I-Tesla Full Self-Driving (FSD): ukuthi iyini, isebenza kanjani, nokuthi inaliphi izinga lokuzimela

Khuluma ngakho ukushayela okuzimele ukukhuluma ngakho Tesla futhi, ikakhulukazi, yayo Uhlelo olugcwele lokuzishayela (FSD). Lolu hlelo kube ngolunye lwezingxabano, olusebenzisa kakhulu abezindaba, futhi luthuthuke kakhulu mayelana nosizo lwabashayeli. Ngezithembiso zokuzimela okuphelele, izibuyekezo eziqhubekayo, nezingxabano ezingokomthetho, i-FSD kaTesla iguqule umbono womphakathi wezimoto ezihlakaniphile kanye nemboni yezimoto.

Kulesi sihloko sizobona ukuthi i-Tesla Full Self-Driving ihlanganisani, ukuthi iguquke kanjani, yiziphi izinkinga nezinselelo ebhekene nayo, nokuthi iphephe kangakanani ngempela futhi inoguquko. Uma ufuna ulwazi olusobala, olunemininingwane, kanye nolwakamuva—olungenalo igama lobuchwepheshe olungadingekile kanye nendlela engokoqobo—ufike endaweni efanele.

Iyini i-Tesla Full Self-Driving?

I-Tesla Full Self-Driving, edume ngokuthi i-FSD, i ubuchwepheshe obuphambili kakhulu bokusiza abashayeli obunikezwa uTesla, futhi imele isibonelo esiphezulu sokuzibophezela kwayo ezimotweni ezizimele. Nakuba igama liphakamisa ukuthi imoto ingakwazi ukuzishayela, iqiniso lihlukile: Ngokomthetho, i-FSD iwusizo Lwezinga 2 ngokohlelo lwe-SAE, hhayi ukushayela okuzimele ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umshayeli kudingeka ukuthi anake futhi alungele ukulawula noma nini.

Yize igama layo likhombisa ukuzimela, uTesla uyakugqamisa lokho Umshayeli kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi aqaphele futhi agade imoto, ngisho ne-FSD icushiwe. Eminyakeni yakamuva kuphela, kulandela izingxabano ezimbalwa, lapho umkhiqizo usuqalile ukubiza iphakheji ngokuthi 'Ukuzishayela Okugcwele (Kugadiwe)'.

Umsuka: kusuka ku-Autopilot kuya ku-FSD

Uhambo lukaTesla lokuzimela lwaqala ngo-2013, lapho u-Elon Musk eqala ukukhuluma obala mayelana nezinhlelo ezingasiza abashayeli, ezigqugquzelwa abashayeli bezindiza ezizimele.

Phakathi kuka-2014 no-2016, Uhlelo lwe-Autopilot lwaluyizindaba ezinkulu ku-Tesla Model S ne-Model X, ehlanganisa izici ezifana nokupaka okuzenzakalelayo kanye ne-Summon (ukukhipha imoto endaweni yokupaka). Ukusebenzisana kokuqala kwaba neMobileye, kodwa lokhu kwanqanyulwa ngenxa yomehluko ngemikhawulo yokuphepha.

Inguquko ekuzishayeleni Okugcwele Ibandakanye izigaba eziningana, ngehadiwe ehlala ivela (HW2, HW2.5, HW3, HW4, futhi maduze i-HW5), ukuthuthukisa amaphrosesa nezinzwa. Ngokuhambisanayo, isoftware yathuthukiswa, ivumela ukushayela emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni kanye nokuqashelwa kwamarobhothi nezimpawu zokumisa.

Ukuvela kokusebenza kwe-FSD kanye nehadiwe

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-FSD ne-Autopilot kanye ne-Enhanced Autopilot Isifiso sayo ukuzuza ukuzimela okuphelele: ukuthi imoto ikwazi ukuzungeza emigwaqweni emikhulu, ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezinhlelweni zokupaka ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.

I-Tesla ibuyekeze i-hardware nesofthiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuhlanganisa:

• HW1 (2014): izinzwa eziyisisekelo nephrosesa, enezici ezinomkhawulo.
• HW2 (2016): amakhamera amaningi nezinzwa, isinyathelo esibalulekile esibheke ekuzilawuleni kwedolobha.
• HW2.5 (2017): ukuthuthukiswa kwamaprosesa namasistimu angasebenzi.
• HW3 (2019): Ikhompyutha kaTesla, amandla amakhulu okwenza izinqumo.
• HW4 (2023): amakhamera anokulungiswa okuphezulu kanye nehadiwe eqinile, ekuqaleni kuphela kumodi yokulingisa ngesofthiwe ye-HW3.
• I-HW5 (AI5, 2026): ihlelelwe u-2026, izoba namandla aphindwe kashumi kune-HW4.

I-FSD ihlanganisa amakhamera (Tesla Vision), i-radar ezinguqulweni zangaphambilini namaphrosesa aklanywe nguTesla, ephethwe inethiwekhi ye-neural eqhubeka nokufunda ezigidini zamakhilomitha ahanjwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Isoftware ye-FSD nama-beta

Enye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu zikaTesla kube ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ngefomethi "ye-beta", into engavamile embonini yezimoto. Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2020, abamukeli bokuqala—okuhlanganisa izisebenzi nabahloli abakhethiwe—baqale ukuthola izinguqulo zokuhlola ze-FSD ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Isu libe nempikiswano, Ngenxa yokuthi isibuyekezo ngasinye sibandakanya ubungozi futhi sidala ukunaka kwemidiya, izici ezethulwe futhi zalungiswa zifaka phakathi:

• Ukushayela Umgwaqo Omkhulu Nge-Navigate ku-Autopilot
• Ukubona nokuphendula amarobhothi nezimpawu zokumisa
• I-Autosteer emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni
• Ukushintsha komzila okuzenzakalelayo
• I-Advanced Summon (“Smart Summon”)
• Ukupaka okuzenzakalelayo okuthuthukisiwe

Izinguqulo zakamuva, ezifana no-12 no-13, Asekelwe cishe ngokukhethekile kumamodeli okufunda omshini, ikakhulukazi asusa ikhodi evamile futhi ancike kumanethiwekhi e-neural aqeqeshwe ngedatha yangempela.

Isebenza kanjani i-FSD? Izimiso zobuchwepheshe

Isisekelo sezobuchwepheshe sikaTesla sigxile i-architecture esekelwe kumakhamera nombono wokwenziwa othuthukile (Tesla Vision), Ukushiya eceleni izinzwa ezifana ne-LIDAR noma amamephu anemininingwane ye-3D, ngokungafani nezimbangi ezifana ne-Waymo noma i-Cruise.

Uhlelo lusebenzisa amakhamera angaphandle ayisishiyagalombili, izinzwa ze-ultrasonic (kumamodeli angaphambi kuka-2023) kanye nama-processor aklanywe yi-Tesla, Iphethwe inethiwekhi ye-neural efunda kumaphethini ezigidini zamaphoyinti edatha yokushayela kwempilo yangempela. Le nkampani izishaya isifuba ngomkhumbi omkhulu emhlabeni wonke wokuqoqwa kwedatha yokushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Nokho, Isu lokuthembela kuphela kumakhamera namamephu angaqondakali ligxekiwe, Abanye bacabanga ukuthi ukushoda kwe-LIDAR namamephu anembile kubeka umkhawulo kububanzi obufinyelela kuzinga lesi-5 lokuzimela kwangempela.

Izici Zenkanyezi Ye-FSD: Lokhu Ukushayela Okusizwa nguTesla

Ake sibuyekeze izici ezifanele kakhulu ezinikezwa yi-FSD kumaphakheji ayo ahlukene, njengoba ukufinyelela kungase kwehluke kuye ngezwe, imodeli nehadiwe:

Ukuqhathaniswa kwemisebenzi ngokuya ngephakheji yenkontileka

Umsebenzi	I-Autopilot	I-Autopilot Ethuthukisiwe (EAP)	Ukuzishayela Okugcwele (FSD)
i-adaptive cruise control	Yebo	Yebo	Yebo
I-Autosteer (hlala emzileni)	Yebo	Yebo	Yebo
Zulazula ku-Autopilot	Cha	Yebo	Yebo
Ukushintsha komzila okuzenzakalelayo	Cha	Yebo	Yebo
Ukupaka okuzenzakalelayo	Cha	Yebo	Yebo
Sabiza	Cha	Yebo	Yebo
I-Smart Summon	Cha	Yebo	Yebo
Ukuqashelwa kwezimpawu zomgwaqo	Cha	Cha	Yebo
Autosteer edolobheni	Cha	Cha	Yebo

Ukuqamba okusha okukhulu kwe-FSD uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zangaphambilini Kuyikhono layo lokushayela lizimele emigwaqweni evamile, okuhlanganisa amajika, ukuphatha indawo ezungezile, amarobhothi nezimpawu zokumisa.

Imiphumela yokuphepha, idatha, nezingxabano

Umbono wokuvikeleka kwe-FSD ungaphansi kwemibono eyahlukene. Abanikazi abashiseka kakhulu bakubheka njengokuhlinzeka ngokuphepha okukhulu emigwaqweni emikhulu nohambo olude, kodwa imibiko ezimele ngezinye izikhathi ibonisa idatha ephikisanayo.

I-Tesla ithi amasistimu ayo ehlise izinga lezingozi ngo-40%, ngokwemibiko ye-NHTSA, kodwa ezinye izifundo ziyayingabaza le datha futhi ziyiqhathanise namanye amamethrikhi, iphawula ukuthi ukuhlaziya kuvame ukuhluleka ukucabangela okuguquguqukayo okubalulekile, njengohlobo lomgwaqo nolwazi lomshayeli.

Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi izinga lengozi nge-Autopilot noma i-FSD lisukela ingozi eyodwa njalo ngemva kwezigidi ezingu-6 kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili zamamayela, uma kuqhathaniswa nesigidi esisodwa kwezingu-1,2 ekushayeleni okuvamile, nakuba lezi zibalo zingase zihlanekezelwe iphrofayili yabasebenzisi nezimo lapho uhlelo lusetshenziswa khona.

Kukhona ukukhathazeka lokho ukusetshenziswa kwe-FSD, okuyinto idinga ukuqondisa komuntu, ingase ikhiqize umuzwa ongamanga wokulondeka, okubangela ukuphazamiseka kanye nezingozi ezingase zibe khona. Ukusabela ekuhlulekeni kwesistimu akukasheshi ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi izimo ezibucayi ziba nzima nakakhulu ukulawula.

Ukugxekwa okuphindelelayo nezikhundla zochwepheshe

Umphakathi wesayensi nokuphepha emgwaqeni uyigxeka kakhulu i-Tesla ngokukhipha izici ze-beta ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa okwanele okuzimele, kanye nokuntuleka kwezinhlelo eziqinile zokuqapha ukunaka kwabashayeli. Ama-ejensi amaningana asevele alinganisele i-FSD kanye ne-Autopilot ngaphansi kwezinye izinhlelo mayelana nokuphepha nokuvimbela. Lokhu okunye kokugxeka okuyinhloko:

• Okulindelwe okudukisayo: Igama nemisebenzi ingase iphakamise ukuzimela okuphelele okungekho.
• Ukugadwa komshayeli: I-Tesla isebenzisa izinzwa ze-torque esondweni lokuqondisa namakhamera angaphakathi, kodwa hhayi ngokuqinile njengabanye abakhiqizi. Kunezimo lapho lezi zinhlelo zingakhohliswa kuzo.
• Ukwehluleka kokutholwa kwezithiyo nezimo eziphuthumayo: Kuye kwabikwa izigameko lapho uhlelo luhlulekile ukubhuleka ngenxa yezithiyo noma izimoto eziphuthumayo, kube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
• Ukusabela okungalindelekile kanye ne-phantom braking: Izinkinga ezifana nokubhuleka okungalindelekile noma ukuchezuka okungalindelekile kube yisihloko sophenyo nokukhunjulwa.

Eminyakeni yamuva, u-Tesla ubuyekeze isofthiwe futhi wakhipha izinkumbulo ukuze athuthukise lezi zici, nakuba ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuphepha okuyisisekelo kusalindile.

Ezomthetho, amacala kanye nezindaba zokulawula

U-Tesla ubhekane neziningi izindaba zomthetho namacala mayelana nokukhangisa okudukisayo nezingozi ezihlobene ne-Autopilot ne-FSD. Ezinye izinkantolo zikhiphe isinqumo esimelene ne-Tesla, esidinga ukuthi umkhiqizo ucacise amakhono angempela kanye nemikhawulo yezinhlelo zawo, futhi ufake izixwayiso ezicacile kusixhumi esibonakalayo.

Iziphathimandla, ezifana ne-NHTSA, ziqalise uphenyo olusemthethweni futhi zize zacela nokumiswa okwesikhashana kwezici ezithile kwamanye amamodeli, futhi zifuna ukuthuthukiswa ekuqapheni abashayeli nokubeka obala kwedatha yokuphahlazeka.

I-Tesla iqoqa ingcebo yedatha yokushayela kuyo yonke imikhumbi yayo, abondla futhi baqeqeshe amamodeli abo e-AI. Nokho, ukungafihli mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwale datha nezinqubomgomo zobumfihlo kugxekwe izinhlangano zabathengi nochwepheshe bokuvikela idatha.

Ikusasa le-FSD nokuncintisana

Yize uTesla ehola ngevolumu yezimoto ezinezici ezithuthukile, Ukuncintisana kwezokuphepha nokunemba kuthuthuka ngokushesha. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Waymo noma i-Cruise zisebenzisa amasistimu nge KULULA, amamephu e-HD nokuthunyelwa okulawulwa kakhulu emadolobheni athile.

Ikusasa le-FSD lizoncika ezintweni ezimbalwa:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-HW5 kanye nokwandiswa kwemikhumbi ye-Robotaxi.
• Ukubuyela ekuzilawuleni okungangeneleli, nokuhambisana nokulawula.
• Khombisa, ngedatha nobufakazi, ukuthi isistimu yakho ivikelekile futhi ithembekile.
• Zivumelanise neziqondiso emazweni ahlukene, ikakhulukazi eYurophu naseChina.

Imithelela yesimilo nenhlalo

Ukufika kwezinhlelo ezizimele kuphakamisa izingqinamba zokuziphatha nezomthetho ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili, njengesikweletu sengozi, ukuvikelwa kwedatha, nokuphepha emgwaqeni. Ukwethula izici ze-beta ngaphansi kwezimo zempilo yangempela nakho kudala inkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nemithetho efanele.

Lezi zinkinga zizoba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo, ukulawulwa, nokwamukelwa komphakathi kokushayela ukuzimela. I-Tesla, ekuzibophezeleni kwayo emisha, ibhekene nesidingo sokulinganisa inqubekela phambili nokuphepha, ukubeka izinto obala kanye nokuziphendulela.

Ngemva kwalokhu kuhlaziya, kuyacaca ukuthi I-Tesla Full Self-Driving imele intuthuko enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu kwezokuphepha, ukulawula, kanye nokubona komphakathi. Ukuzimela okuphelele kusalungiswa, futhi ukwengamela, ukulawulwa, kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha kuzoba ukhiye wokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwakho kuphephile futhi kunenzuzo kubo bonke.