- I-United States ihlongoza ukwenza kube yimpoqo ezivakashini ezihamba ne-ESTA ukuthi zihambise kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu yomlando wenkundla yezokuxhumana.
- Idatha "Yenani eliphezulu" izongezwa: izinombolo zocingo, ama-imeyili, ulwazi lomndeni, nedatha entsha ye-biometric.
- Lesi sinyathelo sizothinta ikakhulukazi izakhamizi zaseYurophu naseSpain ezimbozwe yi-Visa Waiver Programme.
- Ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngomthelela ongaba khona ovimbela ezokuvakasha zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezingozi zobumfihlo kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi.
I-United States ilungiselela a ushintsho olukhulu endleleni abavakashi abalawulwa ngayo abafika ezweni, begxile kakhulu emsebenzini wabo wedijithali. Abokufika baluphakamisile lolu daba. ibhethri lezinyathelo ezinganikeza ama-ejenti asemngceleni ukufinyelela olwazini olunemininingwane mayelana nabahambi, kusukela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kuya kudatha yabo ye-biometric.
Umsuka walesi siphakamiso yi- Uhlelo lwe-Visa Waiver kanye nohlelo lwe-ESTAesetshenziswa izigidi zezivakashi ezivela eYurophu, okuhlanganisa iSpain, namanye amazwe ahlangene. Kwakuyini kuze kube manje Inqubo elula uma kuqhathaniswa ingaba inqubo exakile futhi eqeda konke., okunomthelela oqondile ekuhleleni uhambo lokungcebeleka, ibhizinisi nohambo lokufunda.
Umlando wenkundla yezokuxhumana njengemfuneko eyisibopho
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) kanye noMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwezwe (DHS) baphakamisa ukuthi Abavakashi kumele bamemezele iminyaka emihlanu yomlando wenkundla yezokuxhumana ukuze ungene e-United States. Lolu lwazi luzoba "isici sedatha esiyisibopho" ngaphakathi kwefomu le-elekthronikhi le-System for Travel Authorization, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-ESTA.
Kuze kube manje, ifomu lalihlanganisa a umbuzo ozikhethela mayelana zokuxhumanaNgokusho kwe-CBP, ukuhluleka ukuphendula umbuzo akuzange kube nemiphumela emibi. Ngaphansi kohlaka olusha, lo mkhakha uzoba yimfuneko yokuthola ukugunyazwa, emazweni abamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokuhoxiswa kwama-visa futhi, kwezinye izimo, nakulawo adinga i-visa yendabuko.
Isilinganiso singathinta ngokuqondile izakhamizi zamazwe angabalingani angama-40-42Lokhu kufaka phakathi amazwe amaningi angamalungu e-European Union, okuhlanganisa iSpain, kanye neJapane, iSouth Korea, i-Australia, i-Israel, i-United Kingdom, i-Ireland, i-New Zealand, i-France, ne-Qatar, phakathi kwamanye. Wonke lawa mazwe njengamanje angaya e-United States ngaphandle kwe-visa kuze kube yizinsuku ze-90 esebenzisa i-ESTA, ebiza cishe $40 futhi ngokuvamile isebenza iminyaka emibili.
Ngaphansi kwemodeli entsha, abafake izicelo kuzofanele banikeze ulwazi mayelana nama-akhawunti abawasebenzise ezinkundleni zokuxhumana phakathi neminyaka emihlanu edlule. Isiphakamiso asicacisi ukuthi imaphi amanethiwekhi noma hlobo luni lwangempela lokuqukethwe. Izohlolwa, okushiya umkhawulo obanzi wokutolikwa kweziphathimandla lapho kubuyekezwa amaphrofayili, ukushicilela, nobudlelwano be-inthanethi.
Ukuphatha kukaTrump kuthethelela lokhu kuqiniswa ngokufuna ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nezidingo zokuvimbela ubuphekulaEmadokhumeni asemthethweni, i-CBP ixhumanisa isinyathelo nemiyalo yokuphatha esayinwe ekuqaleni kwehlandla lesibili likamongameli, okuhloswe ngalo ukwandisa ukucutshungulwa kwabahambi bangaphandle ngaphambi kokuba bagibele izindiza eziya e-United States.
Olunye ulwazi lomuntu siqu: izinombolo zocingo, ama-imeyili kanye nomndeni
Ukuqapha okwandisiwe akugcini ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Lesi siphakamiso sihlanganisa ukufaka ulwazi olwengeziwe oluthathwa lufanelekile. "inani eliphezulu" lemisebenzi yobuhlakani nokuhlunga yabahambi. Empeleni, kumayelana nokwandisa umzila wedokhumentari oshiywe yisivakashi ngasinye ngaphambi kokungena emhlabathini waseMelika.
Phakathi kwemikhakha emisha ehlongozwayo kubalwa izinombolo zocingo ezisetshenziswe eminyakeni emihlanu edlulekokubili komuntu siqu kanye professional, kanye amakheli e-imeyili asetshenziswe eminyakeni eyishumi edluleLokhu kuyasebenza nasendaweni yokusebenza nempilo yangasese. Umgomo oshiwo uwukwakha kabusha ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuxhumana nobudlelwane bomfakisicelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzodingeka ulwazi oluningi olungakaze lubonwe mayelana nesizinda somndeni womhambi. Amafomu angafaka phakathi amagama abazali, oshade naye, abafowabo nodadewabo kanye nezinganekanye nezinsuku zabo nezindawo zokuzalwa, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana, njengekheli noma izinombolo zocingo. Le ndlela yandisa ububanzi bokulawula ngale kwezivakashi uqobo futhi ifinyelela nasezihlotsheni zazo.
Ezinye izinguqulo zesiphakamiso nazo zisho ukuqoqwa okungenzeka kwe Amakheli e-IP nokunye idatha yobuchwepheshe ehlotshaniswa nomsebenzi we-inthanethi womhambikanye nemethadatha evela ezithombeni noma okunye okuqukethwe kwedijithali. Nakuba la maphuzu engacacile ngokuphelele, aphakamisa imodeli yokuqinisekisa eseduze nokuhlaziywa kobuhlakani kunokulawula umngcele olula.
Ukweqa kwekhwalithi ekuqoqweni kwedatha ye-biometric
Esinye isici esisha esibalulekile salolu hlelo ukuqinisa ukuthwebula idatha ye-biometric ngaphambi kohamboKuze kube manje, izigxivizo zeminwe noma izithombe zobuso zenziwe ikakhulukazi lapho ufika, ezindaweni zokulawula amaphasipoti ezikhumulweni zezindiza kanye nemingcele yezwe.
Ngaphansi kohlelo olusha, lesi sigaba sizoshintshela ekufakeni isicelo sangaphambilini: kunenkulumo yokudinga umhambi ukuthi athumele isithombe ozishuthe sona njengengxenye yenqubo ye-ESTAukuze isithombe siqondiswe ngokuphambanayo nezizindalwazi ezikhona kanye nezinhlelo zokubonwa kobuso. Amanye amathuba okubalulwe ahlanganisa ukuqoqa izikena ze-iris noma amasampula e-DNA, azongezwa ezigxivizweni zeminwe namarekhodi ezithombe zendabuko.
Iziphathimandla ziyakugcina lokho ukuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric kusengaphambili Kungavumela ukutholwa kusengaphambili kwabantu ababhekwa njengabasengozini futhi kubavimbele ekugibeleni izindiza eziya e-United States. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangano zamalungelo edijithali kanye nochwepheshe bobumfihlo baxwayisa ngokuthi lokhu kuyi- Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokulawula okungokwenyama nokwedijithali kwabahambiezingase zisetshenziselwe ezinye izinjongo ngaphandle kwezokuphepha emngceleni.
Ngokuhambisanayo, ukuqaliswa kwethuluzi elisha eliphathwayo labafokazi liyafundwa. bhalisa nge-elekthronikhi ukusuka kwakho e-United StatesLolu hlobo lwesistimu lungaqinisa ukuqapha kokuhlala futhi lwenza kube lula ukuthola labo abeqa isikhathi esiphezulu esivunyelwe ngaphansi kohlelo lokukhululwa kwe-visa.
Ukufakwa kwedijithali okuphoqelelwe: uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-ESTA njengokuphela kwesiteshi
I-CBP iphakamisa noshintsho lwesakhiwo endleleni ukugunyazwa kohambo okucutshungulwa ngayo. Uhlelo lubandakanya Thuthela inqubo ye-ESTA kuhlelo lokusebenza lweselula lukahulumeni olusemthethweni, kancane kancane esusa ithuba lokucela imvume ngewebhusayithi evamile.
Ngokwezilinganiso zokuqala, ngaphezu kwalokho Bangu-14 million abafake izicelo ngonyaka kuzomele basebenzise lesi sicelo Uma ukuguqulwa kuqala ukusebenza, ukufaka yonke idatha endaweni eyodwa—yomlando wokuphila kwabantu, ukuthintana, umndeni, inkundla yezokuxhumana, kanye ne-biometric—kuhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa kuzovumela iziphathimandla ukuthi zihlanganise kalula ulwazi kuzigcinalwazi zazo nezinhlelo zokuhlaziya.
Lokhu kushintshela esiteshini esiphathwayo kuphakamisa imibuzo esebenzayo, ikakhulukazi ye abahambi abangabujwayeli kakhulu ubuchwephesheabantu abadala noma labo abangenakho ukufinyelela kalula kuma-smartphone ahambisanayo. Abameli bokufika kanye namaqembu abathengi bayakwesaba lokhu kufakwa kwedijithali okuphoqelekile kungaba isithiyo esengeziwe ngezinhlobo ezithile zezivakashi, okuhlanganisa nabaseYurophu abahamba njalo ngezizathu zomndeni noma zomsebenzi.
Ngokombono wokuvikela idatha, ukugxilisa ulwazi olubucayi kangaka ohlelweni lokusebenza olulodwa nakho kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka Imibuzo mayelana ne-cybersecurity, ukuphulwa okungenzeka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwalawo marekhodiLokhu kuyakhathaza ikakhulukazi eYurophu, lapho i-General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) ibeka izindinganiso eziqinile ezikhungweni nasezinkampanini eziphatha idatha yomuntu siqu.
Umongo wezepolitiki kanye nokwandiswa kokuhlolwa kwedijithali
Iziphakamiso zingena ku-a isu elibanzi lokuqinisa abokufika elilandelwa abaphathi bakaTrumpokuthe eminyakeni yamuva eyethula izinguquko cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokungena ezweni, ezivamile nezingajwayelekile. Ukulawulwa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi, sekube elinye lamathuluzi athandwayo ale ndlela.
Kusukela ngo-2019, bonke abafake izicelo zama-visa abokufika nabangebona abokufika Kakade kudingeka ukuthi bamemezele ama-akhawunti abo ezinkundla zokuxhumana. Muva nje, ukucutshungulwa kunyukile kubafundi bakwamanye amazwe nakubasebenzi abanekhono eliphezulu abanama-visa e-H-1B, okubadinga ukuthi Gcina amaphrofayili akho esidlangalaleni. ukwenza lula ukubuyekezwa kwemibono, othintana nabo, kanye nokushicilelwe.
Emiyalweni ethunyelwe kumanxusa kanye namanxusa, uMnyango Wezwe uveze ukuthi izikhulu zingase phenya "izimo zengqondo ezinobutha" ezingase zibe khona emphakathini noma ezikhungweni zaseMelika njengengxenye yokuhlolwa kwesicelo. Kuze kubhekwe ukuthi ukungabi bikho kwenkundla yezokuxhumana kungahunyushwa kabi kwezinye izimo, into ekhathaza kakhulu intsha yaseYurophu ehlela ukufunda noma ukusebenza isikhashana e-United States.
Umongo wezokuphepha wakamuva unikeze ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kwalezi zinqubomgomo. Izigameko ezifana ne ukuhlaselwa kwamalungu eNational Guard eWashingtonIcala, elibizwa ngesakhamuzi sase-Afghan, liholele ekumisweni kwesikhashana kwezinqubo zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe emazweni athile futhi ligcizelele ukulandisa kokuthi kuyadingeka ukuqinisa ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kohambo.
Ukukhathazeka ngobumfihlo kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi
Ngokuphambene nesikhundla sikaHulumeni, izinhlangano zamalungelo edijithali nabameli bokufika Baxwayisa ngemithelela yale modeli yenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nemfihlo yabahambi. Okunye kokugxekwa okuphindelelayo ukuthi lezi zinyathelo Abazange babonakale bephumelela kakhulu ekutholeni amaphekulakuyilapho benza imiphumela emibi ebalulekile.
Amaqembu afana ne-Electronic Frontier Foundation aphikisa ngokuthi isibopho sokudalula umlando wenkundla yezokuxhumana singaholela ukuzithiba phakathi kwabafundi, abacwaningi, kanye nezivakashiabangase bagweme ukuphawula ezindabeni zezombusazwe ezibucayi, ukugxeka ohulumeni, noma izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yokwesaba ukuvinjelwa ukungena.
USophia Cope, ummeli wale nhlangano, ukugcizelele ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenqubomgomo "Kubukela phansi inkululeko yokukhuluma futhi kuhlasela imfihlo yabahambi abangenacala nalabo ababazungezile."ngaphandle kokunikeza iziqinisekiso ezicacile zokuthi bazothuthukisa ukuphepha. Kuphinde kuqashelwe ukuthi ukulandelela umsebenzi we-inthanethi kungase kuthinte ngokungaqondile amalungu omndeni waseMelika, abangani, noma ozakwethu, okuphinde kudalulwe ukusebenzisana kwabo.
Kusukela eYurophu, lapho ukuvikelwa kwedatha kuyinsika yokulawula eyinhloko, ochwepheshe abambalwa babona lezi zinyathelo njenge ukungqubuzana kwamamodeli okulawulaNakuba indlela yaseYurophu ifuna ukunciphisa ukuqoqwa kwedatha futhi ikhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwayo, uhlelo oluhlongozwe yi-United States luvame ukuqongelela kanye nolwazi oluphambanayo oluvela emithonjeni eminingi, ochwepheshe abaningi bezomthetho abakuthola kunzima ukukuhlanganisa nezimiso ze-GDPR.
Esinye isici esikhathazayo yi- ukwanda okubonakalayo kwezikhathi zokucubungula Mayelana nokugunyazwa kwe-ESTA, lapho umthamo wedatha odinga ukuhlaziywa umkhulu, maningi amathuba okuba ukubambezeleka, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinkathi zokuvakasha eziphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kungaqiniseki kungenza kube nzima ukuhleleka kohambo olufushane, uhambo lwangempelasonto, noma uhambo lwebhizinisi ngesaziso esifushane.
Umthelela kwezokuvakasha zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nabahambi baseYurophu
Ukuqiniswa kwezilawuli kufika ngesikhathi lapho I-United States isivele ikubona ukwehla kwesikhalo sezivakashi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindawo. Idatha yakamuva ibonisa ukwehla kwamadijithi amabili enanini lezivakashi zamazwe ngamazwe ngezikhathi zonyaka eziphakeme kakhulu, nokulahlekelwa okulinganiselwe kwezigidigidi zamadola ekusetshenzisweni kwezivakashi.
Izinhlangano ezifana neWorld Travel and Tourism Council sezihambe zaze zakuveza lokho I-United States ingase ibe ukuphela komnotho omkhulu, phakathi kwezingu-180 ezihlaziywe, ngokuncipha kwemali esetshenziswa abavakashi bamazwe ngamazwe. esikhathini esifushane. Ezinye izinkampane zezeluleko ezikhethekile zikhomba ekwehleni okulindelekile okungaphezu kuka-8% ekufikeni kwamanye amazwe kanye nokwehliswa kwamaphesenti ambalwa emalini esetshenziswayo, izibalo ezihumushela imboni ngezigidigidi zamarandi.
Lesi simo sihlaba umxhwele ikakhulukazi njengoba izwe lilungiselela ukusingatha imicimbi enesikhalo esikhulu sabavakashi, njengeNdebe Yomhlaba ka-2026 - ehlanganyela neMexico neCanada - noma iMidlalo Yama-Olimpiki yaseLos Angeles ngo-2028. Noma yiziphi izithiyo ezengeziwe zokuhamba, njengezinqubo eziphazamisayo noma ubuholi obuhamba kancane, kungagcina kunciphisa inani labalandeli abavela eYurophu nakwamanye amazwekazi abazimisele ukuhamba.
Kusukela eYurophu, futhi ikakhulukazi eSpain, lapho ukuya e-United States kuvame ukuyongcebeleka, ukufunda, noma umsebenzi, ukuvela kwalezi zinyathelo kulandelwa eduze. Izakhamizi eziningi zaseSpain zimbozwe yi- Uhlelo lwe-visa futhi luncike ku-ESTA ohambweni olufika ezinsukwini ezingama-90. Amathuba okuba unikeze iminyaka yokuphila kwedijithali, abathintwayo, nemibono yomphakathi kubangela ukukhathazeka phakathi kwalabo abazisa ubumfihlo njengento eyisisekelo yokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqhathanisa nokugeleza okubuyela emuva akunakugwenywa. Nakuba Izakhamizi zase-US zingavakashela eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ngaphandle kwe-visa Futhi ngaphandle kwezinga elifanayo lezidingo zedatha, abantu abaningi baseYurophu babona ukungalingani okuthile ezimeni zokuphindaphinda. Le mpikiswano isivele ingene kwezinye zezingxoxo zezepolitiki ngaphakathi kwe-EU mayelana nekusasa lezivumelwano zokuhamba ne-United States.
Kulesi simo, isiphakamiso sikaWashington sokwandisa ukuqoqwa kwedatha, sidinga ukuthi kumenyezelwe ama-akhawunti ezinkundla zokuxhumana, nokuqinisa izilawuli ze-biometric iphuzu lokungqubuzana phakathi kokuphepha kanye nokuhamba kalulaNakuba iziphathimandla zase-US ziphikisana ngokuthi iyithuluzi elidingekayo lokuvikela izwe, ingxenye ekhulayo yombono womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe-kuhlanganise nezivakashi eziningi zaseSpain nezaseYurophu-iqala ukungabaza ukuthi izindleko zobumfihlo kanye nobunkimbinkimbi be-bureaucratic zidlula isipiliyoni sokuvakashela indawo.
Ngingumshisekeli wezobuchwepheshe oguqule izintshisekelo zakhe "ze-geek" zaba umsebenzi. Ngichithe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 yempilo yami ngisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokukitaza ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo ngenxa yelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi. Manje sengiqeqeshelwe ubuchwepheshe be-computer nemidlalo yama-video. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5 ngisebenza ngokubhalela amawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene ezobuchwepheshe nemidlalo yevidiyo, ngenza izindatshana ezifuna ukukunikeza imininingwane oyidingayo ngolimi oluqondakala yiwo wonke umuntu.
Uma unemibuzo, ulwazi lwami lusukela kuyo yonke into ehlobene nesistimu yokusebenza ye-Windows kanye ne-Android yomakhalekhukhwini. Futhi ukuzibophezela kwami kuwe, ngihlala ngizimisele ukuchitha amaminithi ambalwa futhi ngikusize uxazulule noma yimiphi imibuzo ongase ube nayo kulo mhlaba we-inthanethi.