I-China ishesha emjahweni we-chip we-EUV futhi iphonsela inselelo ukubuswa kwezobuchwepheshe kweYurophu

IShayina ithathe isinyathelo abambalwa eYurophu nase-United States ababefuna ukusibona maduze: Isivele inesistimu yayo yokusebenza, okungenani njengesibonelo. isithwebuli se-lithography se-ultraviolet extreme (EUV)Okwamanje ayikakhiqizi ama-chip okuhweba, kodwa Yebo, ikhiqiza ukukhanya kwe-EUV okufiselekayo okwakuyinkampani yaseDashi i-ASML kuphela kuze kube manje. Lokho okwakubhekwa njengesithiyo esingenakunqotshwa iminyaka eminingi embonini ye-semiconductor yaseShayina sekuqala ukuqhekeka.

Indaba, eyembulwe yimibiko eyahlukahlukene futhi ikakhulukazi ngomunye uphenyo olujulile oluvela kwi-ReutersIchaza iphrojekthi enkulu, eyimfihlo kakhulu ehlelwe kusukela emazingeni aphezulu kagesi eBeijing. Esikhungweni esinokuphepha okuphezulu eShenzhen, izinkulungwane zonjiniyela—abaningi babo ababengochwepheshe be-ASML— Basebenze iminyaka eminingi ukuze baphinde bakopishe, isiqephu ngesiqephu, ubuchwepheshe obusekela ukubusa kweYurophu ekukhiqizeni ama-chip athuthukile.

"Iphrojekthi yeManhattan" yama-AI chips

Embonini, akekho osafihla ukuqhathanisa: Umzamo waseShayina uchazwa ngokusobala njenge-"Manhattan Project" yezobuchwepheshe.Inhloso akuyona ibhomu, kodwa into ecishe ibe yisu elifanele phakathi kokuvela kobuhlakani bokwenziwa: ukulawula imishini evumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip athuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni, abalulekile ezikhungweni zedatha, omakhalekhukhwini, ama-supercomputing, kanye nezinhlelo zokuzivikela.

Ngokusho kokuvuza, uhlobo lwe-EUV lwaseShayina lwaqedwa ekuqaleni kuka-2025 futhi Ihlala cishe yonke indawo yefektri eShenzhen.Ikhulu kakhulu futhi ilula kakhulu kunemishini ye-ASML, kodwa ivala ukuntuleka kwayo kobuchwepheshe ngamandla amakhulu. Lo mshini uqhumisa ama-laser kumaconsi amancane ethini elincibilikisiwe izikhathi ezingamashumi ezinkulungwane ngomzuzwana ukuze ukhiqize i-plasma ekhiqiza ukukhanya okukhulu kwe-ultraviolet.

Kusukela namuhla, Uhlelo lukwazile ukukhiqiza nokulawula ukukhanya kwe-EUVInkinga ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke imiklamo, yize isentula izinhlelo zokukhanya ezinembile ezidingekayo ukuphrinta ama-chip asebenzayo. Yilowo umehluko oyinhloko ngama-scanner aseYurophu: I-ASML ithembele kuma-optics anembile kakhulu enkampani yaseJalimane iCarl Zeiss AG, indawo lapho iShayina isalele emuva khona.

Kodwa-ke, iqiniso nje lokuba nesithwebuli se-EUV esisebenzayo - noma ngabe sisesigabeni sokuhlola - Kusheshisa ngokuzumayo izibikezelo zokuzimela kwezobuchwepheshe baseShayina.Abahlaziyi manje babeka umbono ofanele wama-chip athuthukile phakathi kuka-2028 no-2030, ijubane eliphindwe kabili noma kathathu kunelathathwa yi-ASML uqobo ukuze ivuse ubuchwepheshe bayo.

I-Huawei, isizinda senethiwekhi yezimboni eyimfihlo

Enhliziyweni yalo msebenzi kukhona igama elaziwa kakhulu eBrussels naseWashington: I-HuaweiKunokuba bazigcinele ekuklameni omakhalekhukhwini noma ama-chip emikhiqizweni yabo, Le nkampani isebenza njengomxhumanisi kazwelonke wenethiwekhi ebanzi yezinkampani, amalabhorethri kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi. ezimboza lonke uchungechunge lwenani, kusukela ekwakhiweni kweprosesa kuya emishinini yokukhiqiza.

Imithombo eseduze nalo msebenzi ichaza isimo "sesikhathi sempi": Izinkulungwane zonjiniyela abasebenza ngasese, ezimweni eziningi balala endaweni.ngezinqubo zokuxhumana nezokuphepha ezinqunyelwe ezifana kakhulu nohlelo lwezempi kunephrojekthi yezimboni. Iningi lala maphrofayili livela ngqo ku-ASML; bangonjiniyela baseShayina ababesebenza eNetherlands futhi bamukela amaphakheji omholo omkhulu, amabhonasi okusayina, kanye nosizo lwezindlu ukuze babuyele ezweni labo.

Ukuze kuvikelwe imfihlo, ochwepheshe abaningi Basebenza ngaphansi kobunikazi bamanga kanye neziqinisekiso ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo saseShenzhen. Izinga lokuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye liphezulu kakhulu: iqembu elincane kakhulu kuphela elinombono ophelele wesistimu, kuyilapho amaqembu abaphothule muva nje egxila ezingxenyeni ezithile zobunjiniyela obubuyela emuva zemishini ye-EUV ne-DUV, ngaphansi kokuqashwa njalo kanye nezinhlelo zomvuzo ezixhunywe nenqubekela phambili.

Indima yeHuawei ayigcini nje ngokuskena. Le nkampani Seyivele iklama amaprosesa ayo e-Kirin ne-Ascend, ikhuthaza uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-HarmonyOS, futhi ithuthukisa izixazululo zememori nokuxhumana.Uma ekwazile ukuvala igebe emishinini yokukhiqiza, angalawula ukhiye wemboni yonke yama-chip aseShayina. kusukela ku-7 nm ukuthi isivele ikhula ngobuchwepheshe be-DUV kuya kuma-node esikhathi esizayo ku-3 no-2 nm.

Ubunjiniyela obubuyela emuva, imakethe engwevu, kanye nezingxenye zaseYurophu nezaseJapane

Ingxenye engabonakali kakhulu yalo msebenzi, futhi mhlawumbe ebucayi kakhulu eYurophu, yizinto eziwusekelayo. Njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuthola imishini emisha ye-EUV ngenxa yemikhawulo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, I-China isebenzise imakethe yesibili ngendlela ehlelekileNgosizo lwabaxhumanisi, izwe belilokhu lithenga izingxenye namamojula ezizukulwane ezindala zemishini ye-ASML, kanye nemishini evela ku-Nikon kanye ne-Canon.

Lezi zingxenye, ngokwemfundiso yokuthi zenzelwe ukukhiqizwa ngama-node amadala, ziye zasebenza njengesisekelo sobunjiniyela obubuyela emuvaNgesikhathi esifanayo, iShayina ichithe ingxenye yemikhumbi yemishini ye-DUV esevele ifakiwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo ukuze isebenzise kabusha izingxenye futhi ithole ukuqonda okungcono kokuthi uhlelo ngalunye lusebenza kanjani. Umphumela uba yi-hybrid EUV prototype, e-cruder kunenguqulo yaseYurophu, kodwa ethuthukile ngokwanele ukuqinisekisa izimiso ezibalulekile zomzimba.

Emkhakheni we-optics, i-Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics —exhumene ne-Chinese Academy of Sciences—ithathe indima ebalulekile. Abacwaningi bayo basebenzele ukuhlanganisa umthombo wokukhanya we-EUV ohlelweni lwabo lokukhanya, okusekude kakhulu nokulinganisa ukusebenza kwe-optics yaseJalimane, kodwa esevele isebenza ekuhlolweni kwangaphakathi. Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi ukucwengisisa lesi sici kuzothatha iminyaka, kodwa indlela yobuchwepheshe isibekiwe.

Konke lokhu kuza ngezindleko ezinkulu. Umshini we-ASML EUV wezohwebo njengamanje ubiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-200-250, kanti izinguqulo ze-High-NA zesikhathi esizayo zisondela noma zidlula amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-400. IShayina kufanele iphindaphinde into efanayo kusukela ekuqaleni, ngaphandle kokusekelwa okusemthethweni okuvela kumhlinzeki wokuqala.Lokhu kuncike ezingxenyeni ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nentuthuko yasekhaya. Noma kunjalo, uHulumeni ubheka izindleko ezilawulekayo njengengxenye yesu lokuzimela kwezimboni lesikhathi eside.

I-ASML, iYurophu kanye nokuqala kokuphela kokubusa okuzimele

EYurophu, lokhu kuhamba akumnandi kakhulu. I-ASML ingenye yezimpahla ezimbalwa zobuchwepheshe ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. I-EU igcina leli thuba: zonke izimboni ezihamba phambili ze-TSMC, i-Intel, kanye ne-Samsung zithembele emishinini yayo ye-EUV ukukhiqiza ama-chip akhuthaza inguquko ye-AI. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, lokhu kubusa kubeke iNetherlands enhliziyweni yezokuxhumana kwezobuchwepheshe phakathi kweWashington, iBeijing, neBrussels.

Ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela e-United States, ohulumeni baseDutch kanye ne-EU Bathatha imikhawulo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kakhulu.I-ASML ayizange inikeze amakhasimende aseShayina uhlelo lwe-EUV, futhi ngisho nemishini ye-DUV esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu isilawulwa ngokuqinile. Ephepheni, lokhu kwakuyindlela yokugcina iShayina okungenani isizukulwane sisemuva ekukhiqizweni kwama-chip aphezulu.

I-prototype yaseShenzhen iphikisana naleyo mbono. Nakuba kusekude kakhulu nokuthembeka nokusebenza komshini we-ASML wezohwebo, Kubonisa ukuthi ukubusa kweYurophu akusaphelele ngokobuchwepheshe.Empeleni, iYurophu iyaqhubeka nokubusa imakethe futhi izoqhubeka naleyo nzuzo isikhathi esiningi seminyaka eyishumi ezayo, kodwa umqondo wokuthi "iShayina ngeke ikwazi ukukwenza" usuphelelwe yisikhathi ngokusemthethweni.

Abahlaziyi be-semiconductor bakhomba umphumela ongabonakali kangako kodwa ofanele: umthelela wengqondo nowezezimaliIqiniso nje lokuthi iShayina inohlelo oluthembekile oluya kwi-EUV yayo livumela izinkampani zokukhiqiza izinto zasendaweni, abahlinzeki bemishini, kanye nabaklami be-chip abangewona amaqiniso ukuthi bahlele ukukhula kwabo "ngombono ocacile," into engacabangeki eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Lokhu sekuvele kubonakala ekulinganisweni kwamasheya kanye nesifiso sabatshalizimali ngaphakathi kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo saseShayina.

Emkhakheni waseYurophu, ingozi akuyona ukuwohloka okusheshayo, kodwa ukuguguleka kancane kancane: imingcele eqinile, izintambo zokuhlinzeka ezihlukene kakhulu, kanye nokungalingani kobuchwepheshe okungacaci kangakoNgisho noma i-ASML igcina ukuhola kwayo ngezinhlelo zayo ze-High-NA kanye nama-node e-1nm esikhathi esizayo, ukuba khona kwenketho yaseShayina kuzonciphisa amandla okuxoxisana kanye ne-aura yokukhethekile inkampani ebilokhu iyijabulela kuze kube manje.

Izinsuku zokugcina, imikhawulo yamanje kanye nomkhathi ka-2030

Nokho, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ungagcini ngokubaluleka kwalesi sinyathelo. Isithwebuli saseShayina siseyisibonelo sokuqala., efana nezinhlelo zokuqala ezahlolwa yi-ASML ngaphakathi ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Ayikhiqizi ama-chip ezentengiselwano, isaxhomeke ezingxenyeni zakwamanye amazwe, usayizi wayo mkhulu kakhulu kunowemishini yaseYurophu futhi ukusebenza kwayo kahle kungaphansi kakhulu kwezindinganiso zemboni.

Imigomo esemthethweni ikhuluma ngayo khiqiza ama-chip asebenzayo nge-EUV cishe ngo-2028Kodwa-ke, imithombo eminingi yangaphakathi kanye nabahlaziyi bamazwe ngamazwe babeka isimo esinengqondo kakhulu cishe ngo-2030. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, iShayina cishe ibisazoqhubeka nokukhiqiza ama-node kububanzi be-2 nmOkwamanje, uhlelo lwe-ecosystem lwaseNtshonalanga seluvele lusebenzisa ukukhiqiza ku-1 nm noma ezinye izinqubo ezifanayo ngokusho kohlelo lwe-Imec nezinye izikhungo zocwaningo.

Into ebalulekile akukhona nje ukuba yi-node eyodwa ngemuva - into eyamukelekayo maqondana nokuncintisana - njengoba kunjalo ukungathembeli kumalayisense noma ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe ukuze kufinyelelwe ubuchwepheshe obubalulekileEBeijing, ukuba ne-EUV stack yayo, noma ngabe ayisebenzi kahle, kusho ukukwazi ukuhlela ukutshalwa kwezimali ezikhungweni zedatha, izikhali, izinto zikagesi zabathengi, noma izimoto zikagesi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa ngenxa yezinqumo zezepolitiki zangaphandle.

Okwamanje, iShayina iyaqhubeka nokucindezela imishini yayo ye-DUV ukuze inciphise imingcele abaningi eYurophu ababeyibheka njengengenakwenzeka. I-SMIC isivele ikhiqize ama-chip afana ne-Kirin 9030 ngenqubo elingana ne-5nm isebenzisa i-DUV lithography kuphela.ngokuhlanganisa ukuchayeka okuningi ku-wafer efanayo. Kuyindlela ebiza kakhulu enezinzuzo eziphansi, kodwa ikhombisa izinga izwe elizimisele ngalo ukusebenzisa izinsiza ukuze ligweme ukusala ngemuva enkathini ye-AI.

Uma sibheka phambili eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, isithombe esivelayo sicacile: Lo mjaho awusewona owokunciphisa ijubane laseShayina, kodwa umayelana nokuncintisana ngesivinini esiphezulu.I-United States neYurophu zingaqhubeka nokubeka izilawuli, kodwa umkhawulo wokugcina igebe elikhulu uyancipha. Umphumela uzoba imakethe yama-chip ethuthukile ehlukene, lapho ama-bloc amabili amakhulu obuchwepheshe ehlukana kakhulu.

Kulesi simo esisha, uhlobo lwe-Shenzhen EUV alukabi usongo oluqondile lwezimboni kwi-ASML noma ezimbonini zaseYurophu, kodwa luyi- isixwayiso esingathi sína sokuthi ukubusa kweNtshonalanga engxenyeni ebalulekile yokukhiqiza ama-chip sekuqalile ukuqhekekaIminyaka yo-2030 izonquma ukuthi iYurophu ne-United States ziyalisebenzisa yini ithuba lazo ukuze zisungule izinto ezintsha ngokushesha noma ziphathe kalula, kancane kancane, ukulahlekelwa ubukhosi obebuthathwa kalula kuze kube muva nje.

Isihloko esihlobene:

I-photolithography ye-Extreme ultraviolet (EUV): ubuchwepheshe obusekela ikusasa lama-chip

U-Alberto Navarro

Ngingumshisekeli wezobuchwepheshe oguqule izintshisekelo zakhe "ze-geek" zaba umsebenzi. Ngichithe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 yempilo yami ngisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokukitaza ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo ngenxa yelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi. Manje sengiqeqeshelwe ubuchwepheshe be-computer nemidlalo yama-video. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5 ngisebenza ngokubhalela amawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene ezobuchwepheshe nemidlalo yevidiyo, ngenza izindatshana ezifuna ukukunikeza imininingwane oyidingayo ngolimi oluqondakala yiwo wonke umuntu.

Uma unemibuzo, ulwazi lwami lusukela kuyo yonke into ehlobene nesistimu yokusebenza ye-Windows kanye ne-Android yomakhalekhukhwini. Futhi ukuzibophezela kwami ​​​​kuwe, ngihlala ngizimisele ukuchitha amaminithi ambalwa futhi ngikusize uxazulule noma yimiphi imibuzo ongase ube nayo kulo mhlaba we-inthanethi.