Iphutha elithi “Indlela yenethiwekhi ayitholakali” lapho ufinyelela enye i-PC: Uyilungisa kanjani i-SMB ku Windows 11

Uma ubhekane nomlayezo othi "Indlela yenethiwekhi ayitholakali" lapho uzama ukuvula ifolda eyabelwe noma isisetshenziswa senethiwekhi, ungakhathazeki: awuyena owokuqala. Lesi sexwayiso sivame ukuvela Windows 11 lapho ikhompuyutha ingakwazi ukuthola noma ukufinyelela indlela ye-UNC yenye i-PC noma i-NAS. Lokhu kungase kubangelwe imbobo yokuvikela yokuvikela engu-445, inkinga yokutholwa kwenethiwekhi, isevisi ye-SMB, noma ukwehluleka ukucaciswa kwegama okulula. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ngokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kokulungiswa nokuhlolwa, ngokuvamile kungalungiswa ngemizuzu..

Kulesi sihloko, uzothola uhambo olucacile, oluqondile lwendlela yokuxilonga nokulungisa ukufinyelela kwensiza ye-SMB ku-Windows 11. Sizofaka amasheke asheshayo, amasevisi okufanele asebenze, imithetho ye-firewall, ukusekelwa kwenguqulo ye-SMB, izimvume kanye nemininingwane, imiyalo yokuqinisekisa, nezinye izilungiselelo ezithuthukisiwe zezindawo ezinamadivaysi efa noma i-NAS. Umbono wukuthi ungabuyela ku-\\PC\Folder noma \\IP\Resource ngaphandle kokukhanda ikhandaAke sifunde konke mayelana iphutha elithi “Indlela yenethiwekhi ayitholakali” lapho ufinyelela enye i-PC.

Isho ukuthini ngempela "indlela yenethiwekhi ayitholakali"?

Umlayezo ukhombisa ukuthi iWindows ayikwazanga ukuxazulula noma ukufinyelela indlela yenethiwekhi oyifakile. Ku-SMB, izindlela zisebenzisa ifomethi ye-UNC, isibonelo \\COMPUTER\Kwabiwe noma \\192.168.1.50\Kwabiwe. Uma isistimu ingakwazi ukuhumusha igama ekhelini le-IP, noma uma ingakwazi ukuxhuma embobeni ye-SMB yosokhaya (TCP 445), uzobona leli phutha. Ngakho-ke izimbangela zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokulungiswa kwamagama, ukuxhumana nezimvume/i-firewall.

Windows 11 isebenzisa i-SMB 3.x ngokuzenzakalelayo, esebenzisa i-TCP 445 futhi ayisadingi i-NetBIOS phezu kwe-TCP/IP njengoba yenza. Ngakho-ke uma okuthile kuvimbela leyo mbobo, uma kukhona inqubomgomo edinga ukusayinwa noma ukubethelwa engasekelwa esinye isiphetho, noma uma umshini wesilawuli kude unenguqulo engahambisani ye-SMB, ukuxhumeka kuzohluleka. Kungase futhi kube lula njengokubhala kabi igama lefolda eyabelwe..

Ukuze uqalise, qiniseka ukuthi umzila ukhona kanye nedivayisi ekude ivuliwe. Ihlole nge-IP negama ukuze unciphise ukuthi ingabe inkinga iyinkinga yegama (DNS/LLMNR) noma inkinga yokuxhumana emsulwa. Uma isebenza ngokuthi \\Kwabiwe\IP hhayi ngokuthi \\Kwabiwe\Name, kugxilwe ekuxazululeni.

Ukuhlola okusheshayo okonga isikhathi

Ngaphambi kokungena kuzilungiselelo ezithuthukile, kunezisekelo ezithile okufanele uzikhiphe. Izehlakalo eziningi ziyaxazululwa ngalesi sikhathi.:

• Qinisekisa ukuthi womabili amadivayisi akunethiwekhi efanayo noma anemizila phakathi kwawo (ingxenye efanayo noma i-subnet enomzila).
• Zama ukufinyelela nge-IP: uhlobo \\192.168.xx\ResourceName ku-Explorer.
• Faka umsingathi: Vula ikhonsoli bese ugijima i-ping NAME kanye ne-ping 192.168.xx ukuze uhlole ukucaca kwegama nokubambezeleka.
• Qalisa ukuhlolwa kwembobo: Ku-PowerShell, Test-NetConnection -ComputerName NAME -Port 445. Uma i-port 445 ivaliwe, i-SMB ngeke ixhumeke.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi iphrofayela yenethiwekhi iyimfihlo kokuthi Izilungiselelo > Inethiwekhi ne-inthanethi (Amanethiwekhi omphakathi akhawulela ukutholwa nokwabelana).
• Hlola idethi nesikhathi: umehluko omkhulu uphula ubuqiniso nesiginesha.

Umniningwane owodwa ovame ukunganakwa: uma insiza okwabelwana ngayo isusiwe noma iqanjwe kabusha, iklayenti ngeke lisakwazi ukuyithola ngisho noma inethiwekhi iphelele. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ifolda isabiwa kukhompuyutha eyirimothi.

Vula ukutholwa kwenethiwekhi nokwabelana kwefayela

Windows 11 ikhubaza izinketho ezithile ngokuzenzakalelayo kumanethiwekhi amakwe njengasesidlangalaleni. Hlola okulandelayo: Kuyinsika kwamanye amaqembu ukukubona futhi uyawabona..

• Iya kokuthi Izilungiselelo > Inethiwekhi ne-inthanethi > Izilungiselelo zenethiwekhi ezithuthukile > Izinketho zokwabelana ezithuthukile.
• Ngaphansi kwamaphrofayela ayimfihlo, vula i-Network Discovery futhi Unike amandla ukulungiselelwa okuzenzakalelayo kwamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi.
• Futhi vula Ukwabelana Kwefayela Nephrinta.
• Ngaphansi Kwawo Wonke Amanethiwekhi, ungakwazi ukunika amandla Ukwabelana Ngephasiwedi Evikelekile (kunconyiwe) noma ukukukhubaze uma udinga ukufinyelela kwesivakashi kunethiwekhi ethenjwayo. Ukuyikhubaza kuvumela ukungena ngaphandle komsebenzisi, kodwa kunciphisa ukuphepha.

Ngemva kokufaka lokhu, zama ukufinyelela nge-UNC futhi. Uma umsingathi engakaveli, khumbula ukuthi i-Network Explorer incike ezindleleni zokuthola (WS-Discovery/LLMNR) ezihluleka ngezinye izikhathi, ngakho ukuthayipha \\I-IP eyabiwe\ ngqo kusewukuhlolwa okuthembekile. Ukunika amandla ukwabelana kuyadingeka, kodwa akwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi..

Amasevisi E-Windows Abalulekile we-SMB kanye ne-Discovery

Ezinye izinsiza zesistimu kufanele zisebenze ukuze kutholwe i-SMB, ukushicilela, nokufinyelela insiza emsebenzini. Vula i-services.msc bese uhlola: Ngaphandle kwalokhu, inethiwekhi ihlala "ingaboni".

• Iseva (LanmanServer): shicilela amasheya akho.
• Indawo yokusebenza (LanmanWorkstation): Iklayenti le-SMB lesistimu.
• Isici Sokutholwa Komhlinzeki (FDResPub) kanye Nokushicilela Kwensiza Yokutholwa Kwesici: Khangisa izinsiza zakho.
• Iklayenti le-DNS kanye neKlayenti le-DHCP: kubalulekile kumagama namakheli e-IP.
• I-SSDP Discovery kanye Nosokhaya Wedivayisi ye-UPnP: Usizo ngokutholakala kwamanye amanethiwekhi.
• Ukuqwashisa Ngendawo Yenethiwekhi (NLA): Ihlukanisa iphrofayela yenethiwekhi.
• I-NetBIOS ngaphezu kokusekelwa kwe-TCP/IP - kuphela uma uthembele ku-NetBIOS ezindaweni ezifa.

Zisethe ku-Autostart (lapho kufanele khona) futhi uziqale uma zimiswa. Ukuqalisa kabusha ngemva koshintsho kwesinye isikhathi kusheshisa ikhompuyutha evela kunethiwekhi..

I-Firewall kanye ne-Antivirus: Ukuvula Indlela ye-SMB

Imbobo eyinhloko ye-SMB yesimanje i-TCP 445. Kumakhompyutha amadala, i-TCP 139 ne-UDP 137–138 (NetBIOS) zingase zisebenze, kodwa ku-Windows 11, i-445 iyinto evamile. Uma i-firewall ivimba u-445, uzobona "Indlela yenethiwekhi ayitholakali" noma ukuphela kwesikhathi.

• Ku-Control Panel > Windows Defender Firewall > Vumela uhlelo lokusebenza, qinisekisa ukuthi "Ifayela nephrinta ukwabelana (SMB-In)" kuvunyelwe okungenani kumanethiwekhi ayimfihlo.
• Uma usebenzisa i-firewall yenkampani yangaphandle (noma i-antivirus), yakha umthetho ongenayo we-TCP 445 kukhompuyutha ephethe ifolda okwabelwana ngayo.
• Khubaza okwesikhashana i-firewall ukuze uhlole. Uma isebenza, yivule futhi ulungise imithetho. Ungayishiyi ikhubazekile unomphela.

Nge-antivirus yenkampani yangaphandle, ezinye zihlanganisa "izindonga ezihlakaniphile" noma ukuhlolwa kwethrafikhi okungaphazamisa i-SMB. Cabangela inethiwekhi yendawo noma ukukhishwa kwe-SMB ukuze ugweme ukukhiya ngaphandle "okuthulile"..

Izinguqulo ze-SMB Nokusekelwa: SMB1, SMB2/3, Ukusayinda Nokubethela

Windows 11 iza ne-SMB 2/3 enikwe amandla futhi i-SMB 1 ikhutshaziwe ukuze kuvikeleke. Uma ufinyelela kumadivayisi amadala (i-NAS endala kakhulu, amaphrinta anesitoreji, i-Windows XP/Server 2003, njll.), angase akhulume i-SMB 1 kuphela. Gwema i-SMB1 ngaphandle uma kunesidingo.

Bheka ku-PowerShell: ikhipha imiyalo yokuxilonga

Get-SmbClientConfiguration
Get-SmbServerConfiguration
Test-NetConnection -ComputerName NOMBRE -Port 445

Uma udinga ukwesekwa kwe-SMB 1 okwesikhashana, hamba kokuthi Izici ze-Windows bese uvula "i-SMB 1.0/CIFS" (iklayenti noma iseva njengoba kudingeka). Yisebenzise kancane futhi kumanethiwekhi athembekile kuphela. Okunye okungenziwa wukuvuselela i-firmware ye-NAS noma ukushintshela kudivayisi esekela i-SMB2/3..

Futhi hlola ukusayinda/ukubethela kwe-SMB: Uma indawo eyodwa yokugcina idinga ukusayinwa kanti enye ingakufuni, ukuxhumeka kuyehluleka. Kuzinqubomgomo zasendaweni (gpedit.msc): Ukucushwa Kwekhompyutha > Izifanekiso Zokuphatha > Inethiwekhi > I-Microsoft Network Workstation/Iseva, setha "I-Digitally Sign" ukuze ivumelane nendawo okuyo. Ezimweni zasekhaya, ukuphoqa isiginesha ngokuvamile akudingekile futhi kungase kwephule ukusebenzisana namadivayisi amadala..

Izimvume Nemininingwane: NTFS + Ukwabelana

Ngenxa yokuthi indlela ikhona futhi ichweba livuliwe akwanele; udinga izimvume ezifanele kusisetshenziswa esabiwe kanye nohlelo lwefayela. Kukhompyutha yokwabelana, vula Izakhiwo Zefolda > Ukwabelana > Ukwabelana Okuthuthukile futhi uhlole abasebenzisi noma amaqembu anokufinyelela. Ukuze kuhlolwe, unganikeza okuthi “Funda” kokuthi “Wonke umuntu” bese ushuna kahle.

Kuthebhu Yezokuphepha (NTFS), qiniseka ukuthi i-akhawunti efanayo noma iqembu linemvume yokufunda/ukubhala ngokufanelekile. Khumbula: imvume esebenzayo iyimpambano yomgwaqo ye-NTFS futhi Kwabiwe. Enye ivumela futhi enye inqabela ukufinyelela..

Kuklayenti, uma ucelwa ukuba uthole izifakazelo, faka igama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi yekhompuyutha ekude (noma isizinda, uma sikhona). Ungawalondoloza Kumphathi Wokuqinisekisa ukuze ungawathayiphe njalo. Uma umsebenzisi onegama elifanayo nephasiwedi ekhona kuwo womabili amakhompyutha, ukufakazela ubuqiniso kuba sobala kakhulu..

Ukwenza imephu nomsebenzisi othile kusuka kukhonsoli:

net use \\SERVIDOR\Compartida /user:SERVIDOR\Usuario LaContraseña /persistent:yes

Uma ibuyisela "Ukufinyelela kunqatshiwe" kodwa hhayi "Indlela yenethiwekhi ayitholakali," wenze inqubekela phambili: usufinyelele umsingathi futhi sekuyisikhathi sokulungisa kahle izimvume noma imininingwane. Amaphutha ahlukene okufanele ahlukaniswe..

Ukuxazulula amagama: i-DNS, i-LLMNR, ne-NetBIOS

Uma \\ I-IP eyabiwe\ isebenza kodwa \\Igama Okwabelwa Ngalo\ lingasebenzi, inkinga inkinga yokuxazulula inkinga. Kumanethiwekhi asekhaya, kwesinye isikhathi irutha ayiwaxazululi amagama omethuleli weWindows. Zama njalo ukusebenzisa i-IP noma udale okufakiwe kufayela labasingathi njengendlela yokulungisa ngokushesha..

Zama le miyalo ukuxilonga ukulungiswa kwegama nezinqolobane

ping NOMBRE
ping 192.168.1.50
nbtstat -R
ipconfig /flushdns

En entornos con I-DNS siqu (ihhovisi/isizinda), hlola ukuthi amakhasimende asebenzisa iseva ye-DNS efanele nokuthi irekhodi elithi A likhona yini kumsingathi. I-LLMNR ne-mDNS zingasiza kumanethiwekhi amancane, kodwa azikho izilima. Ukuze kuhlolwe, ukwenza imephu nge-IP kusula ngokushesha noma yikuphi ukungabaza..

Hlanza ukuxhumana bese uqala kabusha isitaki senethiwekhi

Kwesinye isikhathi inkinga isukela kumaseshini e-SMB abambekile noma imininingwane efakwe kunqolobane. Hlanza futhi uqale kabusha izingxenye zenethiwekhi: Kuyisimangaliso sokwelapha ngemva kwemizamo eminingi ehlulekile..

net use * /delete /y
ipconfig /flushdns
ipconfig /registerdns
nbtstat -R
netsh winsock reset
netsh int ip reset

Qala kabusha ikhompuyutha yakho ngemva kokusebenzisa le miyalo. Bese uzama ukufinyelela ekhelini le-IP okwabelwana ngalo futhi. Uma isebenza manje, inkinga ibingamakheshi noma amasokhethi amabi..

Izilungiselelo zenqubomgomo yendawo yezindawo ezixubile

Kumanethiwekhi anamadivayisi amadala noma amaseva anezinqubomgomo eziqinile, iklayenti neseva kungenzeka "zingaxoxisane" kahle. Vula i-gpedit.msc ukuze ubuyekeze izinqubomgomo futhi ulungise ngokufanelekile:

• Ukucushwa Kwekhompyutha > Izibonisi Zokuphatha > Inethiwekhi > I-Microsoft Network Workstation: Dinga isiginesha yedijithali (khubaza lokhu uma iseva ingakusekeli ngesikhathi sokuhlola).
• Ukucushwa Kwekhompyutha > Izibonisi Zokuphatha > Inethiwekhi > Iklayenti/Iseva ye-SMB: Ubuncane bolimi lwe-SMB nobukhulu uma imvelo ikudinga. Ngokuvamile, shiya i-SMB2/3 njengokuzenzakalelayo..
• Ukucushwa Kwekhompyutha > Izifanekiso Zokuqondisa > Inethiwekhi > Isikhungo Sokusebenzela Senethiwekhi Ye-Microsoft > I-Login Yesivakashi Engavikelekile: Nika amandla lokhu kuphela uma udinga ukufinyelela kwesivakashi kumadivayisi ayigugu.
• Izilungiselelo Zokuvikeleka > Izinketho Zokuvikela > Ukuphepha Kwenethiwekhi: Izinga Lokuqinisekisa Lomphathi We-LAN: Sebenzisa i-NTLMv2 uma kungenzeka; yehlisa izinga kuphela kumakhompiyutha wefa, wazi ubungozi.

Ukungena ngama-akhawunti okuphatha endawo ngenethiwekhi kwezinye izinhlelo, kungase kudingeke ukuthi udale inani lokubhalisa LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy=1 ku-HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System. Yisebenzise ngobuhlakani futhi kumanethiwekhi athembekile kuphela..

Izibuyekezo eqenjini elabelana ngefolda

Uma inkinga iqhubeka, gxila kumsingathi "osebenzela" ifolda: Yilapho uzothola khona izinkomba eziningi..

• Qinisekisa ukuthi isevisi ye-“Server (LanmanServer)” iyasebenza.
• Hlola ukuthi ifolda yabiwe ngempela nokuthi igama lensiza lilungile (Izakhiwo > Ukwabelana > Ukwabelana Okuthuthukile).
• Vula Isibukeli Somcimbi > Amalogi EWindows > Isistimu bese ubheka okufakiwe okuhlobene ne-“Srv”, “SMBServer” noma “LanmanServer”.
• Hlola ukuthi ayikho yini isofthiwe yezokuphepha evimba uxhumo olungenayo lwe-445/TCP.
• Zama ukunikeza okwesikhashana izimvume zokuthi "Funda" kokuthi "Wonke umuntu" Ekwabelaneni kanye ne-NTFS ukuze ukhiphe izimvume. Bese ubuyela ekucushweni okuphephile.

Uma umsingathi wesilawuli kude kuyi-NAS, hlola ideshibhodi yayo ukuze wenze isiqiniseko sokuthi isevisi ye-SMB iyasebenza, yiziphi izinguqulo ze-SMB eyivumelayo (ubuncane nobukhulu), kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idinga ukusayinda/ukubethela, nokuthi yibaphi abasebenzisi abanemvume. Ku-NAS endala, ukunika amandla i-SMB2 kuvame ukhiye..

Amaphutha ahlobene nendlela yokuwahumusha

"Umzila wenethiwekhi awutholakali" ngokuvamile uhambisana nekhodi 0x80070035 noma iphutha lesistimu 53. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umsingathi noma indlela ayikwazi ukuxazululwa noma ukufinyelelwa. Nokho, uma ubona okuthi 0x80070005 (Ukufinyelela Kunqatshiwe), uxhumano seluvele lukhona futhi udaba lunezimvume noma imininingwane. Ukwehlukanisa uhlobo lwephutha kuqondisa ukuxilonga kwakho.

0x80004005 (iphutha elingashiwongo) ingase ivele ngenxa yokuhluleka kwe-SMB evamile noma uma ukuxoxisana ngokuvikeleka kwehluleka. Kulezi zimo, vumela ukuhlola noma ubuyekeze Isibukeli Semicimbi ukuze uthole imilayezo enemininingwane eminingi evela kuklayenti neseva ye-SMB. Uma umcimbi ukunikeza imikhondo eminingi, uzosheshe ufinyelele imbangela..

Uma ufinyelela kumadivayisi ayigugu (i-NAS endala, amaphrinta, amabhokisi emidiya)

Kumadivayisi angayisekeli i-SMB2/3, unezinketho zesikhashana ezimbalwa, ukubeka phambili ukuphepha:

• Nika amandla i-“SMB 1.0/CIFS Client” Ezicini ze-Windows kukhompuyutha yeklayenti. Yigcine kuphela uma kunesidingo.
• Ku-NAS, thuthukisa inguqulo encane ibe yi-SMB2 uma i-firmware ikuvumela; khubaza isivakashi esingaziwa futhi usebenzise amagama omsebenzisi/amaphasiwedi.
• Uma idivayisi idinga i-NTLMv1, setha okwesikhashana inqubomgomo "Izinga Lokuqinisekisa Lomphathi We-LAN" ibe imodi esekelwe.
• Hlola ukuthi iseva idinga ukusayinwa kwe-SMB noma cha; ukuqondanisa le nqubomgomo nhlangothi zombili kuvimbela ukwenqatshwa buthule.

Uma ukuthuthukiswa kungenakwenzeka futhi usebenzisa idivayisi yakho nsuku zonke, cabanga ukufaka idivayisi esikhundleni noma ubheke enye indlela evikeleke kakhudlwana (isb., iseva encane yesimanje noma i-NAS). Ukuphepha nokuhambisana kuzokusindisa ubuhlungu bekhanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi..

Amathiphu awusizo kanye nokuxilonga okuwusizo

Lezi zinqamuleli zisheshisa ukuxilongwa futhi sikusize uqinisekise ukuxhumeka:

• Isihloli: Thayipha okuthi \\Kwabiwe\IP ngqo ukuze uhlukanise izindaba zokuqamba amagama.
• I-PowerShell: Test-NetConnection -ComputerName IP -Port 445 ukuze kuqinisekiswe imbobo.
• I-CMD: ukubuka konke \\SERVER ukuze kuhlu amasheya uma uxhumano lwe-SMB LULUNGILE.
• I-PowerShell: Thola-SmbSession kuseva ukuze ubone izikhathi ezisebenzayo namaphutha. Ikutshela ukuthi ubani oxhumayo nokuthi kanjani.
• Susa amamephu we-zombie: ukusetshenziswa kwenetha * /delete /yy remap ngemininingwane esobala.

Elinye ithiphu: shintsha iphrofayela yakho yenethiwekhi ibe Eyimfihlo uma ivela Njengesesidlangalaleni, ikakhulukazi kumanethiwekhi amasha e-Wi-Fi. Lokhu kuvula ukutholwa nokwabelana ngokuzenzakalelayo. Uzoyithola kokuthi Izilungiselelo > Inethiwekhi ne-inthanethi > Izakhiwo Zenethiwekhi.

Okokugcina, ukugcina abashayeli benethiwekhi yakho behambisana nesikhathi kuvimbela ukungahambisani nezici zesimanje ze-SMB (ukulayishwa, i-RSS, njll.). Kusiphathi Sedivayisi, hlola izibuyekezo ze-adaptha yakho ye-Ethernet/Wi-Fi noma uzilande kumkhiqizi. Umshayeli omdala “angaphula” lokho nje okudingayo.

Uma usufinyelele leli kude ngokuzama yonke into kusukela ekuxhumekeni, ukutholwa, izinsizakalo, i-firewall, i-SMB, izimvume, nezinqubomgomo, ngokuvamile kufanele ukwazi ukuvula ifolda ebikade imelana nemizamo yakho. Iphutha elithi "Indlela Yenethiwekhi ayitholakali" lizwakala libucayi, kodwa ngokuvamile libangelwa ukulungiselelwa okuxekethile noma umthetho ongekho; wake watholakala, Ukufinyelela ngokuthi \\ Igama noma \\ IP iyasebenza futhi njengoba kufanele.

Isihloko esihlobene:

Iyini i-Safe Mode nge-Networking nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ukulungisa iWindows ngaphandle kokuyibuyisela kabusha?

UCristian Garcia

Uzifela ngobuchwepheshe kusukela esemncane. Ngiyakuthanda ukwaziswa kwamuva kulo mkhakha futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuxhumana nawo. Yingakho ngizinikele ekuxhumaneni kumawebhusayithi emidlalo yevidiyo iminyaka eminingi. Ungangithola ngibhala nge-Android, iWindows, iMacOS, i-iOS, iNintendo nanoma yisiphi esinye isihloko esihlobene esifika emqondweni.