo zivame ukubonisa ukuziphatha kweekhemikhali ezifanayo ngenxa yokufana kwisakhiwo sabo sombane.

Ngamafutshane, ulwahlulo lweeathom lubalulekile ekuqondeni ubume nokuziphatha kwezinto. Ukuhlelwa kwenziwa ngokwenani le-atom kunye nobunzima be-athomu. Itheyibhile yeperiodic inika umboniso olungelelanisiweyo wee-athomu kunye neempawu zazo, ngaloo ndlela iququzelela uphononongo kunye nokuqonda izinto zekhemikhali.

1. Isakhiwo esisisiseko se-athomu

Iiathom zezona yunithi zincinci zematha kwaye zenziwe ngamasuntswana angaphantsi. I iqulunqwe yi nucleus esembindini equlathe protons kunye neutron, singqongwe electrons ezijikeleza kumanqanaba amandla. I iiprotoni ube nentlawulo elungileyo kwaye umisele isazisi se-athomu, ngelixa i ii-neutron Abahlawuliswa kwaye banegalelo ekuzinzeni kwengundoqo. I ii-elektroni, ngenxa yabo, banentlawulo engalunganga kwaye isasazwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo okanye amanqanaba ajikeleze i-nucleus.

Ukuhlelwa kweeathom kusekelwe kuzo inombolo yeatom, ebonisa inani leeprotons kwinucleus yayo kwaye ichaza isazisi sayo. I Itheyibhile yeperiodic yezinto Sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuhlela kunye nokulungelelanisa iiathom ngokweempawu zazo zemichiza. Iiathom zibekwe ngokwemiqolo ebizwa amaxesha nakwimiqolo ebizwa amaqela, apho babonisa iimpawu ezifanayo. Iiathom zikwahlelwa ngokwe izinto zesinyithi, izinto non-metallic y metalloids, ngokweempawu zabo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali.

Ukongeza kwinani le-athomu, ii-athomu zinokuhlelwa ngokwazo ubunzima beathom, elisisixa seeproton kunye neeneutron kwinucleus. Iiathom zesiqalelo esinye zinokuba nobunzima beathom obahlukeneyo ngenxa yobukho be ii-isotopes, eziziathom ezinenani elifanayo leeproton kodwa inani elahlukileyo leenyutroni. Umndilili wobunzima beathom yento ibalwa ngokuqwalasela ubuninzi beisotopu nganye. Olu lwahlulo lubalulekile ukufumanisa iimpawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ze-athomu kunye nokuziphatha kwazo kwiikhemikhali.

2. Iiathomu kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo ngokokwakheka kwazo

Kwilizwe elinomdla lemichiza, iiathom zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ziiyunithi ezisisiseko zemiba kwaye zenziwe ngamasuntswana e-subatomic afana neeproton, ii-neutron kunye nee-elektroni. Ngoku, iiathom zihlelwa njani ngokokwakheka kwazo? Oku kumiselwa ngokusekelwe kwinani leeprotons abanazo kwinucleus yazo.

Ii-athomu zihlelwa ngokusekwe kwinani lazo leatom, elinani leeprotons kwinucleus yazo. Ngale ndlela, siyakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kweeathom ezizezekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ezo athom zineproton enye ziyinxalenye ye-hydrogen, ngelixa ezo zineeproton ezimbini zihambelana ne-helium. Kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba inani le-athomu likwamisela indawo ezikuyo izinto kwitheyibhile yeperiodic.

Kwelinye icala, kuyenzeka ukuba uhlele iiathom ngokobunzima bazo athom, nto leyo isixa protons kunye neutron kwinucleus. Olu luhlu lusetyenziselwa ukwahlula phakathi kwee-isotopes ezahlukeneyo zento enye. Ngokomzekelo, i-hydrogen ingaba ne-isotopes enobunzima be-athomu ye-1. 2 okanye 3, eyona ixhaphakileyo yi-hydrogen-1 kunye ne-hydrogen-2. Lo mahluko kubunzima beathom unokuba neempembelelo kumzimba kunye neepropathi zekhemikhali zeathom.

3. Ukuhlelwa kweeathom ngokwentlawulo yazo yombane

Kwindalo, ii-athomu zinokuba neempawu ezahlukeneyo ngokubhekiselele kwintlawulo yazo yombane, okusikhokelela kulwahlulo ngokwale propati ebalulekileyo. Iiathom zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu aphambili: iiathom ezingathathi hlangothi, iiathom ezilungileyo kunye neeathom ezimbi.

I iiathom ezingathathi hlangothi Zezo zinentlawulo yombane elingana no-zero. Oku kuthetha ukuba inani leelektroni kwi-athomu engathathi hlangothi lilingana nenani leeprotons. Ii-electron zinentlawulo embi, ngelixa iiprotoni zinentlawulo efanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, kwi-athomu engathathi hlangothi, iintlawulo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zilinganisa enye kwenye.

Kwelinye icala, iiathom ezilungileyo Zezo zinentlawulo yombane evumayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba inani leeprotons kwi-athomu elungileyo likhulu kunenani leelektroni. Ngenxa yoku, ii-athomu ezintle zinomkhwa wokuphulukana nee-elektroni ngexesha lokusabela kweekhemikhali njengoko zifuna ukufezekisa uzinzo lwe-elektroniki.

Ekugqibeleni, iiathom ezimbi Zezo zinechaji yombane embi. Kwezi athom, inani leelektroni likhulu kunenani leeproton. Oku kuthetha ukuba ii-athomu ezingalunganga zinotyekelo lokufumana ii-electron ngexesha lokusabela kweekhemikhali njengoko zifuna ukufezekisa uzinzo lwe-elektroniki. Iiathom ezingalunganga zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-anions.

Isishwankathelo, ii-athomu zinokuhlelwa kwii-athomu ezingathathi hlangothi, ii-athomu ezilungileyo kunye nee-athomu ezimbi, kuxhomekeke kwintlawulo yazo yombane. Iiathom ezingathathi hlangothi zinentlawulo yombane elingana no-zero, ngelixa ii-athomu ezilungileyo zinentlawulo yombane echanekileyo ngenxa yokugqithiswa kweeprotoni kunye neeathom ezingalunganga zinentlawulo yombane engalunganga ngenxa yokugqithisa kwee-electron. Olu lwahlulo lubalulekile ukuqonda indlela yokuziphatha kwee-athom kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zemichiza.

4. Zihlelwa njani iiathom ngokwenani leeprotons

Ukuhlelwa kweeathom ngokwenani lazo leeproton kusekwe kulwakhiwo lwetheyibhile yeperiodic yezinto. Kwitheyibhile yeperiodic, iiathom zilungelelaniswe ngokwemiqolo ethe tye ebizwa amaxesha kunye neentsika ezithe nkqo ebizwa amaqela. Amaxesha amele amanqanaba amandla kwaye amaqela amele inani leelektroni ze-valence, elilingana nenani leeproton kwinucleus ye-athomu.

Inani leeproton kwi-atom laziwa ngokuba inombolo yeatom kwaye imisela isazisi sakho. Ngokomzekelo, i-hydrogen inenombolo ye-athomu ye-1, oko kuthetha ukuba Ineproton enye kwinucleus yayo. IHelium, kwelinye icala, inenombolo yeatom yesi-1, ebonisa ukuba ineeproton ezi-2 kwinucleus yayo. Njengoko unyusa itafile yeperiodikhi, inani leeprotons liyenyuka kwaye ke inani le-athomu liyanda.

Iiathom zihlelwa ngokwahlukeneyo izinto ngokwenani labo leathom. Izinto ezinenani elifanayo leeprotons, kwaye ke ngoko inani elifanayo leathom, liyinxalenye yekhemikhali enye. Umzekelo, zonke iiathom ezineeproton ezi-6 kwinucleus yazo yikhabhoni, ngelixa zonke iiathom ezineeproton ezisi-8 ziyioksijini. Olu lwahlulo lweeathom zibe ziikhemikhali zibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kwezinto zekhemikhali.

5. Ii-athomu kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo kwi-periodic table

Ukuhlelwa kweeathom kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ubume benkcenkce kunye nokuziphatha kwayo kwemichiza. Kwitheyibhile yeperiodical, iiathom zicwangciswe ngokwemiqolo ebizwa ngokuba ziiphiriyodi nakwimiqolo eyaziwa njengamaqela. Olu lwahlulo lusekelwe kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zezinto.

Nazi iikhrayitheriya ezininzi ukwahlulahlula iiathom kwiperiodic table. Eyokuqala linani leatom, elibonisa inani leeprotons ezikhoyo kwinucleus ye-athomu. Njengoko uhamba ngexesha letheyibhile yeperiodic, inani le-athomu liyenyuka, oku kuthetha ukuba kukho iiproton ezininzi kwiinuclei ze-athomu.

Enye ikhrayitheriya ebalulekileyo yokwahlulahlula iiathom kukumiswa kwazo kwe-elektroniki. Olu lungelelwaniso lubhekiselele ekusasazweni kwee-electron kumanqanaba amandla ajikeleze umongo we-athomu. Izinto ezikwikholamu enye okanye iqela letheyibhile yeperiodic zineendlela ezifanayo ze-elektroniki, ezibonisa ukuba zineempawu zeekhemikhali ezifanayo kunye nokuziphatha.

6. Ukuhlelwa kweeathom ngokobume be-elektroniki

Ukuhlelwa kokuqala:
Kuye kube ngumxholo wokufunda kwinkalo yekhemistri. Iinzame zokuqala zokuhlela zazisekwe kwinani lamaqokobhe e-elektroniki e-athomu kunye nenani leelektroni ezinokuthi ziqulathwe ngala maqokobhe. Ngenxa yoko, iindidi ezifana no-K, L, M, njalo njalo zamiselwa ukumela iileya ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-subcategories zidalwe ukwahlula amanqanaba amandla apho ii-electron zikhoyo.

Ukuhlelwa ngokuzaliswa kwamanqanaba asezantsi:
Ukuhlelwa okuneenkcukacha ngakumbi kuye kwenzeka ngenxa yenkqubela phambili kufundo lwesakhiwo sombane see-athom. Kwagqitywa ukuba ii-athomu zilungelelaniswe kwii-sublevels zamandla, apho ii-electron zihanjiswa ngendlela ethile. La manqanaba angaphantsi achazwa ngoonobumba u-s, p, d, kunye no-f, kwaye ngamnye unomda wee-electron onokuba nawo. Ukulandela olu luhlu, ii-athomu zinokucwangciswa ngokucwangciswa kwee-sublevels zamandla azo, ezisinika ulwazi malunga neekhemikhali zazo kunye nokuma kwazo kwitafile ye-periodic.

Itheyibhile yeXesha kunye namaqela:
Itheyibhile yeperiodic sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekwahluleleni iiathom. Ngoxa kukho iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinokulungelelaniswa ngazo, olona guqulelo luqhelekileyo lubonisa iiathom ezilungelelaniswe ngokwemiqolo nemiqolo. Ikholamu nganye ibizwa ngokuba liqela yaye imelwe linani elisusela ku-1 ukuya ku-18. La maqela abonisa iimpawu ezifanayo kwiiathom ezizibumbayo, ezifana nokwakheka kwazo kwangaphandle kombane kunye neempawu zemichiza. Kwelinye icala, imiqolo yaziwa ngokuba ngamaxesha kwaye imele amanqanaba amandla apho ii-electron ziphantsi kwazo. Itheyibhile ye periodic sisixhobo esixabisekileyo kuzo zombini iikhemisti kunye kubafundi, ekubeni ikuvumela ukuba uchonge ngokukhawuleza iipropati kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwe-athomu ezahlukeneyo.

7. Ukuhlelwa kweeathom zibe yi-isotopi

Iiathom zihlelwa njani?

Kwikhemistri, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba iiathom zihlelwa njani ukuqonda indlela yokuziphatha kunye neempawu zazo. Olunye lolona hlelo lubalulekileyo lukwahlulahlula ii-isotopes. I-Isotopes ziiathom zento enye enenani elifanayo leeproton kwinucleus yazo, kodwa ziyahluka kwinani le-neutron. Oku kuthetha ukuba ii-isotopes zinentlawulo efanayo, kodwa ziyahluka ngobunzima.

Ukuhlelwa ngokwe-isotopu kubalulekile ukuqonda iziganeko zenyukliya ezifana ne-radioactivity. Ngokuba nezixa ezahlukeneyo neutron, isotopes unokuba iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nemichiza.. Umzekelo, iCarbon-12 isotope izinzile kwaye ifumaneka ngobuninzi kwindalo, ngelixa iCarbon-14 i-radioactive kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuthandana iifosili kunye nezinto zakudala zakudala.

Kuqhutyelwa ngeendlela zokuhlalutya ezifana ne-mass spectrometry. Obu buchule busenza sikwazi ukumisela ubungakanani kunye nobunzima bee-isotopi ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwisampulu. Ii-Isotopu nazo zinokuchongwa kusetyenziswa i-isotopic notation, ebandakanya ukubhala isimboli yesiqalelo elandelwa linani lobunzima. Umzekelo, i-isotope ye-oksijini ene-neutron ezi-8 imelwe njenge ^¹⁶O. Olu luhlu sisixhobo esixabisekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi zenzululwazi, kuquka ibhayoloji, amayeza, kunye ne-geochemistry.