Isakhiwo Seselula

Ukwakheka kwamaselula kuwumqondo oyisisekelo kubhayoloji, ohlanganisa ukufunda ngokuhleleka nokusebenza kwamaseli, amayunithi ayisisekelo okuphila. Lo mkhakha ugxile ekuhlaziyeni izingxenye ezihlukene ezakha iseli, kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo nezindima ezithile ezinqubweni zebhayoloji. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukwakheka kwamaseli nokubaluleka kwawo ngokuningiliziwe, sinikeze ukuqonda kobuchwepheshe nokungathathi hlangothi kulo mkhakha wocwaningo othakazelisayo.

Ukwakheka kweseli: Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezingxenye zangaphakathi zamaseli

I-membrane yeseli: Indima yayo eyisisekelo kanye nemisebenzi ethile

Ulwelwesi lwamaseli luyisakhiwo esibalulekile ukuze wonke amangqamuzana aphile. Kuwungqimba oluncane, oluguquguqukayo olwakhiwe ungqimba oluphindwe kabili lwama-phospholipids namaprotheni azungeza futhi avikele okuqukethwe kwamaselula. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukulawula ukugeleza kwezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli, ukugcina indawo yangaphakathi ezinzile kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana nendawo yangaphandle.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ethile ye-membrane yeseli, singagqamisa:

1. Isithiyo esikhethayo: Ulwelwesi lwamaseli lusebenza njengesithiyo esikwazi ukungena kancane esilawula ukudlula kwezinto ukungena nokuphuma kuseli. Ivumela ukungena kwezakhi ezibalulekile kanye nokuqedwa kwemfucuza ye-metabolic, kuyilapho kuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezinobuthi noma ezingafuneki.

2. Ukuxhumana kwamaselula: I-membrane yeseli iqukethe ama-receptors nama-molecule akhombisayo avumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli. Lawa ma-receptors angakwazi ukubona ama-molecule athile futhi aqalise izimpendulo zamaselula njengokuhlukana, ukuhlukanisa noma i-apoptosis.

3. Izinto zokuhamba ezisebenzayo nezingenzi lutho: I-membrane yeseli isiza ukudlula kwezinto kuzo zombili izinkomba ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ukuthutha okwenziwayo kwenzeka ngaphandle kwezindleko zamandla futhi kungaba ngokusakazwa okulula, okulula noma i-osmosis. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezokuthutha ezisebenzayo zidinga izindleko zamandla futhi zingalamula ngamaprotheni ezokuthutha noma ama-vesicle.

I-membrane yeseli idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-homeostasis nokusebenza kwamaselula. Ngesakhiwo sayo esithile kanye nemisebenzi, ivumela amaseli ukuthi azivumelanise nendawo yawo futhi enze imisebenzi yawo ye-metabolic. ngempumelelo. Kuyamangaza ukuthi lolu ngqimba oluncane lwama-phospholipids namaprotheni lunganikeza ukuhleleka nokuvikelwa okungaka kumaseli ethu.

I-cell nucleus: Ukulawula okuphakathi kanye nokugcinwa kolwazi lofuzo

I-nucleus yeseli iyi-organelle eyisisekelo engqamuzaneni, enesibopho sokulawula nokugcina ulwazi lofuzo oludingekayo ukuze kusebenze kahle kwento ephilayo. Ikhona kuwo wonke amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic futhi ibaluleke kakhulu ukugcina ukuzinza nokuzalana kwezidalwa eziphilayo.

Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko ye-nucleus ukulawula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi, ukulawula ukuthi yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezicushiwe futhi lapho zibhalwa khona zibe amaprotheni. Lokhu kwenziwa ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawula eziqinisekisa ukuphindwaphindwa okulungile nokudluliselwa kolwazi lofuzo lusuka kwesinye isizukulwane luye kwesinye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nucleus yengqamuzana isebenza njengesikhungo sokugcina imininingwane yofuzo, lapho ama-chromosome atholakala khona, izakhiwo ezihleleke kakhulu eziqukethe i-DNA. Lawa ma-molecule e-DNA asebenzisana njalo nezinhlobonhlobo zamaprotheni, aqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwawo okulungile, ukufingqa nokuphindaphinda. Ngenxa yale nethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana, i-nucleus iqinisekisa ubuqotho nokuzinza kwe-genome, igwema ukulahlekelwa noma ukulimala kolwazi olubalulekile.

• Ilawula ukusho kofuzo futhi ilawula ukulotshwa kofuzo.
• Yisikhungo sokugcina imininingwane yofuzo.
• Ivumela ukuphindwaphindwa okuyikho kanye nokudluliswa kolwazi lofuzo.

Sengiphetha, i-nucleus yeseli yakha ukulawulwa okumaphakathi kanye nenqolobane yolwazi lofuzo kuseli. Isakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokusebenzisana ne-DNA namaprotheni kunikeza ukuzinza nokulawula izinqubo zamangqamuzana ezibalulekile ekuphileni. Ukuqonda ukusebenza nokulawulwa kwayo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ulwazi lwethu lwebhayoloji yamangqamuzana nokusebenza kwayo emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi nemithi.

I-cytoplasm: Amakamelo nama-organelles abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamaselula

I-cytoplasm iyisifunda esiyisisekelo sokusebenza kwamangqamuzana, atholakala ngaphakathi kolwelwesi lwe-plasma naseduze kwe-nucleus. Lolu ketshezi lwe-gelatinous lunokwakheka okuhlukahlukene futhi lugcina ama-organelles amaningana abalulekile kumetabolism kanye nokugcinwa kweseli. Ama-compartments nama-organelle akhona ku-cytoplasm ahlelwe kahle ukuze enze imisebenzi ethile evumela ukusinda nokukhula kwamaseli.

I-cytoplasm ngokuyinhloko yakhiwa izakhi ezintathu: i-cytosol, i-organelles kanye ne-inclusions. I-cytosol iwuketshezi olungaphakathi kweseli lapho izingxenye ezinjengamaprotheni, ama-enzyme, ama-ion, ama-metabolites nama-organelles angewona ama-membranous zihlakazeka. Iwumthombo wamanzi ovumela ukujikeleza kwama-molecule kanye nokushintshaniswa kwezakhi kanye nemfucuza. Ama-organelles, njenge-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, i-mitochondria, nama-chloroplasts, acwiliswa ku-cytosol futhi enze imisebenzi ebalulekile yokusebenza kwamaselula. Okokugcina, okufakiwe kuyizinhlayiya zesikhashana ezingaba kusuka kuma-granules okugcina izakhi kuya emikhiqizweni engcolile.

Ama-organelles abalulekile atholakala ku-cytoplasm ahlanganisa i-endoplasmic reticulum, umsebenzi wayo ukuhlanganiswa nokuthuthwa kwamaprotheni nama-lipids; izinto ze-Golgi, ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuguqula, ukupakisha nokusabalalisa ama-molecule ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli; i-mitochondria, enesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla ngokuphefumula kwamaselula; kanye nama-chloroplast, abamba iqhaza ku-photosynthesis kumaseli ezitshalo nolwelwe. Ukwengeza, i-cytoplasm igcina izakhiwo ezifana nama-microtubules kanye ne-actin filaments, ezibalulekile ekusekelweni kwesakhiwo seseli nokuhamba kwamaseli.

I-endoplasmic reticulum: Igalelo layo ku-protein synthesis kanye ne-lipid metabolism

I-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) iyi-organelle yeselula edlala indima ebalulekile ku-protein synthesis kanye ne-lipid metabolism. Itholakala ku-cytoplasm yamangqamuzana e-eukaryotic futhi ihlukaniswe izifunda ezimbili ezihlukene: i-endoplasmic reticulum elukhuni kanye ne-endoplasmic reticulum ebushelelezi.

I-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) ibonakala ngokuba khona kwama-ribosomes anamathiselwe ebusweni bayo. Lawa ma-ribosomes abamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni, njengoba anesibopho sokuhumusha imilayezo yofuzo esuka kusithunywa i-RNA (mRNA) iye ku-amino acid elandelanayo yamaprotheni. I-RER inesibopho sokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni amiselwe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle noma akhe ingxenye yolwelwesi lwamaseli.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-endoplasmic reticulum ebushelelezi (SRE) ibandakanyeka emisebenzini ehlukahlukene ehlobene ne-lipid metabolism. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo eyinhloko ukuhlanganiswa kwe-lipids, okuhlanganisa ama-phospholipids ayingxenye yolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, ukuchithwa kwezinto zamakhemikhali kanye nokulawulwa kwe-carbohydrate metabolism. I-REL futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni i-calcium engaphakathi kweseli, ukuyigcina nokuyikhulula lapho kudingeka.

I-Golgi apparatus: Ukucubungula nokupakishwa kwama-molecule ezokuthutha

I-Golgi apparatus iyisakhiwo seselula esiyinhloko ekucutshungulweni nasekupakishweni kwama-molecule ukuze athuthelwe ngaphandle nangaphakathi kweseli. Yakhiwe ngochungechunge lwezikhwama eziyisicaba, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-taster, apakishwe phezu kwesinye. Ithangi ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukene futhi ndawonye akha uhlelo oluhlelekile kakhulu.

Iqhaza elikhulu le-apparatus ye-Golgi ukuguqula ama-molecule akhiqizwa ku-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Lokhu kuhilela ukwengezwa kwamaqembu amakhemikhali, njengoshukela noma ama-lipids, noma ukususwa kwezingxenye ezithile zamaprotheni. Lezi zinguquko zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwama-molecule endaweni yawo yokugcina.

Esinye isici esibalulekile se-Golgi apparatus yikhono layo lokupakisha ama-molecule zibe ama-vesicles okuthutha. Lawa ma-vesicle yizakhiwo ezincane ze-membranous ezakheka ku-Golgi cisternae futhi aqukethe ama-molecule acutshunguliwe. Uma esepakishiwe, la ma-vesicles ahamba ku-cytoplasm ukuze ahlangane nolwelwesi lwe-plasma noma aye kwamanye ama-organelles amangqamuzana, lapho ekhulula okuqukethwe kwawo ngendlela enembile nelawulwayo.

I-Mitochondria: Imithombo yamandla kanye nendima yayo esizukulwaneni se-ATP

I-Mitochondria ama-organelles akhona kuwo wonke amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla okusebenza kwamaselula. Ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula kwamaselula, i-mitochondria ikhiqiza i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), umthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amaseli. I-ATP iyadingeka ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi yamaselula, njengokuhamba okusebenzayo, ukwakheka kwamaprotheni, nokufinyela kwemisipha.

I-Mitochondria ithola amandla adingekayo ekukhiqizeni i-ATP ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation yama-molecule ephilayo, njengama-fatty acids nama-carbohydrates. Lezi zinhlanganisela zihlukaniswa ngaphakathi kwe-mitochondria ngochungechunge lokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical akhulula ama-electron. Lawa ma-electron adluliselwa kuma-protein complexes abizwa ngokuthi iketango lokuphefumula, lapho ukugeleza kwama-proton kwenzeka ngolwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial. Lokhu kugeleza kwama-proton kudala umehluko ekushajeni kukagesi osetshenziswa i-ATP synthase ukuze kuhlanganiswe ama-molecule e-ATP.

Ngaphezu kwendima yabo ekukhiqizeni i-ATP, i-mitochondria yenza neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile esitokisini. Isibonelo, bafaka isandla ebhalansi ye-calcium ye-intracellular, elawula ukuhlushwa kwale ion ku-cytosol. Baphinde babambe iqhaza ku-apoptosis, inqubo yokufa kweseli okuhleliwe okwenzeka lapho iseli lonakele noma kungenasidingo. I-Mitochondria ikhipha amaprotheni athile enza kusebenze i-cascade ekhombisa umphumela wokufa kwamaseli okulawulwayo. Kafushane, i-mitochondria ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla eselula futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zokulawula i-metabolic kanye namaselula.

I-Lysosomes: I-intracellular digestion kanye nemisebenzi yokususa imfucuza

Ama-Lysosomes ama-organelle akhethekile akhona kumaseli e-eukaryotic adlala indima ebalulekile ekugayweni kwe-intracellular kanye nokukhishwa kwemfucuza. Lawa "amasaka e-enzyme" anolwelwesi oluwahlukanisa nalo lonke iseli, okuvimbela ukukhishwa kwama-enzyme okugaya ku-cytoplasm.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-lysosomes ukugaya kwama-molecule, njengoba aqukethe iqembu elihlukahlukene lama-enzyme abizwa ngokuthi ama-hydrolases. Lawa ma-enzyme ayakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinto ezihlukene, njengamaprotheni, ama-lipids nama-carbohydrate, zibe izingxenye zawo eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kuvumela ama-lysosomes ukuthi abaluleke ezinqubweni ezifana nokuwohloka kwamaprotheni alimele noma angasetshenzisiwe, ukumuncwa kwemisoco, kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwezingxenye zamaselula.

Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile we-lysosomes ukususwa kwemfucumfucu yamangqamuzana nama-pathogens. Lapho ingqamuzana lifa noma lonakele, ama-lysosomes ahlangana nolwelwesi lweseli futhi akhulule ama-enzyme awo ukuze aphule udoti wamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-lysosomes adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqedeni amagciwane kanye namanye ama-microorganisms ama-phagocytosed ngamaseli. Lo msebenzi wokukhipha udoti kanye namagciwane ubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe i-homeostasis nokugwema izifo ezingaba khona noma izifo.

Ama-Peroxisomes: Ukubaluleka kwawo ekususweni ubuthi beselula kanye ne-lipid metabolism

Ama-peroxisomes angama-organelle abalulekile kumaseli e-eukaryotic adlala indima ebalulekile ekususweni ubuthi beselula kanye ne-lipid metabolism. Lezi zakhiwo ezinama-membranous zitholakala ngobuningi ezicutshini ezihlukene, ikakhulukazi esibindini nasezinso, lapho umsebenzi wazo omkhulu uwukukhipha ubuthi obunobuthi futhi kugaywe ama-acids amaketanga amade.

Isici esiphawulekayo sama-peroxisomes amandla awo okuhlukanisa ama-acids amafutha abe amaketanga amafushane ngokusebenzisa i-β-oxidation, inqubo ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla. I-β-oxidation yenzeka ngezigaba ezine futhi ikhiqize i-acetyl-CoA, ebese iphakela umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye neketango lokuphefumula lokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP. Ngale ndlela, ama-peroxisomes abamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo kumetabolism yamandla amaseli futhi abambe iqhaza ekugcinweni kwe-homeostasis yamaselula.

Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile we-peroxisomes ukuqeda ubuthi beselula. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwazo kwama-enzyme e-antioxidant, lezi zakhiwo ziyakwazi ukuqeda ama-radicals mahhala kanye nezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo, ngaleyo ndlela zivikele amangqamuzana emonakalweni we-oxidative. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-peroxisomes aphinde abambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuboleni nasekuqedeni izinto ezinobuthi njenge-hydrogen peroxide, i-uric acid nama-xenobiotics ahlukahlukene, asebenzisana ngenkuthalo ekugcineni ubuqotho beselula.

I-Centrosomes ne-cilia: Indima yabo ekuhambeni kwamaselula nasekuhleleni

Ama-Centrosomes kanye ne-cilia yizakhiwo eziyisisekelo ekuhambeni nasekuhleleni kwamaselula, zidlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi zezinto eziphilayo. I-centrosome, etholakala eduze kwe-nucleus, yakhiwe ngama-centrioles amabili perpendicular komunye nomunye kanye ne-pericentriolar array. Isebenza "njengesikhungo senhlangano" yeseli, inesibopho sokwakheka kwe-mitotic spindle ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli futhi ibambe iqhaza ekuhleleni ama-microtubules we-cytoskeleton. Ngokufanayo, i-centrosome idlala indima ebalulekile ekufudukeni kweseli, ukushayela i-polarity kanye nokuqondiswa ngesikhathi sokunyakaza.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-cilia yizakhiwo ezincane ezitholakala cishe kuwo wonke amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic. I-cilia eyinhloko ihlukile futhi itholakala kumaseli amaningi emzimbeni womuntu. Zibalulekile ekuboneni kwezinzwa nokusebenza kwemoto, ukubamba iqhaza ekuxhumaneni kwe-intercellular kanye nokuthuthwa kwezinto. Lawa ma-cilia ayinhloko avela kuma-centrioles e-centrosome, athuthukisa isakhiwo se-cylindrical esakhiwe ngama-microtubules abizwa ngokuthi i-axoneme. Ukunyakaza okudidiyelwe kwe-cilia kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuhambeni ezinqubweni ezihlukene, njengokuthuthwa kwamaqanda, ukunyakaza kwesidoda, nokuqedwa kwezinhlayiya emgudwini wokuphefumula kanye nohlelo lwe-lymphatic.

Ukungasebenzi kahle kwama-centrosomes kanye ne-cilia kungabangela izifo ezihlukahlukene zofuzo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-ciliopathies, ezibonakala ngokuguqulwa kokuhamba nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana. Izibonelo zalezi zifo zihlanganisa i-dysplasia yezinso, i-retinitis pigmentosa, i-polycystic kidney disease, nesifo i-Bardet-Biedl. Ucwaningo lwamanje lugxile ekuqondeni kahle ukwakheka nokusebenza kwama-centrosomes kanye ne-cilia, njengoba ubudlelwano babo ne-ciliopathies bungavula amathuba amasha okuthuthukiswa kokuxilonga okuphumelelayo nokwelashwa esikhathini esizayo.

I-cytoskeleton: Isakhiwo namandla asekela ukwakheka kweseli nokunyakaza

I-cytoskeleton iyinethiwekhi yamaprotheni enezinhlangothi ezintathu enikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo futhi ivumela ukunyakaza kwamaseli ezinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic. Lesi sakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-actin microfilaments, ama-microtubules, nemicu ephakathi. Ngayinye yalezi zingxenye idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni nasekunyakazeni kwengqamuzana.

Ama-microfilaments e-Actin ama-protein filaments azacile ahlelwe aba amanethiwekhi futhi anomthelela ekunwebeni nasekufinyezweni kweseli. Le micu ingakha ama-protrusions abizwa ngokuthi i-lamelipodia ne-filopodia, evumela ingqamuzana ukuthi linyakaze futhi lishintshe ukuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-microfilaments e-actin nawo abandakanyeka ekuhlukaniseni amaseli kanye nokuthuthwa kwe-intracellular yama-vesicles nama-organelles.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-microtubules ayizakhiwo ezishubhu ezishubile kune-actin microfilaments. Lokhu kudlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuma kweseli, ukuthuthwa kwe-organelle, nokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromosome ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-microtubules akha i-achromatic spindle ne-centrosome, ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwemishini ye-mitotic kanye nokusatshalaliswa okufanele kwama-chromosome ngesikhathi se-mitosis. Ama-Microtubules ahlinzeka nezindlela zokuthuthwa kwe-intracellular yama-vesicles namaprotheni, ngokusebenzisa ama-motor amangqamuzana afana nama-dyneins nama-kinesins.

Ukuhlangana kwamaseli: Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli nokugcinwa kobuqotho kwezicubu

Ukuhlangana kwamaseli yizakhiwo ezikhethekile ezivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli nokugcinwa kobuqotho bezicubu. Lezi zinhlaka zidlala indima ebalulekile ku-homeostasis yezicubu, njengoba zivumela ukudluliselwa kwamasignali kanye nokuxhumana kwemisebenzi phakathi kwamaseli angomakhelwane.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlangana kwamaseli, ngayinye inomsebenzi othile. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa:

• Ukuhlangana okuqinile: Lezi zindlela zokuxhumana zakha imigoqo engangeneki phakathi kwamaseli, evimbela ukudlula kwezinto phakathi kwawo. Zibaluleke kakhulu ezicutshini ezifana namathumbu, lapho zivimbela ukuhlungwa kwamagciwane kanye nobuthi.
• I-Gap junctions: Lezi zixhumanisi zivumela ukudlula kwama-molecule amancane namasignali kagesi phakathi kwamaseli. Zibalulekile ezicutshini ezifana nenhliziyo, lapho ziqinisekisa khona ukuxhumana kokufinyela kwemisipha.
• Ama-adherens junctions: Lezi zinhlaka zinesibopho sokunamathela phakathi kwamaseli angomakhelwane, ukugcina ukuhlangana kwezicubu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahileleke ekudlulisweni kwezibonakaliso ze-intracellular ezilawula ukufuduka kwamangqamuzana nokuhlukaniswa.

Kafushane, ukuhlangana kwamaseli kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni nasekugcineni ubuqotho bezicubu. Ukusebenza kwayo okulungile kubalulekile ku-tissue homeostasis nempilo ejwayelekile. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlangana kwamaseli kanye nemisebenzi yazo ethile kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ucwaningo lwe-biomedical kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezihlosiwe.

Ukwakheka kweseli nesifo: Imithelela yomtholampilo kanye nocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo

Ukucwaninga kwesakhiwo samangqamuzana kanye nobuhlobo bayo nezifo kuye kwaba yisisekelo ekuqondeni izindlela eziyisisekelo ze-pathologies ehlukahlukene. Ingqamuzana iyiyunithi eyisisekelo yokuphila futhi ukusebenza kwayo okufanele kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe impilo yento ephilayo. Ngalo mqondo, ucwaningo kulo mkhakha lwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza izinguquko ezakhiweni zamangqamuzana ezingase zibangele futhi zibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo.

Isibonelo salokhu yindaba yezifo zofuzo, lapho ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuye kwatholakala ezakhini ezithile zofuzo ezithinta ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana. Lezi zinguquko zingabangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic noma izifo eziwohlokayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwesakhiwo samangqamuzana luveze nokubaluleka kwezinye izakhi, njengolwelwesi lwamaseli, oludlala indima ebalulekile ekushintshaneni kwezinto kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli.

Ngokuphathelene nemiphumela yomtholampilo, ulwazi lwesakhiwo samangqamuzana luvumele ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezihlosiwe, ezisebenza ngokuqondile ekuguqulweni okubonwa kumaseli anesifo. Lelisu lokwelapha liye lashintsha ukwelashwa kwezifo ezinjengomdlavuza, lapho kuye kwasungulwa izidakamizwa ezivimba izimpawu ezithile zamangqamuzana kumaseli ayingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kulo mkhakha luvula imibono emisha yokuhlonza izifo kusenesikhathi ngokusebenzisa amasu ezithombe zamaselula kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha zezifo ezingelapheki njengamanje.

Izincomo zocwaningo nokuqonda kwesakhiwo samaselula

Lapho ufunda futhi uqonda ukwakheka kwamaselula, kubalulekile ukulandela izincomo ezithile ezizosiza inqubo yokufunda nokuqonda lesi sihloko esiyisisekelo kubhayoloji. Ukufeza lokhu, kuphakanyiswa:

• Hlela izinto zokufunda: kubalulekile ukuba nazo zonke izinsiza ezidingekayo zokufunda ukwakheka kwamaselula. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izincwadi zokufunda, amanothi, izinhlaka kanye amathuluzi edijithali. Ukuhlela lezi zinto kumafolda noma endaweni yesikhulumi sedijithali kuzosiza ukuba nokufinyelela okusheshayo nokuhlelekile kolwazi.
• Yenza izikimu nemidwebo: a ngempumelelo Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwamaselula kungokubona ngesithombe. Ukwenza amasu nemidwebo emele izingxenye ezahlukene zeseli, njenge-membrane, i-nucleus nama-organelles, kuzosiza ukuhlobanisa nokukhumbula ingxenye ngayinye kangcono.
• Prakthiza imibuzo yokubuyekeza: isici esibalulekile sokuhlanganisa ulwazi wukwenza njalo. Ukubuza imibuzo yokubuyekeza mayelana nesakhiwo samaseli kuzosiza ukuhlanganisa ukufunda nokuthola izikhala ezingaba khona olwazini.

Sengiphetha, ukutadisha nokuqonda kwesakhiwo samaselula kudinga ukuhleleka, ukubonwa kwengcaca kanye nokuzijwayeza njalo. Ukulandela lezi zincomo kuzokwenza lula inqubo yokufunda futhi kuqinise ulwazi olutholwe ngalesi sihloko esibalulekile kubhayoloji.

Imibuzo Nezimpendulo

Umbuzo: Kuyini ukwakheka kwamaseli?
IMP: Isakhiwo seselula sisho ukuhlelwa nokwakheka kwamaseli, okungamayunithi ayisisekelo ezinto eziphilayo.

Umbuzo: Yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zeseli?
A: Amaseli akhiwe ngawo izingxenye eziningana okuyisisekelo, phakathi kwawo kukhona ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, i-cytoplasm kanye ne-nucleus.

Q: Imuphi umsebenzi owenziwe yi-cell membrane?
IMP: I-membrane yeseli izungeza futhi ivikele ingqamuzana, ilawule ukudlula kwezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde ibambe iqhaza ekukhulumisaneni nasekuboneni phakathi kwamaseli.

Q: Iqukethe ini i-cytoplasm?
A: I-Cytoplasm iyinto ye-gelatinous etholakala ngaphakathi kweseli. Iqukethe izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene, njenge-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, i-ribosomes ne-mitochondria, phakathi kwezinye.

Q: Uyini umsebenzi we-kernel?
A: I-nucleus iyisikhungo sokulawula seseli. Iqukethe izinto zofuzo, njenge-DNA, futhi iqondisa yonke imisebenzi yamaselula.

Umbuzo: Ingabe zikhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli?
A: Yebo, kunezinhlobo eziningana zamaseli ezidalwa eziphilayo. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa amangqamuzana ezilwane, amangqamuzana ezitshalo, amangqamuzana ezinzwa, namangqamuzana egazi, ngalinye linezici ezithile nemisebenzi.

Q: Ahlobene kanjani amaseli?
IMP: Amaseli angakha izicubu, izitho, namasistimu entweni ephilayo yamangqamuzana amaningi. Lamangqamuzana asebenza ndawonye ukuze enze imisebenzi ethile, evumela umzimba ukuba usebenze kahle.

Q: Kuyini ukubaluleka kokuqonda ukwakheka kwamaseli?
A: Ucwaningo lwesakhiwo samangqamuzana kubalulekile ukuqonda izinqubo zebhayoloji ezidalwa eziphilayo. Kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zisebenza kanjani ezingeni lamangqamuzana nokuthi izingxenye zazo zisebenzisana kanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwe-cell biology kanye nemithi.

Amazwana Okugcina

Kafushane, singaphetha ngokuthi ukwakheka kwamaselula kuwumqondo oyisisekelo kubhayoloji, obekuyisihloko socwaningo nokuhlaziywa eminyakeni edlule. Ngokubheka amangqamuzana nezingxenye eziwakhayo, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi asebenza kanjani nokuthi ahlelwa kanjani ezintweni ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo. Kusukela kuma-membrane ahlukanisa umjikelezo wayo, kuma-organelles nezinhlelo zokuthutha ezivumela ukushintshaniswa kwezinto kanye nokusebenza kwemisebenzi ebalulekile, ukwakheka kwamaselula kubalulekile empilweni. Njengoba ucwaningo kulo mkhakha luqhubeka, ukusebenzelana okusha nobudlelwano phakathi kweseli kuya ngokuya kutholakala, okwandisa ulwazi lwethu mayelana nokusebenza kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Nokho, kusenezici eziningi okufanele uzihlole futhi uziqonde. Ukwakheka kwamaseli kuyindawo yokufunda ethokozisayo nehlala ivela, ngokungangabazeki izoqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngezinto ezintsha ezitholakele kanye negalelo elibalulekile kwisayensi.