12 Izindlela Zokusabalalisa Ngogesi: Hlola Ulwazi Lwakho

Ukusabalalisa ngogesi kuwumqondo oyisisekelo kukhemistri nefiziksi, futhi ukuwenza kahle kudinga ukuqonda okuqinile kwezimiso eziyisisekelo. Ukuze uhlole ulwazi lwakho futhi uqinise amakhono akho, silungiselele uchungechunge lwezivivinyo zokusabalalisa ngogesi eziyi-12. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngayinye yalezi zivivinyo ngokuningiliziwe, sigxile ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okungokoqobo futhi sinikeze izincazelo ezicacile nezifingqiwe zokuxazulula kwazo. Zilungiselele ukubekela inselele ukuqonda kwakho lesi sihloko esibalulekile futhi uthuthukise amakhono akho okusabalalisa ngogesi!

1. Isingeniso sokusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi ku-quantum theory

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-electron ku-quantum theory kuwumqondo oyisisekelo wokuqonda ukuthi ama-electron ahlelwa kanjani azungeze i-nucleus ku-athomu. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zalesi sihloko futhi sifunde ukuthi zingasetshenziswa kanjani ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kwama-electron siwukuqonda isimiso sika-Pauli sokungafakwa, esisho ukuthi awekho ama-electron amabili ku-athomu efanayo angaba nesethi yezinombolo ze-quantum efanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-electron kumele athathe amazinga ahlukene wamandla nama-sublevels ku-athomu.

Okwesibili, kubalulekile ukujwayelana nomthetho ka-Aufbau, othi ukulandelana lapho ama-orbitals agcwaliswa nge-athomu. Lo mthetho usisiza ukuthi sinqume indlela ama-electron asakazwa ngayo kumazinga ahlukene wamandla namaleveli angaphansi. Isibonelo, siyazi ukuthi ileveli 1 igcwalisa ngaphambi kweleveli 2, njalo njalo.

2. Imiqondo eyisisekelo yokusabalalisa ngogesi kukhemistri

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kumakhemikhali kuyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuqonda ukwakheka nokuziphatha kwama-athomu nama-molecule. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kusungula indlela ama-electron ahlelwe ngayo eduze kwe-nucleus ye-athomu, ngokulandela imithetho nezimiso ezithile. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola imiqondo eyisisekelo mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kukhemistri.

Omunye wemiqondo eyisisekelo ekusabalaliseni nge-elekthronikhi umgomo we-Aufbau, othi ama-electron engezwa kuma-orbital wamandla aphansi kuqala ngaphambi kokugcwalisa ama-orbitals aphezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-electron agcwaliswa ngokulandelana kwamandla akhulayo, alandela umdwebo we-orbital nokuhlonipha umthetho ka-Hund, othi ama-electron agcwalisa ama-orbitals ngawodwana futhi ngokufana ngaphambi kokumataniswa.

Ukumela ukusatshalaliswa kwe-athomu ngogesi, kusetshenziswa ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi, okubonisa ukuthi ama-electron asakazwa kanjani kumazinga ahlukene wamandla nama-sublevels. Isibonelo, ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu yomoya-mpilo kungu-1s² 2s² 2p⁴, okubonisa ukuthi inama-electron angu-2 kuleveli yo-1, ama-electron angu-2 kuleveli yo-2s, nama-electron angu-4 kuleveli engu-2p.

3. Yiziphi izivivinyo zokusabalalisa ngogesi futhi kungani zibalulekile?

Ukuzivocavoca kokusabalalisa nge-elekthronikhi kuyithuluzi eliyisisekelo kukhemistri ukuze uqonde ukuthi ama-electron ahlelwa kanjani ku-athomu. Lezi zivivinyo zisivumela ukuthi sibone ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwento ngayinye futhi siqonde ukuthi ama-orbitals agcwaliswa kanjani ngama-electron.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kubalulekile ngoba kusivumela ukuba sibikezele izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zezakhi. Ngokwazi ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwento, singakwazi ukunquma ukusebenza kabusha kwayo, amandla ayo okwenza amabhondi amakhemikhali nokuziphatha kwayo ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Kunezindlela ezahlukene zokuxazulula lezi zivivinyo, kodwa zonke zilandela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezivamile. Okokuqala, kufanele wazi imithetho yokugcwalisa ama-orbitals, njengomthetho ka-Aufbau, isimiso sika-Pauli sokungafakwa, kanye nomthetho ka-Hund. Ukucushwa kwama-electron kuhlelwa kumdwebo noma kusetshenziswa uhlamvu nenombolo yokubhala. Okokugcina, kuhlolwa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kuhambisana nemithetho yokugcwalisa nokuthi inani eliphelele lama-electron lilungile.

4. Inselelo yolwazi lwakho: 12 izivivinyo zokusabalalisa ngogesi ukuhlola amakhono akho

Kulesi sigaba, sethula izivivinyo eziyi-12 eziyinselelo zokusabalalisa ama-elekthronikhi ezizohlola amakhono akho ekhemistri. Ngayinye yalezi zivivinyo izokubekela inselele yokusebenzisa ulwazi lwakho mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwama-electron emazingeni ahlukene kanye namaleveli angaphansi e-athomu. Ngeke nje bakusize ubuyekeze okuyisisekelo, kodwa futhi bazokunikeza ukuzijwayeza ukuxazulula izinkinga zokusabalalisa ngogesi. ngempumelelo.

Ngokuzivocavoca ngakunye, sizokunikeza a isinyathelo ngesinyathelo eningiliziwe indlela yokuxazulula inkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizokunikeza amathiphu kanye nezibonelo ukwenza lula ukuqonda kwakho. Uma udinga ukubuyekezwa okusheshayo kwezisekelo zokusabalalisa nge-elekthronikhi, ungasebenzisa izifundo zethu ezisebenzisanayo, ezizokunikeza umbono ophelele wesihloko.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sincoma ukusebenzisa amathuluzi afana namathebula ezikhathi ezithile kanye nemidwebo kaLewis ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo ukusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi ngokucacile. Lawa mathuluzi azokusiza ukuthi ubone ngokunembile inani lama-electron kuleveli ngayinye kanye neleveli ephansi. Khumbula ukuthi ukhiye wokuxazulula lezi zivivinyo ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu ngayinye bese ulandela izimiso ezisungulwe isimiso se-Aufbau, umthetho we-Hund kanye nomthetho wokuphindaphinda kwe-spin.

5. Isivivinyo 1: Ukusabalalisa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu ye-hydrogen

6. Isivivinyo sesi-2: Ukusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu yekhabhoni

I-athomu ye-carbon ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kumakhemikhali we-organic. Ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ngogesi kunquma indlela ama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlangana ngayo nezinye izakhi. Ukunquma ukusatshalaliswa kwe-electronic kwe-athomu ye-carbon, okunye kufanele kulandelwe izinyathelo ezibalulekile.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-athomu ye-carbon inama-electron angu-6. Lawa ma-electron asatshalaliswa emazingeni ahlukene wamandla abizwa ngokuthi amagobolondo. Ileveli yamandla yokuqala, noma igobolondo 1, ingaqukatha kufika kuma-electron angu-2. Izinga lesibili lamandla, noma igobolondo 2, lingaqukatha kufika kuma-electron angu-8. Ukunquma ukusatshalaliswa kwe-electronic kwe-athomu ye-carbon, lawa magobolondo kufanele agcwaliswe ngokulandelana kwamandla akhulayo.

I-athomu yekhabhoni inokusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi okulandelayo: 1s² 2s² 2p². Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-electron angu-2 okuqala atholakala kugobolondo 1, ku-orbital engu-1. Ama-electron angu-2 alandelayo atholakala kugobolondo lesi-2, ku-orbital engu-2. Ama-electron angu-2 okugcina atholakala kugobolondo lesi-2, ku-orbital engu-2p. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kusitshela ukuthi ama-electron ahlelwa kanjani kuma-orbitals ahlukene e-athomu ye-carbon.

7. Isivivinyo sesi-3: Ukusabalalisa i-ion ye-chlorine ngogesi

Ukuze sinqume ukusatshalaliswa kwe-electron ion ye-chlorine, kufanele sikhumbule kuqala ukuthi i-ion ye-chlorine, i-Cl-, izuze i-electron, okusho ukuthi Manje inenani elingaphezu kwenani elibi. Lokhu kuthinta indlela ama-electron asakazwa ngayo kuwo wonke amazinga wamandla e-athomu. Ngezansi isinyathelo ngesinyathelo indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga:

1. Khomba inombolo ye-athomu ye-chlorine kuthebula le-periodic. Inombolo ye-athomu ye-chlorine ingu-17, okusho ukuthi inama-electron angu-17 esimweni sayo sokuqala sokungathathi hlangothi.

2. Ngemva kokuthola i-electron eyodwa, i-chlorine manje inama-electron angu-18. Ukuze unqume ukusatshalaliswa kwama-electron, khumbula ukuthi ama-electron agcwalisa amazinga wamandla ngokulandelana okuthile: 2, 8, 8, 1. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-electron angu-2 okuqala agcwalisa izinga lamandla 1, angu-8 alandelayo agcwalisa izinga lamandla 2. lamandla 8 , i-3 elandelayo igcwalisa izinga lamandla 4 kanye ne-electron yokugcina ithatha izinga lamandla XNUMX. Qaphela ukuthi amazinga aphezulu wamandla asuka ku-nucleus futhi anamandla amakhulu okubamba ama-electron.

3. Ngakho-ke, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-electron ion ye-chlorine kuzoba okulandelayo: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶. Lo mphumela usitshela ukuthi i-chlorine inengqikithi yama-electron angu-18 asatshalaliswa emazingeni ahlukene wamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuba i-ion ene-charge ye--1, ithola ukuzinza okukhulu ngenxa yokugcwaliswa okuphelele kwezinga layo lamandla angaphandle.

8. Umsebenzi 4: Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-electronic kwe-athomu ye-oxygen

I-athomu yomoya-mpilo inenombolo ye-athomu engu-8, okubonisa ukuthi inama-electron angu-8 ekumisweni kwayo kwe-electronic. Ukuze sinqume ukusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu yomoya-mpilo, kufanele silandele inqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Okokuqala, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ama-electron asakazwa emazingeni ahlukene wamandla, aziwa ngokuthi amagobolondo. Igobolondo lokuqala eliseduze ne-nucleus lingaqukatha ama-electron angu-2, elesibili kufika kuma-electron angu-8, kanti elesithathu kufika kuma-electron angu-8.

Nge-athomu ye-oxygen, siqala ngokugcwalisa igobolondo eliseduze ne-nucleus, okuyigobolondo lokuqala. Sibeka ama-electron angu-2 kuleli gobolondo. Khona-ke, sithuthela egobolondweni elilandelayo bese sibeka ama-electron angu-6 asele. Lokhu kusinika ukwabiwa kwama-electron ka-2 kungqimba lokuqala no-6 kwesesibili. Enye indlela yokumela lokhu ukubhala ukucushwa kwe-electronic komoyampilo njengo-1s² 2s² 2p⁴.

Ukusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu ye-oksijini kungabonwa njengokucushwa lapho ama-electron agcwalisa amagobolondo ahlukene nama-subshell ngokuvumelana nomthetho ka-Aufbau. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kusisiza siqonde ukuthi ukushajwa okungekuhle kwama-electron ahlelwa kanjani ngaphakathi kwe-athomu yomoya-mpilo nokuthi asebenzisana kanjani namanye ama-athomu kumabhondi amakhemikhali. Ukuba nalolu lwazi kubalulekile ukuze uqonde izindlela zamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zomoya-mpilo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuhlukene.

9. Isivivinyo sesi-5: Ukusatshalaliswa ngogesi kwe-ayoni yensimbi (Fe2+)

Kulo msebenzi, sizofunda ukunquma ukusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-iron ion (Fe2+). I-ayoni iyisici soguquko futhi ukumiswa kwayo kwe-elekthronikhi kunganqunywa kusetshenziswa umthetho we-aufbau kanye nomgomo wokukhipha u-Pauli.

Ukuqala, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi insimbi inenombolo ye-athomu engu-26, okusho ukuthi inama-electron angu-26. Ngokulahlekelwa ama-electron amabili ukuze kwakhe i-Fe2+ ion, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ngogesi kuzoshintsha.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukubhala ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu yensimbi engathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa umdwebo wezinga lamandla noma umthetho ka-Aufbau. Ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-Neutral Fe yi-1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6. Manje, kufanele sicabangele ukuthi i-iron (II) ion ilahlekelwe ama-electron amabili, ngakho-ke kufanele sisuse ama-electron angaphandle, ngokulandela isimiso sokukhishwa kukaPauli. Umphumela wokusabalalisa ngogesi kuzoba ngu-1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi ukusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-iron(II) ion..

10. Isivivinyo 6: Ukusabalalisa ngogesi kwe-calcium ion (Ca2+)

Kulo msebenzi, kuzohlaziywa ukusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-calcium ion (Ca2+). Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukucushwa kwe-elektroniki kwe-calcium nokuthi iguqulwa kanjani ibe yi-ion enhle.

I-calcium inenombolo ye-athomu engu-20, okusho ukuthi inama-electron angu-20 esimweni sayo sokungathathi hlangothi. Ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-calcium esimweni sayo esiphansi yi-1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2. Nokho, lapho i-calcium ilahlekelwa ama-electron amabili ukuze yakhe i-Ca2+ ion, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ngogesi kuyashintsha.

Uma silahlekelwa ama-electron amabili asuka kugobolondo le-4s, ukusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-calcium ion kuba 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-calcium ion inesakhiwo se-elekthronikhi esifana nese-noble gas argon. Ngokuqonda lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi, singaqonda ukuziphatha kanye nezakhiwo ze-calcium ion ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenzelana kwayo nezinye izinhlobo zamakhemikhali.

11. Isivivinyo sesi-7: Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-athomu yenitrogen ngogesi

Ukuxazulula umsebenzi wokusabalalisa ama-electron we-athomu ye-nitrogen, kufanele silandele izinyathelo ezithile ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-athomu ye-nitrogen inenombolo ye-athomu engu-7, okusho ukuthi inama-electron angu-7.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukuba sinqume uhlelo lapho ama-orbital agcwaliswa ngayo. Ukwenza lokhu, sisebenzisa isimiso se-aufbau, esithi ama-orbitals agcwele ukukhuphuka kwamandla. Khona-ke, ama-electron asakazwa kuma-orbitals ngokulandela isimiso se-aufbau kuze kube yilapho ama-electron ephela.

Endabeni ye-nitrogen, siqala ngokugcwalisa i-orbital engu-1, engabamba ama-electron amaningi angu-2. Okulandelayo, sigcwalisa i-orbital engu-2 ngama-electron angu-2 ngaphezulu. Okulandelayo, sigcwalisa ama-orbitals amathathu (2px, 2py kanye no-2pz) ngama-electron angu-3 asele. Okokugcina, sihlola ukuthi sisebenzise ama-electron angu-7 atholakalayo futhi sigcwalise wonke ama-orbitals kusukela phansi kuya kwamandla aphezulu kakhulu.

12. Umsebenzi 8: Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-electronic kwe-athomu yesibabule

I-Sulfur iyisici samakhemikhali esinenombolo ye-athomu engu-16 kanye nophawu S. Ukuze unqume ukusatshalaliswa kwe-electronic kwe-athomu yesibabule, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukwakheka kwe-athomu kanye nokucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi. Ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwesulfure kutholakala ngokulandela umthetho womdwebo we-Aufbau, othi ama-electron e-athomu agcwele ukuhleleka okukhulayo kwamandla.

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokunquma ukusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu yesulfure ukwazi inombolo yayo ye-athomu, okuyi-16 kuleli cala. kuze kufike kuma-electron angu-1 kanye nezinga lesi-2 kufika kuma-electron angu-2. Ngokulandela lo mthetho, ama-electron anikezwa amandla kusukela phezulu kuya aphansi kuze kufinyelelwe inombolo ye-athomu.

Endabeni yesulfure, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kungamelwa kanje: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ileveli 1 iqukethe ama-electron angu-2, ileveli 2 iqukethe ama-electron angu-8, ileveli 3 iqukethe ama-electron angu-2 ku-sublevel engu-s kanye nama-electron angu-4 ku-sublevel engu-p. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inani lama-electron ezingeni ngalinye kufanele lilingane nenombolo ye-athomu yesici.

13. Isivivinyo 9: Ukusabalalisa ngogesi kwe-magnesium ion (Mg2+)

Uma i-magnesium ion (Mg2+) seyakhiwe, kubalulekile ukwazi ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ngogesi ukuze uqonde kangcono Izakhiwo zakhe amakhemikhali. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kuchaza ukuthi ama-electron asakazwa kanjani kumagobolondo ahlukene nama-subshell e-athomu noma i-ion. Endabeni ye-ion ye-magnesium, singanquma ukusatshalaliswa kwayo nge-elekthronikhi sisebenzisa umgomo wokwakha noma wokuthola ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi.

I-magnesium ion (Mg2+) ine-charge enhle engu-2+, okusho ukuthi ilahlekelwe ama-electron amabili uma kuqhathaniswa ne-athomu ye-magnesium engathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi manje isinama-electron angu-10 esikhundleni se-original 12. Ukuze sinqume ukusatshalaliswa nge-elekthronikhi kwe-Mg2+, kufanele sinike lawa ma-electron ayi-10 kumagobolondo ahlukene namagobolondo angaphansi ngokuvumelana nesimiso sokwakha.

Siqala ngokunikeza ama-electron egobolondweni elingaphakathi, elingelokuqala (n = 1). Njengoba ama-electron egcwalisa i-oda elikhuphukayo lamandla, i-electron yokuqala yabelwa ku-1s sublevel. Bese, ama-electron alandelayo ayisishiyagalombili abelwa igobolondo lesibili (n = 2), kuma-sublevels angu-2 kanye no-2p. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-ion ye-magnesium ilahlekelwe ama-electron amabili, sinama-electron amabili kuphela asele ukuthi siwabele. Lezi zibekwe ku-2s sublevel, okushiya i-2p sublevel ingenalutho. Ngakho-ke, ukusatshalaliswa ngogesi kwe-magnesium ion (Mg2+) kungu-1s2 2s2.

14. Isivivinyo 10: Ukusabalalisa ngogesi kwe-athomu ye-lithium

I-athomu ye-lithium inokucushwa okukhethekile kwe-elekthronikhi okunquma ukuthi ama-electron ayo asakazwa kanjani kumazinga ahlukene wamandla kanye nama-sublevels. Ukunquma lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi, singasebenzisa umthetho ka-Aufbau kanye nemithetho ye-Hund kanye nokuphindaphindeka okukhulu kwemithetho yamandla alinganayo.

Ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu ye-lithium kunganqunywa ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. Thola inombolo ye-athomu ye-lithium, engu-3. Lokhu kusitshela ukuthi i-athomu ye-lithium inama-electron amathathu.
2. Thola ama-electron kumazinga ahlukene wamandla namaleveli angaphansi. Izinga lamandla lokuqala, elaziwa ngokuthi izinga lika-K, lingaqukatha umkhawulo wama-electron angu-2, kuyilapho izinga lamandla lesibili, elaziwa ngeleveli engu-L, lingaqukatha umkhawulo wama-electron angu-8.

3. Beka ama-electron ezingeni lika-K kuqala I-lithium ine-electron eyodwa ezingeni lika-K.

4. Beka ama-electron asele ezingeni lika-L I-Lithium inama-electron amabili ezingeni lika-L.
5. Ukusabalalisa ngogesi kwe-athomu ye-lithium ngu-1s² 2s¹. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-lithium ine-electron eyodwa ezingeni lika-K nama-electron amabili ezingeni lika-L.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-athomu ye-lithium kulandela imithetho ye-quantum mechanics, esitshela ukuthi amazinga ahlukene wamandla nama-sublevels agcwaliswa kanjani. Ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-lithium kusinikeza ulwazi mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwama-electron ayo kanye nokuzinza kwawo esimweni sayo esingaphansi.

Kafushane, izivivinyo zokusabalalisa ngogesi ezethulwayo ziyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlola nokuqinisa ulwazi lwakho kulo mkhakha obalulekile wekhemistri. Ngazo, uye waba nethuba lokujwayelana nemithetho elawula ukusatshalaliswa kwama-electron emazingeni ahlukene nama-sublevels ama-athomu.

Ngokuxazulula lezi zivivinyo, ukwazile ukuhlola ikhono lakho lokusebenzisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokusabalalisa ngogesi, njengomthetho ka-Aufbau, isimiso sika-Pauli sokungafakwa, kanye nomthetho ka-Hund. Ukwengeza, ufunde ukusebenzisa ithebula le-periodic ukuze unqume inani lama-electron kuleveli ngayinye kanye neleveli ephansi.

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kubalulekile ekuqondeni izakhiwo nokuziphatha kwezakhi zamakhemikhali. Ngokwazi kahle imiqondo namakhono ahlotshaniswa nalezi zivivinyo, uzobe ulungele ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuqonda kwakho kwesakhiwo se-athomu kanye nekhemikhali ngokujwayelekile.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuzijwayeza njalo nokuxazulula izivivinyo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisa ulwazi lwakho. Sincoma ukuthi uqhubeke uhlola izivivinyo ezifanayo futhi uhlole ezinye izici ezihlobene nokusabalalisa ngogesi. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise amakhono akho futhi uthuthukise isisekelo esiqinile emkhakheni kubaluleke kakhulu njenge-chemistry.

Sengiphetha, ukuxazulula lezi zivivinyo zokusabalalisa nge-elekthronikhi kukunike ithuba lokuhlola ulwazi namakhono akho kulo mkhakha obalulekile wamakhemikhali. Ngokuqhubeka nokuzilolonga nokuhlola lesi sihloko, uzobe usendleleni yokuba uchwepheshe wokusabalalisa ngogesi futhi uqinise isisekelo sakho kukhemistri ngokujwayelekile.