Ezweni Ku-cell biology, kunama-molecule ahlukene adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwamaseli. Enye yala ma-molecule, ethatha cishe u-70% wodonga lwamaseli, isiphenduke into yocwaningo kanye nesithakazelo kososayensi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokucophelela le molecule nokubaluleka kwayo ekugcineni ubuqotho namandla. yodonga Umakhalekhukhwini. Kusukela ekwakhekeni kwawo kwamakhemikhali kuya ekuthonyeni kwawo ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zamangqamuzana, sizothola izici zobuchwepheshe zale molecule kanye nendima yayo eyisisekelo kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana.
Izici ze-molecule ethatha u-70% wodonga lwamaseli
I-molecule ethatha u-70% wodonga lwamaseli i-polysaccharide ebizwa ngokuthi i-peptidoglycan (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi murein), futhi iyisici esibalulekile esakhiweni sezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ezifana namagciwane kanye ne-archaea. Le molecule inikeza amandla nokuqina ku- udonga lwamaselula, ukuvikela i-microorganism ekushintsheni kwe-osmotic kanye ne-cell lysis.
I-Peptidoglycan yakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: ama-glycans nama-peptides. Ama-Glycan amaketango aqondile kashukela, ikakhulukazi i-N-acetylglucosamine ne-N-acetylmuramic acid, axhunywe amabhondi glycosidic. Lawa maketango akha izakhiwo ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu ezihlanganayo, akhe i-mesh eqinile futhi eguquguqukayo. Ama-peptides, ngakolunye uhlangothi, axhumene nama-N-acetylmuramic acid futhi atholakala ngaphandle kwe-molecule. Lawa ma-peptide ayahluka ngobude, ukulandelana nokwakheka, futhi abalulekile ekunikezeni amandla nokuzinza.
Ukuba khona kwe-peptidoglycan odongeni lweseli kunikeza izakhiwo ezihlukile kuma-microorganisms. Ngokuqashelwa njengephethini ye-antigenic ngamasosha omzimba wezinto eziphilayo eziphakeme, kubangela ukusabela komzimba. Ukwengeza, amanye ama-antibiotic aklanyelwe ukuphazamisa ukwakheka noma ukucekelwa phansi kwe-peptidoglycan, okuwenza abe amathuluzi abalulekile ekwelapheni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Kafushane, i-molecule ye-peptidoglycan ibalulekile kubuqotho nokuphila kwezilwanyana ezincane, futhi ukutadisha kwayo okuqhubekayo kuvumela ukuqonda okungcono kwezimpawu nezici zayo. yodonga lwamaseli.
Imisebenzi ebalulekile yale molecule esakhiweni seselula
Zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngezansi eminye yale misebenzi:
Ukugcinwa kwe- ukuma kweseli: I-molecule isebenza njenge-scaffold yesakhiwo kuseli, ihlinzeka ngokusekela nokugcina isimo esifanele. Ngokubophezela kwamanye ama-molecule, yakha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ebalulekile ekuthembekeni kwamaselula. Lesi sakhiwo futhi siyisisekelo ekuhlukaniseni kwamaseli, siqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi ngaphandle kokuguqulwa.
I-intracellular transport: I-molecule yenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwezinto ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana ngokusebenzisana kwayo namanye amaprotheni akhethekile. Isebenza njengohlobo "lwebhuloho" elivumela ukunyakaza kwama-molecule ahlukene, njengezakhi, ama-ion kanye nemikhiqizo yemfucuza, ngaphesheya kolwelwesi lwamaseli naphakathi kwama-organelles ahlukene. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile kumetabolism yamaselula kanye nokushintshisana kwezinto ezidingekayo ukuze usebenze kahle.
Ukubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni ze-biochemical: I-molecule iphinde ibandakanye ezinqubweni eziningi ze-biochemical ngaphakathi kweseli. Isebenza njenge-enzyme, ivuselela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuyisisekelo somzimba umzimba weselula, okuhlanganisa—ukwenziwa kanye nokuwohloka kwama-molecule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula, njengoba isebenzisana nama-receptors kanye nama-protein asayinayo, idlulisela ulwazi kanye nokuxhumanisa izimpendulo zamaselula.
Ukubaluleka kwenani eliqondile laleli molekyuli odongeni lweseli
Inani elinembile laleli molekyuli odongeni lweseli
Udonga lwamangqamuzana luyisakhiwo esibalulekile esitshalweni nasezilwaneni ezibangelwa amagciwane, oluhlinzeka ngokusekela nokuvikela. Phakathi kwezingxenye eziyinhloko zodonga lweseli kukhona molecule ebalulekile ubuningi bayo obunembile bubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo okufanele. Le molekyuli, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cellulose, iyi-polysaccharide eyakhiwe uchungechunge olude lweglucose. Okulandelayo, ukubaluleka kokugcina inani elanele le-cellulose odongeni lweseli kuzochazwa kabanzi.
Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo: Inani eliqondile le-cellulose odongeni lweseli libalulekile ekugcineni ukusimama kwesakhiwo I-Cellulose yakha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ehlinzeka ngokuqina namandla odongeni lweseli. Inani elinganele le-cellulose lingabangela udonga lweseli olubuthakathaka, lufake engozini ubuqotho bomzimba kanye nekhono layo lokumelana namandla emishini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukweqisa kwe-cellulose kungadala udonga lwamaseli oluqine kakhulu, luvimbele ukukhula nokwanda kwento ephilayo.
Ukungena okukhethiwe: I-Cellulose nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekungeneni okukhethiwe kodonga lweseli. Ngemicu yayo ehlangene, ilawula ukudlula kwezinto ukuya nokubuya engqamuzaneni. Ukugcina inani eliqondile le-cellulose kuqinisekisa ukuthi udonga lwamaseli lukwazi ukungena ngokwanele ukuvumela ukushintshaniswa kwezakhi, amanzi namagesi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvimbela ukungena okungadingeki kobuthi namagciwane. Ngokufanayo, inani elinganele le-cellulose lingashintsha ukukwazi ukungena, ngaleyo ndlela kulimaze i-homeostasis yeselula.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-molecule kanye nokungeneka kodonga lweseli
Isici esibalulekile ocwaningweni lwebhayoloji yamaseli. I-cell wall permeability ibhekisela emandleni ama-molecule ukudlula kulesi sakhiwo futhi kubalulekile ekusindeni kweseli kanye nokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis.
Ama-molecule akwazi ukudlula odongeni lwamaseli angakwenza lokho ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngezansi ezinye izindlela ezibalulekile ezingaba nomthelela ekungeneni kodonga lwamaseli:
- Ukusabalalisa okulula: ama-molecule amancane kanye non-polar Bangakwazi ukuwela ngokuqondile i-lipid bilayer yodonga lwamaseli.
- Ukusabalalisa okuthuthukisiwe: Amanye ama-molecule angase adinge usizo lwamaprotheni okuthutha ukuze awele udonga lwamangqamuzana.
- I-Endocytosis: Ama-molecule athile amakhulu angathathwa udonga lweseli futhi ayiswe engqamuzaneni ngokwakhiwa kwama-vesicle.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zindlela, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali odongeni lweseli nakho kungathonya ukungena kwalo. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kwama-lipids athile kungakha umgoqo ovuleleka kakhulu noma omncane wama-molecule ahlukene.
Ukusebenzisana kwale molecule nezinye izingxenye zodonga lweseli
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda indima yazo ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Okulandelayo, okunye ukusebenzisana okuyinhloko le molecule enakho nezinye izingxenye zodonga lweseli kuzochazwa kabanzi:
1. Ukusebenzisana nama-polysaccharides: I-molecule ibopha ngokuqondile kuma-polysaccharides athile akhona odongeni lweseli, yakhe izibopho zamakhemikhali eziqinisa ukwakheka kwayo. Lokhu kusebenzisana kubalulekile ekumelana nengcindezi yemishini kanye nokuvikela kumagciwane.
2. Ukusebenzisana namaprotheni: Ngaphezu kokusebenzelana kwayo nama-polysaccharides, le molekyuli ibuye ihlotshaniswe namaprotheni abamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni nasekuguquleni udonga lwamaseli. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuyisihluthulelo sokulawula ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli nokuwohloka, kanye nokusabela ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle.
3. Ukusebenzelana ne-lipids: Ekugcineni, le ngqamuzana ingaphinde ihlanganyele nama-lipids akhona kulwelwesi lwe-plasma, idale ukuxhumana phakathi kodonga lweseli nolwelwesi. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuvumela ukuxhumana kanye nokushintshisana kwama-molecule phakathi kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli, kanye nokudluliselwa kwesignali.
Izinto ezingathinta ukuba khona kwe-molecule odongeni lweseli
Kunezici eziningana ezingathonya ukuba khona kwe-molecule odongeni lweseli lwento ephilayo. Ukuhlaziya lezi zinguquko kubalulekile ukuze uqonde umsebenzi wazo kanye nomthelela wazo ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwamangqamuzana. Ngezansi ezinye zezinto ezibalulekile ezingathinta ukuba khona kwe-molecule odongeni lweseli:
1. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali: Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali odongeni lwamaseli kuyanquma ukuxhumana nama-molecule ahlukene. Ezinye izakhi ezinjengama-polysaccharides, lipids namaprotheni zingavuna noma zivimbele ukuba khona kwe-molecule odongeni lweseli. Isibonelo, ama-molecule athile angase abe nokuhambisana kwama-polysaccharides akhona odongeni lwamaseli, okwenza kube lula ukunamathela kwawo.
2. pH nezimo zemvelo: I-pH kanye nezimo zemvelo zingathinta ukuzinza nokuqina kodonga lweseli. Amanye ama-molecule angase abe khona kwawo ashintshwe izinguquko ku-pH yemvelo yeselula. Ukwengeza, izinga lokushisa, umswakama, nezinye izici zendawo ezungezile zingathonya ikhono le-molecule lokusebenzisana nodonga lweseli.
3. Isisho sofuzo: Ukuba khona kwama-molecule athile odongeni lweseli kungalawulwa ngokuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile. Amaprotheni nama-enzyme ahilelekile ekuhlanganiseni nasekuguqulweni kodonga lwamaseli abhalwe ngezakhi zofuzo ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kungaba nomthelela oqondile ebukhoneni bama-molecule athile odongeni lweseli.
Imiphumela yokuntuleka noma ukweqisa kwaleli molekyuli odongeni lweseli
I-molecule okukhulunywa ngayo, ekhona odongeni lweseli, idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho besakhiwo samaseli nasekulawuleni imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezinto eziphilayo. Kokubili ukuntuleka kanye nokweqile kwaleli molecule kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu emzimbeni. Ngezansi ezinye zazo:
- Ukulahlekelwa ukuqina nokumelana: Ukuntuleka kwaleli molecule odongeni lweseli kunganciphisa ukwakheka kwayo, kuyenze ibe sengozini enkulu yemithelela kanye nokonakala. Lokhu kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kokuqina kanye nokumelana, kufake engozini ubuqotho bamaseli futhi kuwashiye echayeke ezifweni ezihlukahlukene.
- Ukuphazamiseka kokuxhumana kwamaselula: Le ngqamuzana iphinde ibandakanye ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli aseduze. Ukuntuleka kwayo kungaphazamisa lokhu kukhulumisana, kuthinte kabi izinqubo zamaselula ezifana nokubonisa nokushintshaniswa kwezakhi. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni nasekusebenzeni kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba.
- Ukwanda kokungena kweseli: Ukweqile kwale molekyuli kungaholela ekwandeni kokungena kodonga lweseli. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto ezingafuneki noma eziyingozi zingangena kalula kumaseli, ziphazamise ukusebenza kwawo okuvamile. Ukwengeza, ukungena okuphezulu kungenza kube nzima ukugcina ibhalansi ye-osmotic, engaholela ekuvuvukeni noma ukuqhekeka kweseli.
Sengiphetha, ukuntuleka noma ukweqisa kwaleli molekyuli odongeni lweseli kungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile. impilo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamaseli. Kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi efanele ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho besakhiwo kanye nokusebenza okufanele kwamaselula.
Umthelela we-molecule ekumelaneni nasekuqineni kodonga lweseli
Isakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli sibalulekile ekugcineni ukuma nokumelana kwamaseli ezitshalo. Ngalo mqondo, ama-molecule adlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukumelana nokuqina kwalolu donga, ngoba athinta ngokuqondile izakhiwo ze-biomechanical zamaseli. I-molecule eyodwa ikakhulukazi ekhonjiswe ukuthi inomthelela omkhulu emandleni odonga lweseli kanye nokuqina i-cellulose.
I-Cellulose iyi-polysaccharide eyakhiwe ngamaketanga amade alayini eglucose ahlelwe ngendlela yama-microfibrils. Lawa ma-microfibril ahlelwe ngezingqimba ezihambisanayo, ahlinzeka ngesakhiwo esiqinile nesiqinile. Ukuba khona kwe-cellulose odongeni lwamaseli kunikeza amangqamuzana ezitshalo ukumelana okukhulu nokucindezelwa, okuwavumela ukuba amelane nengcindezi ye-osmotic eyenziwa okuqukethwe kwamaselula futhi igcine isimo sayo kanye ne-turgidity.
Esinye isici esibalulekile okufanele sigqanyiswe ukuthi i-cellulose isebenzisana namanye ama-molecule odonga lweseli, njenge-hemicellulose ne-pectin, okwenza inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu enikela ekuqineni okuphelele kodonga. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi la ma-molecule asebenzisana ngamabhondi e-hydrogen namandla ka-Van der Waals, akha i-matrix eqinile eqinisa ukwakheka kodonga lweseli. Ngokunjalo, umsebenzi we-enzymatic we-glycosylases, ama-enzyme alulaza i-cellulose, nawo angathonya amandla nokuqina kodonga lwamaseli ngokuthinta ubuqotho be-cellulose microfibrils.
Izindima ezengeziwe zale molekyuli ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamangqamuzana
Ngaphezu kwendima yayo eyisisekelo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamangqamuzana, le ngqamuzana iye yaqashelwa ukuthi idlale ezinye izindima ezihambisana nokusebenza kahle kwamaseli.
Imisebenzi eyengeziwe yale molekyuli ihlanganisa:
- Ukulawulwa kwe umjikelezo weselula: I-molecule isebenza njengesilawuli esiyinhloko enqubweni yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Ukuba khona kwayo nomsebenzi kuhlotshaniswa nokuqhubeka okufanele komjikelezo weseli, okuqinisekisa ukuphindwaphindwa okulungile nokuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo.
- Ukuguqulwa kwezindlela zokusayina: Ngokusebenzisana kwayo namaprotheni ahlukahlukene kanye nama-enzyme, le molekyuli ibamba iqhaza ekuguqulweni kwezindlela ezibalulekile zokubonisa i-intracellular. Ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwayo kungaba nomthelela ekwenzeni kusebenze noma ukuvinjwa kwama-cascade okusayina, okuholela ekuphenduleni okuthile kwamaselula.
- Ukubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni zokuhlukanisa amaselula: Le ngqamuzana idlala indima ebalulekile ekutholweni nasekugcinweni kwezici zeselula ezihlukene, njengokukhethekile nokuhlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo zamaseli ezihlukene. Ukuba khona kwayo kuvumela ukuthi kusebenze izinhlelo ezithile zofuzo eziqondisa inqubo yokuhlukanisa nokuthuthukiswa kwezicubu nezitho.
Izindlela zokulawula ukwakheka kwaleli molekyuli odongeni lweseli
Kunezindlela eziningana zokulawula ezilawula ukuhlanganiswa kwaleli molekyuli odongeni lweseli. Lezi zindlela zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho besakhiwo nokusebenza kwamaseli, kanye nokuphendula izinguquko zemvelo kanye nezisusa zangaphandle. Ezinye zezindlela zokulawula eziyinhloko zichazwe ngezansi:
Ama-enzyme ahilelekile ekuhlanganisweni kwaleli molecule ashintshwa ngokulawulwa kokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Lawa ma-enzyme abhalwe ngezakhi zofuzo ezithile futhi ukukhiqizwa kwawo kungenziwa noma kuvinjwe ngokuphendula amasignali ahlukene. Ezinye izici zokuloba zibophezela ezindaweni ezikhuthaza ufuzo futhi zilawula ukulotshwa kwe-RNA yesigijimi, okuzobe sekuhunyushwa kube amaprotheni. Ngale ndlela, izinguquko ekukhulumeni kwezakhi zofuzo zingalawula inani lama-enzyme atholakalayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-molecule odongeni lweseli.
Enye indlela yokulawula ukuguquguquka komsebenzi we-enzymatic. Amanye ama-molecule angabophezela kuma-enzyme futhi aguqule umsebenzi wawo, asebenze noma awavimbe. Lawa ma-molecule angalawulwa ngamasignali amaselula noma izisusa zangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phosphorylation kanye ne-dephosphorylation yama-enzyme nayo ingalawula umsebenzi wabo. Ama-Kinase nama-phosphatase ama-enzyme abalulekile Le nqubo futhi ingalawulwa ngezindlela ezahlukene zokusayina.
Ithonya lezici ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle ekuhlanganiseni le molekyuli
Kunezici eziningana zangaphandle ezingaba nomthelela ekuhlanganisweni kwale molecule. Lezi zici kufanele ziqondwe futhi zilawulwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa okuphumelelayo nangempumelelo. Ngezansi ezinye zezinto zangaphandle eziyinhloko ezingathinta ukwakheka kwale molecule:
1. Izinga lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa liyisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwale molecule. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu noma aphansi kakhulu angaba nomthelela omubi izinga lokusabela kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina. Kubalulekile ukugcina izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanele ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu.
2. Ukugxila kwama-reagents: Ukugxila kwama-reactants ahililekile ekuhlanganiseni kungase futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu emvuzweni yokusabela. Ukugxila okuphansi kakhulu kungabambezela izinga lokusabela, kuyilapho ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kungavuna ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo engadingeki. Kubalulekile ukusungula ukugxila okwanele ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo.
3. Ama-Catalysts: Ukuba khona kwama-catalysts kungasheshisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwale molecule. Ama-Catalyst ahlinzeka ngomunye umzila wokusabela owehlisa amandla okwenza kusebenze adingekayo ukuze ukuhlanganiswa kwenzeke. Kubalulekile ukukhetha ngokucophelela i-catalyst efanelekile yokwandisa isivinini kanye nesivuno se-synthesis.
Izincomo zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwale molekyuli odongeni lweseli
Ukwandisa umsebenzi wale molekyuli odongeni lwamaseli, kubalulekile ukucabangela izincomo ezithile. Ngezansi ezinye izenzo ezingenziwa:
- Khetha i-molecule efanelekile: Kubalulekile ukukhetha i-molecule ehambisana nokwakheka nokwakheka kodonga lweseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ze-physical-chemical kanye ne-bioavailability ye-molecule ekhethiwe kufanele kubhekwe.
- Linganisa umthamo: Kubalulekile ukunquma umthamo olungile we-molecule ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngaphandle kokubangela imiphumela emibi. Lokhu kuhlola kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kanye nezifundo zobuthi.
- Yenza ukuhlolwa kwe-synergy: Esinye isincomo esibalulekile ukuhlola ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-molecule yenzuzo nezinye izinto ezikhona odongeni lweseli. Lezi zivivinyo zingasiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-molecule futhi ithuthukise ukusebenzisana kwayo nodonga lweseli.
Kafushane, ukwenza kahle umsebenzi we-molecule odongeni lweseli kudinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela, umthamo ofanele, nokuhlolwa kokusebenza ngokubambisana. Lezi zincomo zingasiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-molecule futhi ithuthukise ikhono layo lokusebenzelana kahle nodonga lweseli. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi imiphumela ingase ihluke kuye ngohlobo lweseli kanye ne-molecule okukhulunywa ngayo, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukwenza izifundo ezengeziwe zohlelo lokusebenza oluthile.
Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo mayelana nokusebenzisana kwale molekyuli nezinye izakhi zamangqamuzana
Zibalulekile ukuze sandise ulwazi lwethu lwezinqubo eziyisisekelo ze-cell biology. Ngezansi kunezindawo ezintathu zocwaningo ezithembisayo kulo mkhakha:
1. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenzelana phakathi kwe-molecule namaphrotheni eselula: Kudingeka izifundo ezinemininingwane ukuze kutholakale amaprotheni athile le molecule esebenzisana nawo. Lokhu kuzohlinzeka ngolwazi lwezindlela zokubonisa izimpawu kanye ne-cascades yama-molecular ehilelekile, okungase kube nezinhlelo zokusebenza ekuthuthukisweni kwemithi ethile kanye nokuqonda izifo ezihlobene.
2. Ukuhlaziywa kokusebenzelana kwe-molecule nama-lipids olwelwesi lweseli: Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ulwelwesi lwamaseli luqukethe i-lipids ehlukahlukene, ukuphenya ukuthi le molekyuli ixhumana kanjani nawo kubalulekile ukuze uqonde indima yawo ezinqubweni zebhayoloji. Amasu anjenge-fluorescence microscopy angasetshenziswa ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo indawo enembile ye-molecule kulwelwesi futhi kuhlolwe ukuthi lokhu kusebenzisana kusithinta kanjani ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamaselula.
3. Ukuhlolwa kwempendulo yeselula ku-molecule: Ukuqonda ukuthi amangqamuzana asabela kanjani ebukhoneni bale molekyuli kunganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokubandakanyeka kwayo ekulawuleni amangqamuzana kanye namandla ayo okubangela izimpendulo ezithile zomzimba. Ukuhlolwa kungenziwa ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukwenziwa kusebenze kwezindlela zokubonisa izimpawu kanye nezinguquko ze-morphological kumaseli aphathwe ngale molekyuli, okuzovumela ukusungula izinhlangano ezifanele kanye nokuhlobana kwezifundo zesikhathi esizayo.
Q&A
Q: Iyiphi i-molecule ethatha u-70% wodonga lwamaseli?
A: I-molecule ethatha u-70% wodonga lwamaseli yi-peptidoglycan.
Umbuzo: Iyini i-peptidoglycan?
A: I-Peptidoglycan iyi-molecule eyinkimbinkimbi etholakala kubhaktheriya ne-archaea, futhi yakha ingxenye eyinhloko yodonga lwamaseli awo.
Q: Uyini umsebenzi we-peptidoglycan odongeni lweseli?
A: I-Peptidoglycan ihlinzeka ngamandla kanye nokuqina odongeni lweseli lwamabhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea. Iphinde idlale indima ebalulekile ekugcineni isimo nokuvikela ezinguqukweni ze-osmotic.
Q: Yakhiwa kanjani i-peptidoglycan?
A: I-Peptidoglycan yenziwe ngamaketango ahlangene kashukela, abizwa nge-N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) kanye ne-N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Lamaketango axhunywe amabhuloho e-peptide akhiwe ama-amino acid.
Q: Yakhiwa kanjani i-peptidoglycan?
A: I-Peptidoglycan yakheka ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-biosynthesis. Ama-enzyme athile, aziwa ngokuthi ama-penicillinases kanye ne-carboxypeptidase, akhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi ze-peptidoglycan futhi asize ukuhlanganisa amaketanga kashukela namabhuloho e-peptide ahambisanayo.
Q: Ingabe kukhona ukuhluka kwesakhiwo se-peptidoglycan?
A: Yebo, ukwakheka kwe-peptidoglycan kungahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zamabhaktheriya ahlukene. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kungase kube nomthelela ekumelaneni kwebhaktheriya kuma-antibiotic kanye nekhono lawo lokugwema amasosha omzimba.
Q: Kungani kubalulekile ukufunda i-peptidoglycan?
A: Ucwaningo lwe-peptidoglycan lubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakheka nokusebenza kwezindonga zamaseli amagciwane kanye ne-archaea. Ukwengeza, i-peptidoglycan ibe yinkomba ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwama-antibiotic amasha kanye nokwelashwa okulwa nokutheleleka ngamagciwane.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, ucwaningo lwe-molecule ethatha u-70% wodonga lwamaseli kuveza ukubaluleka kwalo okuyisisekelo ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwamaseli. Le molekyuli, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-polysaccharide, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqineni nasekuqineni kodonga lwamaseli, kanye nasekuvikelweni nasekuvikeleni amaseli kuma-ejenti angaphandle.
Ukuchichima kwayo odongeni lwamaseli kugqamisa ukuhlobana kwayo ekugcineni ukuma nokumelana kwamaseli, okuvumela ukusinda kwawo lapho ebhekene nezinselele ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye namandla okuguquguquka yizici ezibalulekile ezicutshungulwa ocwaningweni oluzayo ukuze kuqondwe kangcono ubudlelwano bayo nezimo ezifana nokukhula kwamangqamuzana, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokujwayela kwamaseli ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuhlonzwa nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu kwale molecule kunikeze imininingwane emisha kubhayoloji yamaseli futhi kuvule amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-biotechnology kanye nokwelapha. Amandla ayo emikhakheni enjengobunjiniyela bezicubu, ukuvuselelwa kwamaseli, kanye nokumelana namagciwane kwenza le molekyuli ibe yithagethi ethokozisayo yokutadisha nokukhohlisa umphakathi wesayensi.
Kafushane, i-molecule ethatha u-70% wodonga lwamaseli kukhonjiswe ukuthi ibalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwamaseli. Ukuqonda nokusetshenziswa kwayo ocwaningweni lwesayensi nasekusetshenzisweni kwezobuchwepheshe kuthembisa inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni impilo, imboni kanye nolwazi lwempilo ezingeni lamangqamuzana.
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