Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kungenye yezinqubo eziyisisekelo zokugcina ukuphila kumaseli, futhi ukwenza lo msebenzi ukubamba iqhaza kwama-organelle ahlukahlukene akhethekile kuyadingeka. Omunye wabalingiswa abayinhloko kulolu chungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lokusabela kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo yi-organelle ebhekene nokuphefumula kwamaselula, igama layo elingelona nje igama elilula, kodwa futhi lihlanganisa ukubaluleka okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaseli. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umhlaba othakazelisayo wale organelle kanye nendima yayo ebalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula.

Imisebenzi ye-organelle enesibopho sokuphefumula kwamaselula

I-organelle ephethe ukuphefumula kwamaselula yi-mitochondria. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sitholakala kuwo wonke amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic futhi sidlala indima ebalulekile kumetabolism yamaselula. I-⁢mitochondria yaziwa ngokuthi "indlu yamandla" yeseli ngenxa yekhono layo lokukhiqiza amandla amaningi adingekayo ekusebenzeni kwamaselula.

Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko ye-mitochondria ukwenza inqubo yokuphefumula kwamaselula, eyaziwa nangokuthi iketango lokuphefumula. Le nqubo Kuqukethe ukukhiqizwa kwamandla asuka ezakhamzimba esizisebenzisayo, ezifana⁢ namacarbohydrate namafutha. I-mitochondria iguqula lezi zakhi zibe i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), okuyimali yamandla engqamuzana.

Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwamandla, i-mitochondria yenza neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile yeseli, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-fatty acids nama-steroids.
• Ukulawulwa kwe-calcium metabolism.
• Ukuwohloka kwamaprotheni nama-lipids.
• Ukubamba iqhaza ku-apoptosis noma ukufa kweseli kuhleliwe.

Kafushane, i-mitochondria iyi-organelle ⁢ibalulekile ekuphefumuleni kweselula kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla kuseli⁤. Ngaphezu kwendima yayo ekwenziweni kwe-ATP, idlala neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaselula. Ukwakheka nokusebenza kwayo kube yindaba yocwaningo ososayensi abaningi, njengoba ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo kubalulekile ukuqonda i-physiology yamaselula kanye nezindlela ezihilelekile ezifweni eziningi.

Isakhiwo kanye nokwakheka kwe-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula

Izinqubo ze-metabolic ezihilelekile ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula

Ukuphefumula umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo I-biochemical ebalulekile kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ezivumela ukuba zithole amandla ekudleni ezikudlayo. Le nqubo yenzeka ngezigaba eziningana, ngasinye sazo siqondiswa yizinqubo ezahlukene ze-metabolic. Ezinye zazo zichazwe kafushane ngezansi:

I-Glycolysis: Lesi yisinyathelo sokuqala sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana futhi kwenzeka ku-cytoplasm yeseli. Ngesikhathi se-glycolysis, i-molecule ye-glucose eyodwa ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate Nakuba i-glycolysis ingawudingi umoya-mpilo, kuyadingeka ukunikeza ama-substrates ezigabeni ezilandelayo zokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhiqiza i-⁢ATP ne-NADH, esetshenziswa ezigabeni zakamuva.

Umjikelezo we-Krebs: Eyaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo we-citric acid noma umjikelezo we-tricarboxylic acid, lesi sigaba senzeka ku-matrix ye-mitochondria. Phakathi nomjikelezo we-Krebs, i-pyruvate ekhiqizwa ku-glycolysis iphinde iphuke, ikhulule i-CO2 futhi ikhiqize i-ATP, i-NADH ne-FADH2. Lezi zinhlanganisela ezinamandla zisetshenziswa esigabeni esilandelayo senqubo.

I-phosphorylation ye-oxidative: Lesi sigaba sokugcina sokuphefumula kwamaselula⁢ senzeka kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondria futhi siqukethe ukudluliselwa kwama-electron ngochungechunge lwezokuthutha lwama-electron. Njengoba ama-electron edluliswa, ama-proton aphonswa esikhaleni se-intermembrane, okwenza i-proton gradient. Ama-proton abe esegeleza abuyele ku-matrix ye-mitochondrial nge-ATP synthase, ekhiqiza i-ATP. Kule ⁢inqubo, umoya-mpilo usebenza njengesamukeli sokugcina sama-electron futhi wehliselwa ⁤amanzi.

Ukubaluleka kokuphefumula kwamaselula ekusebenzeni kwamaselula

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuphileni kwamaseli ezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Ngale nqubo, amaseli athola amandla adingekayo ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo ehlukene futhi agcine i-homeostasis yawo. Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwenzeka ku-mitochondria, izakhiwo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza amandla kumaseli.

Enye yezindima eziyinhloko zokuphefumula kwamaselula ukukhiqizwa kwe-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), i-molecule enesibopho sokugcina amandla emangqamuzaneni. I-ATP isetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla kuyo yonke imisebenzi yeselula, kusukela ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni kuya ekuthuthweni okusebenzayo kwezinto kuwo wonke ulwelwesi lwamaseli. Ngaphandle kokuphefumula kwamaselula, amaseli ngeke akwazi ukukhiqiza i-ATP eyanele futhi ngeke akwazi ukuyenza imisebenzi yayo izinto ezibalulekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphefumula kwamaselula nakho⁤ kudlala indima ebalulekile ekutholeni umoya-mpilo nokukhipha isikhutha. Phakathi nenqubo yokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana athatha umoya-mpilo emvelweni futhi akhulule isikhutha njengomkhiqizo olahlwayo. Lokhu kususwa kwe-carbon dioxide kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi ye-acid-base kumaseli futhi kugwenywe ubuthi bale nhlanganisela. Ngokufanayo, ukuthola umoya-mpilo kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla ngokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana.

Izindlela zokuthutha izinto ku-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula

Ama-organelles abhekele ukuphefumula kwamaselula, njenge-mitochondria, anochungechunge lwezindlela zokuthutha eziqinisekisa ukuhamba kahle kwezinto ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshwe inqubo yokuphefumula Lezi zindlela zihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: izithuthi ze-membrane namaphampu e-proton.

Izithuthi ze-Membrane zingamaprotheni akhethekile atholakala kulwelwesi lwe-mitochondria. Lawa maprotheni asebenza njengamasango okungena nokuphuma kuma-molecule ahlukene⁢ ngolwelwesi. Ezinye izibonelo zabathutha ulwelwesi ku-organelle yokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana i-ADP/ATP translocase protein, esiza ukungena kwe-ADP ku-mitochondria ukuze uthole i-phosphorylation elandelayo, kanye ne-NADH/ubiquinone oxidoreductase protein, enesibopho sokuthutha i-NADH iye kunxanxathela ye-electron yezokuthutha.

Amaphampu e-proton, ngakolunye uhlangothi, angamaprotheni atholakala kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondria futhi anesibopho sokukhiqiza i-proton concentration gradient. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa amandla akhishwe ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwama-electron ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha ukumpompa ama-proton esikhaleni se-intermembrane. Lokhu kunqwabelana kwama-proton kudala i-electrochemical gradient eshayela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP nge-enzyme ATP synthase.

Kafushane, izindlela zokuthutha ku-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukunikezwa okwanele kwezinto ezidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla.⁢ Izithuthi ze-Membrane zivumela ukungena nokuphuma kwama-molecule athile, kuyilapho amaphampu ama-proton ekhiqiza ⁤i-proton concentration gradient eshayela ukuhlanganiswa. ⁤ye-ATP. Lezi zindlela zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe inqubo yokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ephumelelayo nokusebenza kahle kwe-mitochondria.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP kuhlobene eduze, njengoba i-ATP iwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amaseli ezinqubweni ze-metabolic. I-ATP (i-adenosine triphosphate) iyi-molecule eyakhiwe isisekelo se-adenine, ushukela okuthiwa i-ribose, namaqembu amathathu e-phosphate. Kubhekwa "njengemali yamandla" yeseli, ngoba inikeza amandla okwenza imisebenzi yamaselula.

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo lapho amangqamuzana aguqula izakhamzimba zibe i-ATP. Yenzeka ku-mitochondria, ama-organelle amaselula akhethekile kakhulu futhi asebenza kakhulu Inqubo inezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs, kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation.

Ku-glycolysis, i-molecule eyodwa ye-glucose ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate, ekhiqiza inombolo encane ye-ATP. I-Pyruvate bese ingena kumjikelezo we-Krebs, lapho i-oxidized futhi ama-molecule wamandla akhiqizwa, kuhlanganise ne-NADH ne-FADH2. Lawa ma-molecule asetshenziswa ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwe-electron, okuholela ekugcineni ku-phosphorylation ene-oxidative, lapho kukhiqizwa khona inani elikhulu kunawo wonke le-ATP Njengoba ama-electron edluliswa ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha, ama-proton ampontshelwa kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial, enze i-electrochemical gradient esetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa. hlanganisa i-ATP.

Ukulawulwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zemvelo

Ukulawulwa kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokusebenza kahle kwamaseli ngaphansi kwezimo ezehlukene zemvelo. Ngezinqubo ezithile, amaseli angakwazi ukulungisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo komoya-mpilo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP, i-molecule yamandla, ngokuvumelana nezidingo zemvelo.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zokutholakala komoyampilo ophansi, njenge-hypoxia, amaseli asebenzisa uchungechunge lwezimpendulo eziguquguqukayo ukuze alondoloze umzimba wawo. Enye yalezi zimpendulo wukusebenza kwemigudu ye-anaerobic metabolic, njengokuvutshelwa kwe-lactic, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP lapho ungekho umoya-mpilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hypoxia ivuselela ukuvezwa kwezici zokuloba ezifana ne-HIF-1α, elawula ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile ezihilelekile ekuzivumelaniseni nokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezimweni zokutholakala okuphezulu komoyampilo, njenge-normoxia, amaseli athuthukisa ukuphefumula kwawo kwe-aerobic ukuze akhiqize inani eliphakeme le-ATP. Lokhu kubandakanya ukulawulwa⁢ kochungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation. Ukwengeza, amaseli angakwazi ukulungisa izinga le-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs, kanye ne-fatty acid oxidation ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla.

Ukusebenzisana kwe-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula nezinye izakhiwo zamaselula

I-organelle ebhekele ukuphefumula kwamaselula, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-mitochondria, ayisebenzi yodwa kuseli, kodwa ixhumana nezinye izakhiwo zamangqamuzana ukuze yenze umsebenzi wayo wokukhiqiza amandla. Lokhu kusebenzisana kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kweseli kanye nokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis yayo.

Okunye ukusebenzisana okuyinhloko kwe-mitochondria i-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). I-Mitochondria isondelene ne-RER, yakha izakhiwo ezibizwa nge-mitochondrial-ribosome complexes. Lezi zakhiwo zibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni ku-mitochondria, njengoba zivumela ukuhlangana kwe-RER ribosomes ku-organelle, lapho kukhiqizwa khona amaprotheni adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuqinisekisa ukutholakala njalo kwama-enzyme adingekayo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical yokuphefumula kwamaselula.

Okunye ukuxhumana okuphawulekayo kwenzeka phakathi kwe-mitochondria ne-peroxisome. Womabili ama-organelles asebenzisana ekufakweni kwe-oxidation yama-fatty acids I-mitochondria inesibopho se-beta-oxidation yama-acids amaketanga amade, kuyilapho i-peroxisome ibhekene ne-oxidation yamafutha e-long-chain. Ngalokhu kusebenzisana, i-mitochondria kanye ne-peroxisome iyahambisana futhi iqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-lipid metabolism kuseli.

Imithelela yokungasebenzi kahle kwe-cell respiration organelle

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile kumaseli ukuze kutholwe amandla ngokuwohloka kwamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-cell respiration organelle kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaseli. Lezi zinto ezingavamile zingathinta izigaba ezahlukene zokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, kusukela ekuthuthweni kwama-molecule kuya ekukhiqizweni kwe-ATP.

Omunye wemithelela efaneleka kakhulu yokungasebenzi kahle ku-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP. I-ATP iwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amaseli, futhi ukuntula kwayo kungase kuthinte kabi ukusebenza kwezindlela eziningi ze-metabolic. Lokhu kungaholela ekwehleni kokusabela kwamaselula, ukuguqula izinqubo ezifana nokwakheka kwamaprotheni, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, nokusayina kwamaseli.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-cell respiration organelle kungaholela ekuqoqweni kwemikhiqizo enobuthi kumaseli. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, i-byproducts efana ne-hydrogen ⁢peroxide ⁤ iyakhiqizwa, okumele isuswe yi-antioxidant enzymes. Kodwa-ke, lapho i-organelle yokuphefumula ingasebenzi, kuba nokungalingani ekukhiqizeni nasekuqedweni kwale mikhiqizo enobuthi, okungaholela ekulimaleni kwe-DNA yeselula, amaprotheni, nama-lipids.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nezifo zabantu

Ulwazi mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana nezifo zabantu lubaluleke kakhulu ekufuneni ukwelashwa okusebenzayo. Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni komzimba kwezinto eziphilayo, esebenzisa umoya-mpilo ukukhiqiza amandla ngendlela ye-ATP. Kodwa-ke, lapho le nqubo isengozini, izifo ezihlukahlukene zingavela.

Esinye sezifo ezihlobene nokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana yisifo se-mitochondrial, iqembu lezinkinga zofuzo ezithinta umsebenzi we-mitochondria, obhekene nokukhiqizwa kwamandla amaselula. Lezi zinkinga zingabandakanya⁢ izingxenye ezihlukene⁢ weketanga ukuphefumula kwe-mitochondrial, okuholela ekwehleni kokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP kanye nokunqwabelana kwama-metabolites anobuthi. Izimpawu zezifo ze-mitochondrial⁤ ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ekukhathaleni nokuba buthakathaka kwemisipha kuya ezinkingeni zokuthuthuka kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwezitho.

Esinye isifo esihlobene naso umdlavuza, ohilela izinguquko ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana. Emangqamuzaneni omdlavuza, kwenzeka ushintsho imetabolism yamaseli eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-Warburg, lapho amaseli ebeka phambili i-anaerobic glycolysis esikhundleni sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic, ngisho nalapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. Lolu shintsho lwe-metabolic lusiza amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthi akhule futhi ahlukane ngokungalawuleki. Ukutadisha ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphefumula kwamaselula nomdlavuza kunganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokwelapha eziqondiswe ngqo kumangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Amasu asetshenziselwa ukutadisha i-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula

I-electron microscopy: Enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukutadisha i-cell respiration organelle i-electron microscopy Le ndlela ivumela ukuthola izithombe zokucaca okuphezulu kwezingxenye zangaphakathi zeseli, okuhlanganisa i-organelle yokuphefumula yamaselula eyaziwa ngokuthi i-mitochondria. I-electron microscopy isebenzisa imishayo yama-electron esikhundleni sokukhanya, okuvumela ukukhuliswa okukhulu nokuboniswa okungcono kwemininingwane yesakhiwo.

Ukuphefumula kweselula ezingeni lamangqamuzana: Enye indlela esetshenziselwa ukutadisha i-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula ukuhlaziya ezingeni lamangqamuzana. Lokhu kuhilela ukucwaninga okuningiliziwe kwama-molecule ahlukene kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ku-mitochondria ngesikhathi senqubo yokuphefumula kwamaselula Besebenzisa amasu afana ne-spectroscopy kanye ne-chromatography, ososayensi bangakwazi ukuhlonza futhi balinganise ama-molecule ahlukene ahilelekile kunqubo⁢ yokuphefumula kwamaselula. njenge-⁤oksijini, i-carbon dioxide kanye ne-intermediate ehlukene kanye nemikhiqizo yokusabela.

Ukuguqulwa kofuzo⁢: ⁢ Ukuguqulwa kofuzo nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwe-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ososayensi bangasebenzisa amasu afana ne-mutagenesis ehlosiwe ukuze baguqule izakhi zofuzo ezithile ezihlobene nokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ku-mitochondria Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi bafunde umphumela wezinguquko zofuzo emsebenzini kanye nesakhiwo se-mitochondria, ehlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezinqubo zamangqamuzana ezingaphansi kokuphefumula kwamaselula. . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuvumela futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamamodeli amaseli noma izilwane ezishintshashintshayo ezingenazo izakhi zofuzo ezithile ezihlobene nokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, okuholela ekuqondeni kangcono indima yazo empilweni nasezifo.

Intuthuko yakamuva ocwaningweni lwe-cell respiration organelle⁤

Eminyakeni yakamuva, kube nentuthuko ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwe-cell respiration organelle, ⁢ingxenye ebalulekile ⁤ yokusebenza kwamaseli e-eukaryotic. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze imininingwane emisha ngesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwale organelle, okuhlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile ukuze uqonde kangcono izinqubo zokukhiqiza amandla kumaseli ethu.

Enye yentuthuko ephawuleka kakhulu kube ukukhonjwa kwamaprotheni amasha abandakanyeka ekuthuthweni kwe-electron ngaphakathi kwe-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula. Lawa maprotheni adlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwama-electron, olunesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla amaningi asetshenziswa amangqamuzana Ngokusebenzisa amasu okuthwebula athuthukile kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-proteomic, abacwaningi baye bathola futhi bahlukanisa la maprotheni, okuye kwacebisa kakhulu ulwazi lwethu mayelana ne-proteomic. ubunkimbinkimbi bale nqubo.

Enye intuthuko ebalulekile kube ukutholakala kwezindlela ezintsha ze-metabolic ngaphakathi kwe-cell respiration organelle. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi le organelle ayihileli nje kuphela ekukhiqizeni amandla avela ku-oxidation yezakhi, kodwa futhi idlala indima ku-biosynthesis yama-metabolites abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamaselula. Lokhu kuqonda okusha kwemisebenzi eminingi ye-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula kuye kwavula umnyango wokucwaninga okusha emkhakheni we-bioenergetics kanye ne-cell biology.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Biotechnological ezisekelwe olwazini lwe-organelle yokuphefumula kwamaselula

I-⁤ iguqule indlela esibhekana ngayo nezinselele zanamuhla zesayensi nezokwelapha. Ngocwaningo olunzulu lwale organelle, sikwazile ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela zokwelapha phambilini ebezibonakala ziyingxenye yezinganekwane zesayensi.

Esinye sezicelo ezivelele kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioenergy ngokusebenzisa ubunjiniyela bezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yolwazi lwethu lwe-cell respiration organelle, sikwazile ukuklama ama-microorganisms aguquliwe akwazi ukukhiqiza ama-biofuels. ngempumelelo futhi esimeme. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuvule umnyango wokuthola umthombo wamandla ohlanzekile futhi ovuselelekayo onganciphisa ukuncika kwethu ⁢ezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi futhi wehlise umthelela wendawo.

Esinye isicelo esibalulekile ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo zezifo ze-mitochondrial. Izifo ze-Mitochondrial yizinkinga zofuzo ezithinta umsebenzi we-cell respiration organelles futhi zingaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zempilo. Ngenxa yolwazi olujulile lwale organelle, kube nokwenzeka ukuklama izindlela zokwelapha zofuzo ezizama ukulungisa ukuguqulwa kofuzo okubangela lezi zifo. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zithembisa ukuthi zizoba yithemba kulabo abaphethwe yizifo ze-mitochondrial, njengoba zingabanikeza izinga lempilo elingcono futhi ngokunokwenzeka belaphe isimo sabo.

Imibuzo Nezimpendulo

Q: Lithini igama le-organelle ebhekele ukuphefumula kwamaselula?
A: I-organelle ebhekele ukuphefumula kwamaselula yaziwa ngokuthi i-mitochondria.

Q: Imuphi umsebenzi oyinhloko we-⁢mitochondria ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula⁢?
A: Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-mitochondria ukukhiqiza amandla ngendlela ye-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula kwamaselula.

Q: Kwenziwa kanjani ukuphefumula kwamaselula ku-mitochondria?
A: Ukuphefumula kweselula ku-mitochondria kwenziwa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye neketango lokuthutha lama-electron. Lezi zigaba⁢ zibandakanya uchungechunge lokusabela kwe-biochemical okuguqula⁢ imisoco​ ibe amandla⁢ asetshenziswa iseli.

Q: Iyini indima ye-glycolysis ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula?
A: I-Glycolysis yisigaba sokuqala sokuphefumula kwamaselula futhi senzeka endaweni i-cytoplasm yeseli. Ngesikhathi se-glycolysis, i-molecule ye-glucose eyodwa ihlukana ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate, ikhiqize amandla athile ngendlela ye-ATP ne-NADH.

Q: Kwenzekani kumjikelezo we-Krebs wokuphefumula kwamaselula?
A: Umjikelezo we-Krebs, owaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo we-citric acid, wenzeka ku-mitochondrial matrix futhi yisigaba sesibili sokuphefumula kwamaselula. Phakathi nomjikelezo we-⁢Krebs, i-pyruvate ibhidlike ngokuphelele, ikhiqize i-ATP, NADH, FADH2, nama-molecule e-carbon dioxide.

Q: Ngabe iketango lokuthutha i-electron ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula liqukethe ini?
A: Iketanga lezokuthutha lama-electron yisigaba sesithathu nesokugcina sokuphefumula kwamaselula. Kwenzeka kulwelwesi olungaphakathi⁢ lwe-mitochondria futhi lisebenzisa ama-molecule e-NADH kanye ne-FADH2 akhiqizwe ezigabeni ezedlule ukuze kukhiqizwe inani elikhulu le-ATP. Phakathi nale nqubo, ama-electron athuthwa eduze kwe-chain release energy lokho kusetshenziswa ukuze uhlanganise i-ATP.

Umbuzo: Ingabe wonke amaseli ane-mitochondria?
A: Akuwona wonke amaseli ane-mitochondria. Isibonelo, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu omuntu awanawo, Nokho, amangqamuzana amaningi e-eukaryotic aqukethe i-mitochondria, njengoba ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla ngendlela ye-ATP.

Ekuphetheni

Kafushane, i-organelle ebhekele ukuphefumula kwamaselula, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-mitochondria, idlala indima ebalulekile kumetabolism yamandla amaseli. Ngezinqubo ezifana ne-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs, kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation, i-mitochondria iguqula izakhi zibe i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), umthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amaseli.

Ubunkimbinkimbi nokusebenza kahle kwemishini ye-biochemical ephawula i-mitochondria kuyamangaza. Kusukela ekungeneni kwama-substrates kuya ekukhiqizweni kwe-ATP, isigaba ngasinye silawulwa kahle futhi sihlanganiswe ama-enzyme ahlukene, abathuthi kanye nezinhlelo zokuthutha ezikhona kule organelle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwayo okugoqeke kakhulu kanye nokuba khona kolwelwesi lwangaphakathi kunomthelela nakakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla.

Ngalokhu kuhlola okufushane kwe-organelle ebhekele ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, sizuze ukuqonda okuphelele ngokubaluleka kwayo ekuphileni kwamangqamuzana. Kusukela ekunikezeni amandla okusebenza kwayo yonke imisebenzi ye-metabolic kuya endimeni yayo ku-apoptosis nakwezinye izindlela zokubonisa amaseli, i-mitochondria ime njengengxenye eyisisekelo kubhayoloji yamaseli.

Njengoba iyingxenye ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, ukusebenza kwe-mitochondria nokuphefumula kwamaselula kuyaqhubeka kuyizindawo zokucwaninga nokucwaninga okujulile. Ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe izindlela ezihilelekile kulezi zinqubo kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwezifo ezihlobene nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-mitochondrial kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezihloswe kulawa ma-pathologies.

Sengiphetha, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebalulekile ngokomzimba empilweni yamaseli, kanti i-mitochondria iyona eyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. Kusukela ekutholakaleni kwayo kuya ocwaningweni lwayo lwangaleso sikhathi, le organelle ikhiqize inkimbinkimbi yolwazi esaqhubeka nokuphenywa futhi okusiqhubezela ukuthi siqhubeke nokuphenya izimfihlakalo zebhayoloji yamangqamuzana kanye nemetabolism yamandla.