Izinhlobo ezi-5 ze-Hardware kanye nomsebenzi wazo

Emaposini adlule sesichazile Iyini i-hardware yekhompyutha futhi yini umsebenzi wayo?. Lesi yisihloko esibaluleke kakhulu kulabo abathatha izinyathelo zabo zokuqala emhlabeni wekhompyutha kanye nekhompyutha. Manje sesizongena sijule esihlokweni, sigqamisa izinhlobo zehadiwe ezikhona nokuthi yimuphi umsebenzi kugcwaliseke ngaphakathi kwesistimu yekhompyutha.

Kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zibe izigaba ezahlukene ngokucabangela izici ezifana nalezi indawo yayo, ukubaluleka kwayo kanye nomsebenzi wayo. Kulesi singeniso sizogxila kulesi sici sokugcina, futhi sizokhuluma ngokukhethekile ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu zehadiwe. Sizophinde sibheke izibonelo zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha nokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi abayenzayo ukuze benze ukucutshungulwa kwedatha kwenzeke ezindaweni ezidijithali.

Yini i-hardware

Uma sikhuluma ngehardware yekhompuyutha, sibhekise kuyo zonke izakhi ezibonakalayo nezibambekayo ezakhayo. Igama lesiNgisi elithi hardware (kanzima: lukhuni, futhi impahla: merchandise) yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngawo-1940 ukuqoka lezi zici. Leli gama lihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zemishini, zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi ezenza ukucutshungulwa kwedatha kwenzeke endaweni yedijithali.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono i-hardware yekhompyutha, kufanelekile ukuyiqhathanisa nenye into ebalulekile emhlabeni wekhompyutha: isoftware. Lelo gama (thambile: ethambile, eguquguqukayo), ihlanganisa zonke izinhlelo zekhompyutha nezinye izakhi zedijithali ezenziwa yikhompuyutha. Ngakho-ke, i-hardware ihlanganisa zonke izingxenye ezibonakalayo nezibambekayo (iprosesa, iyunithi yokugcina, njll.), kuyilapho isofthiwe yenziwe ngezinto zedijithali (izinhlelo, izinhlelo zokusebenza, njll.).

Umlando omfushane wehadiwe

Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngezinhlobo zehadiwe, ake sibuyekeze umlando wayo: uhambo oluthakazelisa kakhulu olusuka kumadivayisi wokuqala wekhompuyutha luye kumakhompuyutha anamandla anamuhla. Kulesi sifinyezo esilandelayo ungakubona kangcono:

• Umsuka: Imishini yokubala yokuqala, njenge-abacus, yavela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule.
• Isizukulwane sokuqala (1945-1956): Kwakuyimishini emikhulu kakhulu eyayisebenzisa amashubhu evacuum.
• Isizukulwane sesibili (1957-1963): Ngokusungulwa kwama-transistors, kwashintshwa amashubhu e-vacuum, okwanciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu bamakhompyutha.
• Isizukulwane sesithathu (1964-1971): Amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe aklanywa, akhulisa isivinini nokusebenza kahle kwamakhompiyutha futhi anciphisa usayizi wawo.
• Isizukulwane sesine (1971-1981): Kwafika ama-Microprocessors, aqala inkathi yamakhompyutha womuntu (PC).
• Phrezenta: Amakhompyutha ayaqhubeka nokuklanywa ngezinto ezincane nezinamandla kakhulu. Ukwengeza, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa nokufunda komshini kukhiqiza inguquko ebalulekile ezinhlotsheni zehadiwe.

Izinhlobo ezi-5 eziyinhloko zehadiwe kanye nomsebenzi wazo

Ake sixoxe manje izinhlobo ezi-5 zehadiwe ezakha isistimu noma ikhompuyutha, kanye nemisebenzi eyenziwa yilowo nalowo. Zonke lezi zici zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwemishini efana namakhompyutha nomakhalekhukhwini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bathole ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile ukuze bathole amandla engeziwe nesivinini, okwandisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwesistimu abayihlanganisayo.

ukucubungula ihadiwe

Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezicutshungulwayo wubuchopho banoma iyiphi idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi, kusukela kusibali esilula ukuya kukhompyutha enamandla. Hlanganisa isethi ye izakhi zomzimba ezinesibopho sokwenza imiyalelo nokwenza izibalo ukuze idivayisi isebenze. Lezi zici zingaba:

• I-Central Processing Unit (CPU): Eyaziwa kangcono njengephrosesa, iwubuchopho besistimu futhi yenza imisebenzi ye-arithmetic kanye ne-binary logic. Ixhunywe kubhodi lomama futhi inesibopho sokulawula ukusebenza kwezinye izingxenye zehadiwe. Izinkampani ezihamba phambili ekwakhiweni kwamaphrosesa yilezi Intel y I-AMD.
• Ibhodi lomama (i-motherboard): Leli bhodi eliyinhloko lisebenza njengesifunda esiphrintiwe esixhuma zonke ezinye izingxenye. I-CPU, i-RAM, ikhadi lemifanekiso nezinye izakhi zixhumeke kuyo.
• Inkumbulo ye-RAM (Imemori Yokufinyelela Okungahleliwe): Lawa ma-chips agcina okwesikhashana idatha esetshenziswa iphrosesa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Uma ikhompuyutha icishiwe, idatha iyasulwa.
• Iyunithi yokucubungula i-Graphics (GPU): Le ngxenye igxile ekucubunguleni ihluzo nokukhiqiza izithombe. Ibalulekile emidlalweni, ukwakheka kwezithombe kanye nokuhlelwa kwevidiyo.

Ihadiwe yesitoreji

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-hardware yokugcina gcina lonke ulwazi futhi wenze lula ukufinyelela kulo ukuze lucutshungulwe. Ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba singafaka futhi inkumbulo ye-RAM, kanye nalezi zingxenye:

• Amadrayivu esitoreji (i-HDD/ SSD): Nguye isitoreji esikhulu sekhompyutha, lapho amafayela, izinhlelo kanye nesistimu yokusebenza kugcinwa khona unomphela. Ama-hard drive (i-HDD) aqukethe ingalo yokufunda eyimishini kanye nediski ejikelezayo. Amadrayivu wesimo esiqinile (ama-SSD) asebenzisa imemori ye-flash ukuze agcine ulwazi, futhi ayashesha, athule, futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu kunama-HDD.
• Amadrayivu e-USB flash namamemori khadi: Ziyimishini isitoreji sangaphandle, esincane nesiphathekayo. Asetshenziselwa ukugcina nokuthutha ulwazi lusuka kwenye ikhompyutha luye kwenye. Amamemori khadi asetshenziswa kakhulu kumakhamera kanye nomakhalekhukhwini.

Izinhlobo zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha: okokufaka okuzungezile

Phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-hardware kukhona ama-peripherals okokufaka, afaka zonke izingxenye zomzimba ezivumelayo faka ulwazi ohlelweni. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuguqula ulwazi lusuke emhlabeni wangempela lube idatha ikhompuyutha engakwazi ukuyicubungula. Ezinye izibonelo ezijwayelekile yilezi:

• Ikhibhodi: Ikuvumela ukuthi ufake umbhalo, izinombolo nemiyalo ohlelweni usebenzisa izinkinobho.
• Igundane: Isetshenziselwa ukuhambisa ikhesa esikrinini bese ukhetha izinketho.
• Iskena: Ithwebula izithombe zamadokhumenti nezinto ezibonakalayo futhi iziguqule zibe amafayela edijithali.
• Imakrofoni: Ithwebula imisindo futhi iguqulelwe kumafayela alalelwayo edijithali.
• Ikhamera yeWebhu: Ikuvumela ukuthi uthwebule izithombe zevidiyo ukuze uzihlele kamuva, futhi wenze namakholi wevidiyo.
• Induku yokudlala: Isetshenziswa kakhulu emidlalweni yevidiyo ukulawula ukunyakaza kwezinhlamvu esikrinini.

ama-peripherals okukhiphayo

Ihadiwe yokuphumayo ihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zomzimba zekhompuyutha ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wazo bonisa noma udlulise ulwazi olucutshunguliwe lokhu. Ngenxa yabo, singakwazi ukubona, ukulalela noma ukuphrinta imiphumela yemisebenzi eyenziwa yikhompyutha. Lezi zinhlobo zehadiwe zihlanganisa:

• Qapha: Lesi sikrini esikhulu sibonisa i-graphical interface, umbhalo, izithombe namavidiyo.
• Iphrinta: Guqula imibhalo yedijithali ibe amakhophi aphathekayo ephepheni.
• izipikha nama-headphone: Ikuvumela ukuthi ulalele ukudlala komsindo.

Izinhlobo ze-Hardware: Izingcezu Ezihlanganisiwe

Okokugcina, sinezingqimba ezixubile, lezo hlanganisa okokufaka kwedatha nemisebenzi yokuphumayo. Abagcini nje ngokuthola ulwazi, kodwa futhi bayaluthumela. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:

• Izikrini zokuthinta: Zikuvumela ukuthi ubuke ulwazi futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, uxhumane nalo ngokuchofoza okuqondile.
• amaphrinta emisebenzi eminingi: Ngaphezu kokuphrinta amadokhumenti, ungawaskena futhi uwaguqule abe amafayela edijithali.
• Amamodemu: Baxhuma amadivayisi kunethiwekhi, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi idatha yamukelwe futhi ithunyelwe.

Kafushane, singasho ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zehadiwe (ukucubungula, ukugcinwa, okokufaka, okukhiphayo nokuxutshiwe) zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwekhompyutha. Kuze kube namuhla, asekhona kuwo wonke amakhompyutha esimanje, enza kube lula ukufinyelela kwethu endaweni yonke ebonakalayo.