U-Artemis II: ukuqeqeshwa, isayensi, kanye nendlela yokuthumela igama lakho eNyangeni

U-Artemis II Kube ngesinye seziqophamlando zesigaba esisha sokuhlolwa kwenyanga. Imishini, ihlelelwe iwindi lokwethula kusukela Febhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli 2026Kuzoba uhambo lokuqala oluqhutshwa umuntu lohlelo lwe-Artemis kanye nokuhlolwa okukhulu komkhumbi-mkhathi endizeni. I-Orion kanye nerokhethi I-SLS endaweni ejulile yesikhala.

kwabambalwa Izinsuku ezingu-10 zokuhambaOsomkhathi abane bazozungeza iNyanga belandela umkhondo wesibalo sesishiyagalombili futhi bazosuka kude kakhulu Amakhilomitha angama-370.000 ukusuka eMhlabeniukufinyelela kwabanye Amakhilomitha angu-7.400 ngaphezu kwendawo yenyangaNgaleso sikhathi, i-NASA ivule umnyango wokuthi noma ngubani afake igama lakhe ku- inkumbulo yedijithali ezohamba nge-Orionisenzo esingokomfanekiso esiletha umgomo eduze kwezakhamizi emhlabeni jikelele, futhi ISpain kanye neYurophu yonke.

Ukuqeqeshwa okujulile kwendiza emfushane kodwa ebucayi

Amalungu amane ezisebenzi zika-Arthemisi II—Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch noJeremy Hansen- sezizoqeda Izinyanga eziyi-18 zokulungiselela, inkathi eyaqala ngo Juni 2023 futhi ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zinolwazi kuzo zombili izici zansuku zonke zemishini kanye nezehlakalo ezingase zibe khona ezingalindelekile endaweni ejulile.

La isigaba sokuqala sokuqeqeshwa Ucwaningo lugxile ekuhlaziyeni okujulile kwengaphakathi lomkhumbi-mkhathi we-Orion. Cishe izinyanga ezintathu, baba neseshini yomuntu ngamunye neyeqembu ukuze bafunde kabanzi ngakho. izilawuli, izinhlelo zokusekela impilo, ukuxhumana, nezinquboInhloso ukuthi, uma selindizeni, ilungu ngalinye labasebenzi lizohamba lizungeza ikhabethe cishe ngekhanda futhi likwazi ukusabela ngokushesha kunoma yikuphi ukungahambi kahle.

Kamuva, osomkhathi bahamba baya I-Mistastin crater, eCanada, enye yezindawo eziwumhlaba ezilingisa kangcono ukwakheka kwenyanga. Lapho benza a ukuqeqeshwa okujulile kwe-geological: ukuhlonzwa kwezakhiwo zamadwala, ukuhlaziya izendlalelo zezinto ezibonakalayo, nezinqubo zokusampula. Nakuba u-Artemis II engakubandakanyi ukufika enyangeni, lezi zivivinyo zisebenza ekuthuthukiseni amakhono ezisebenzi zokubuka kanye namadokhumenti esayensi, amakhono azophinde asetshenziswe emisebenzini elandelayo.

La isigaba sesithathu uye wazungeza imisebenzi ye-orbitalEzilingisi ze Johnson Space Centre (Houston), izisebenzi ziphinde zakha kabusha ukuzulazula okubalulekile nokulawula isimo sengqondo, ukuzijwayeza kokubili izinqubo ezivamile nezimo zokwehluleka. Ukulingisa ukuqalisa kwenjini, ukulungiswa kwe-trajectory, kanye nokudotshwa okubonakalayo kuzivumela ukuthi zihlole ukuthi abantu basabela kanjani emthwalweni wokusebenza kanye nengcindezi yendiza yangempela.

Ngaphezu kwengxenye yobuchwepheshe, osomkhathi abane bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuthile kwezokwelaphaBaqeqeshelwe usizo lokuqala oluthuthukisiwe nasekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi okuxilonga njenge ama-stethoscopes kanye ne-electrocardiographsukuze amaqembu asemhlabeni akwazi ukuqapha impilo yabasebenzi ngesikhathi sangempela futhi asabele ngokushesha kunoma yiziphi izimpawu ezikhathazayo.

Ukudla okunomsoco, ukuzivocavoca nokuphumula: ukunakekela umzimba endaweni ejulile

E-Johnson Space Centre kukhona a Ilabhorethri yezinhlelo zokudla owakhe imenyu eguqulelwe ku- okuthandwa nguwe kanye nezidingo zokudla okunomsoco kasomkhathi ngamunye. Phakathi nalezi zinyanga, kuye kwenziwa ukuhlolwa. ukuhlolwa kwe-biochemical ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlaziya isisindo somzimba wabo nokudla, ukunaka okukhethekile izakhi ezibalulekile ezifana i-vitamin D, i-folate, i-calcium ne-iron, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwethambo nemisipha ku-microgravity.

Umkhumbi-mkhathi we-Orion uhlanganisa i-a i-water dispenser kanye ne-food warmerLokhu kuvumela ukukhululeka okuthile ekudleni ukudla okushisayo nokugcina imikhuba yokudla efana ngangokunokwenzeka naleyo yasemhlabeni. Kuyimininingwane emincane ephepheni, kodwa kunomthelela enhlalakahleni yengqondo nokubambelela ezinhlelweni zokudla okunomsoco.

Ngokomzimba, inhloko yehhovisi lokuqeqesha lika-Arthemisi II, Jacki Mahaffey, uye wagcizelela ukubaluleka "umnyombo" noma indawo emaphakathi yomzimbaKu-microgravity, imisipha ewumongo ihlale isetshenziselwa ukuzinzisa, noma ngabe osomkhathi babonakala benganyakazi. Ngakho-ke, ukuqeqeshwa kuhlanganisa ukuzivocavoca okuningi okuyisisekelo, kokubili ejimini kanye ne- i-spacesuit ivuliweUkuzijwayeza ukungena nokuphuma ekhabetheni ukuze ufake ukunyakaza nokuma.

Phakathi nomsebenzi, ilungu ngalinye leqembu kuzodingeka lizinikele cishe Imizuzu engama-30 yomsebenzi womzimba nsuku zonkeBazosebenzisa uhlelo lwe ukumelana okulungiswayo nge-flywheel ukulingisa izivivinyo ezifana nokugwedla, ama-squats, noma ama-deadlift. Lo mshini ohlangene uklanyelwe ukukhiqiza ukumelana nemishini ngaphandle kwesidingo sesisindo esivamile, isidingo esibalulekile lapho ikhilogremu ngayinye ibalwa.

Ukuphumula nakho kuyingxenye yohlelo. I-NASA iphikelela ekuqinisekiseni amahora ayisishiyagalombili okulala nsuku zonke kulo lonke ithimba ngendlela ehambisanayo. Bayoba nayo izikhwama zokulala ezilenga esezivele bezilolongela ekuqeqesheni, into eyisihluthulelo sokuthi umzimba ujwayele ukulala ngaphandle kwephuzu lokusekela. Njengoba usomkhathi echaza UJosefa u-AhabiEmkhathini, umjikelezo wokulala uthintwa yiLanga: ku-International Space Station, kuze kufike 16 liphuma njalo emahoreni angama-24Ukugcina isimiso sokuphumula esiqinile kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukukhathala.

Izimo eziphuthumayo, ukusinda kanye nokuhlenga olwandle

Enye ingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo luka-Artemis II igxile ku izimo eziphuthumayo nokuphilaI-NASA ibhekane nosomkhathi ukuqeqeshwa buoyancyukuphuma ngokushesha futhi ukuzivivinya olwandle okusinda ukugqoka ama-spacesuits. Enye yalezi zivivinyo yenziwa endaweni i-Pacific Ocean eceleni kweButho Lasemanzini Lase-United States, lapho babezilolongela khona ukuvelela phezulu, ukugibela izinkundla ezikwazi ukufutheka, futhi baxhumane nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane nemikhumbi yokuhlenga.

Lezi zivivinyo aziyona i-anecdotal: ukubuya kuka-Artemis II kuzofinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokuthi ukungena kabusha ngesivinini esikhulu emkhathini kanye a ukuqhuma kwePacificngasogwini lwaseSan Diego. Amaqembu ahlangene e-NASA kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikela azoba nesibopho sokuthola i-capsule, ivikeleke, futhi ikhiphe abasebenzi. Ukuhlangabezana nezimo ezifanayo ngaphambilini kunciphisa ubungozi kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula lapho ukuchaphazeka kwenzeka ngempela.

Isayensi yokuphila endaweni ejulile: ezempilo, imisebe, kanye nedatha yesikhathi esizayo

Nakuba u-Arthemisi II engu indiza yokuhlolaI-NASA izosebenzisa ithuba losuku ngalunye ukuqoqa idatha yokuthi [iplanethi] ithinta kanjani indawo ejulile emzimbeni womuntuIqembu lizosebenza kanye kanye njengabaqhubi nanjengezifundo zokufunda emigqeni eminingana yocwaningo okugxilwe kuyo ukulala, ukucindezeleka, amasosha omzimba, nokuchayeka emisebeni.

Enye yamaphrojekthi abalulekile I-ARCheR (I-Artemis Research for Crew Health and Performance)Ukuhlolwa kuhlose ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukuphumula, umthwalo wengqondo, ukuqonda, nomsebenzi weqembu kushintsha kanjani lapho ushiya i-Earth orbit. Osomkhathi bazogqoka amadivayisi esihlakaleni elirekhoda ukunyakaza namaphethini okulala kuyo yonke i-mission, futhi lizokwenza ukuhlola kwangaphambi nangemuva kokundiza ukuze kukale ukunakwa, inkumbulo, ukuma kwenhliziyo, nokubambisana ngaphansi kwezimo zempilo yangempela.

Omunye umugqa womsebenzi ugxile ku- ama-immune biomarkersI-NASA nabalingani bayo bazoqoqa amasampula amathe ephepheni elikhethekile ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, nangemva kwemishini, kanye namathe aluketshezi namasampula egazi enkathini yangaphambi nangemva kwendiza. Umgomo uwukuhlola ukuthi umzimba uphendula kanjani. amasosha omzimba womuntu emisebeni, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nebanga ukusuka eMhlabeniFuthi uma amagciwane acashile evuselelwa, njengoba sekubonwe kakade e-International Space Station ngegciwane le-varicella-zoster.

Iphrojekthi I-Avatar (Impendulo ye-Virtual Tissue Analogue ye-Astronaut) Izohlinzeka ngesinye isendlalelo solwazi. Izosetshenziswa "izitho ku-chip" cishe usayizi wedrayivu ye-USB enamaseli athathwe kuyo umnkantsha wosonkanyezi ngokwaboLawa mamodeli amancane azovumela abacwaningi ukuthi bafunde ukuthi lesi sicubu esibucayi sisabela kanjani imisebe ephezulu yamandla endaweni ejulile, futhi kuzosiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bungakwazi yini ukubikezela ukusabela komuntu futhi kwenze izindlela zokuphikisa zezokwelapha zesikhathi esizayo zibe ngezomuntu siqu.

Abasebenzi bazophinde babambe iqhaza ocwaningweni lwe "izilinganiso ezijwayelekile" okuyinto i-NASA ebilokhu iyenza iminyaka kwezinye izindiza. Bazohlinzeka ngamasampula we igazi, umchamo, namathe Kusukela cishe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokwethulwa, bazohlolwa ibhalansi, ukusebenza kwe-vestibular, amandla emisipha, i-microbiome, ukubona, nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ngemva kokubuyela eMhlabeni, ukuhlolwa kuzoqhubeka cishe inyanga eyodwa, kugxilwe ngokukhethekile isiyezi, ukusebenzisana nokunyakaza kwamehlo nekhanda.

Yonke le datha izohlanganiswa nolwazi mayelana ne imisebe ngaphakathi kwe-OrionNgemva kokuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Arthemisi I, lapho kwasetshenziswa izinkulungwane zezinzwa, u-Artemis II uzophinde asebenzise. ama-detectors emisebe asebenzayo nalawo angawodwana asatshalaliswa kumkhumbi-mkhathi kanye namadosimitha omuntu siqu emasudi osomkhathi. Uma amazinga aphakeme etholwa ngenxa yezenzakalo zelanga, isilawuli semishini singa-oda ukwakhiwa kwe-a "isiphephelo" ngaphakathi kwe-capsule ukunciphisa umthamo owamukelwe.

Kule ndawo, ukubambisana ne-Europe kuyagqama: I-NASA isebenza futhi ne I-German Aerospace Centre (DLR) enguqulweni entsha yomtshina I-M-42 EXTngesinqumo esiphindwe kasithupha somanduleli wayo ku-Artemis I. I-Orion izothwala ezine zalezi ziqapha, ezizobekwa ezindaweni ezihlukene ekhabetheni ukuze kulinganiswe ngokunembile imisebe ye-ion esindayo, kubhekwa njengeyingozi ikakhulukazi empilweni yesikhathi eside.

Umkhankaso wokubuka iLunar kanye nendima ye-Europa ku-Artemis

Ngale kokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha, izisebenzi zizosebenzisa isikhundla sabo esikhethekile ukwenza a umkhankaso wokubheka inyangaBazoba ngabantu bokuqala ukubuka ubuso bayo eduze kusukela ngo-1972, futhi bazobhala lokho abakubonayo. izithombe nokurekhodwa komsindoNgokuya ngosuku oluqondile lokwethulwa kanye nezimo zokukhanyisa, bangaba abokuqala ukubona ngokuqondile ezinye izifunda kude nenyanga ngeso lomuntu.

I-NASA izohlanganisa okokuqala imisebenzi yesayensi yesikhathi sangempela kusukela ekulawuleni indizaUmqondisi wesayensi uzoxhumanisa ithimba lochwepheshe be- impact craters, volcanism, tectonics, kanye iqhwa lenyanga Kusuka Egunjini Lokuhlola Isayensi e-Johnson Space Center, leli qembu lizohlaziya izithombe nedatha ethunyelwe ithimba futhi linikeze izincomo cishe ngokushesha, okusebenza njengokuhlola ohambweni lokufika enyangeni lwesikhathi esizayo.

IYurophu inendima ebalulekile kulo lonke lolu hlaka. I-Ejensi Yesikhala YaseYurophu (i-ESA) inikela ku I-Orion European Service Moduleobhekene nokuhlinzeka amandla, amanzi, umoya-mpilo, kanye nokuqhutshwa kwe-capsule. Iphinde ibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezingxenye zesiteshi senyanga esizayo. Isango, ezobekwa ku-orbit ezungeze iNyanga njengehabhu lezinto zokusebenza nesayensi.

I-ESA isivele isimemezele ukuthi isikhethile Osomkhathi baseYurophu —umJalimane, umFulentshi, kanye nomNtaliyane—ukubamba iqhaza ohambweni oluzayo luka-Artemis. Yize u-Artemis II ezosebenza osomkhathi abathathu beNASA kanye noyedwa ovela kwiCanadian Space Agency, lezi zivumelwano ziqinisekisa ukuthi I-Europe izobe igibele ohambweni oluzayo lwenyangaLokhu kusebenza kakhulu emazweni afana neSpain, anikela ku-ESA futhi ahlomule ekubuyeni kwezobuchwepheshe nezimboni.

Lokhu kubandakanyeka kweYurophu, kuhambisana nokubambisana nezinhlangano ezifana ne-DLR emkhakheni wemisebe, kubeka isifunda endaweni yamasu ngaphakathi umjaho omusha wenyanga, lapho amandla afana nawo abambe iqhaza IShayina futhi, ngezinga elincane, I-RussiaU-Artemis II, empeleni, ungesinye isinyathelo somkhankaso wesikhathi eside okuhloswe ngawo ukusungula a ubukhona bomuntu obuqhubekayo endaweni yenyanga kakade ulungiselela ohambweni lokuqala lwe-Mars.

Thumela igama lakho ku-Orion: isimemo somhlaba wonke sokugibela u-Artemis II

Kanye nazo zonke lezi zingxenye zobuchwepheshe nezesayensi, i-NASA yayifuna ukuvula i- isiteshi sokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamiziNoma ubani, ovela eSpain, Europe nanoma yiliphi elinye izwe, angabhalisa igama lakhe ukuze agibele. U-Artemis II ngaphakathi a inkumbulo yedijithali efakwe e-OrionAkulona ithikithi eliphathekayo, kunjalo, kodwa kuyindlela engokomfanekiso yokujoyina i-mission.

Inqubo ilula: vele ufake i- Ikhasi elisemthethweni le-NASA elinikezelwe kulo mkhankaso bese ugcwalisa ifomu elifushane kakhulu. Igama, isibongo kanye no-a Ikhodi ye-PIN okuyinto umsebenzisi ayikhethayo, ngokuvamile phakathi kwamadijithi amane nayisikhombisa. Leyo phinikhodi i ukhiye owodwa wokubuyisa iphasi yokugibela yedijithaliNgakho-ke, i-ejensi ixwayisa ngokuthi ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa uma ilahlekile.

Uma ifomu selithunyelwe, isistimu ikhiqiza a iphasi yokugibela yomuntu siqu ehlobene no-Arthemisi II. Kuhlanganisa igama elibhalisiwe, inombolo yenkomba, nereferensi yenhloso, abaningi ababambiqhaza ababelana ngayo ezinkundleni zokuxhumana noma abayisebenzise emisebenzini yezemfundo. I-NASA ikhuthaza ukusatshalaliswa kwalawa makhadi njengendlela yoku ukuletha ukuhlola indawo eduze nezikole, imindeni kanye nabashisekayo.

Ngokwezibalo zakamuva ezishicilelwe yile nhlangano, lolu hlelo seluhlangene amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamarekhodingekhawunta ekhula nsuku zonke. Wonke lawo magama azohlanganiswa abe elilodwa ukwesekwa kwenkumbulo ezizohlanganiswa ku-hardware yomkhumbi-mkhathi ngaphambi kokwethulwa. Phakathi nohambo lwezinsuku eziyishumi, lolo hlu lwamagama luzoqedela umzila ofanayo nabasebenzi: ukusuka ekuphakameni e-Kennedy Space Center kuya kundiza yenyanga kanye nokubuyela eMhlabeni.

Emphakathini ojwayelekile, isenzo asiwushintshi umkhondo wemishini, kodwa sisiza ukuyiqonda kangcono. Ukwazi ukuthi igama lakho lihamba e-Orion kuguqula ukusebenza okude, kobuchwepheshe kube into ene... ingxenye yemizwa eseduzeIzikole eziningi eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu zisebenzisa lo mkhankaso ukusebenza ngesayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezihloko zokuhlola nabafundi bazo.

Uhlelo olunokubambezeleka, kodwa olunomgwaqo ocacile oya eNyangeni nakuMars.

U-Artemis II uye wahlupheka ukuhlehliswa okuningana Mayelana nezinsuku zayo zokuqala ezihlosiwe, ebezincike ekuvuthweni kwerokhethi ye-SLS, ukuqinisekiswa komkhumbi-mkhathi we-Orion, nezinye izici zohlelo, i-NASA manje ibeka umkhankaso efasiteleni elinwebeka kuze kube... Ephreli 2026, okubekwe kuqala ekuqaliseni kuphela uma wonke amasistimu eselungile.

Le ndiza iyibhuloho eliqonde ngqo U-Artemis III, umsebenzi ofisa ukufeza i Ukufika kwenyanga okokuqala ngqa kusukela ngo-1972 kusetshenziswa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, umnikazi wendawo ohlinzekwe yimboni ezimele. Ukuze kufinyelelwe kulelo phuzu, u-Arthemisi II kufanele akubonise lokho i-SLS-Orion suite kanye nezinhlelo zasemhlabeni Asebenza ngokwethembeka nabantu abasemkhunjini: kusukela ekusekelweni kwempilo kuya kwezokuxhumana, okuhlanganisa ukuzulazula nokuziphatha kwesakhiwo ezigabeni ezidinga kakhulu zohambo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-NASA igcizelela ukuthi uhlelo lwe-Artemis alulandeli izinjongo zesayensi kuphela. I-ejensi ikhuluma ngayo okutholakele, izinzuzo zezomnotho kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe Lezi zinguquko zingaba nemiphumela emikhakheni eminingi emhlabeni jikelele, kusukela ezintweni ezintsha kuye kumandla nezinhlelo zezokwelapha. Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nesinyathelo esinjena amashumi eminyaka, ukwesekwa kwezombusazwe kufanele kuhambisane nokusekelwa umphakathi.

Ngakho-ke umzamo wokugcina a okwabiwe indaba yokuhlolaUkufaka amagama enkumbulweni ezozungeza iNyanga, ukuvula idatha yesayensi kumphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokuhlanganisa ozakwethu abafana ne-ESA zonke izingcezu zesu elifanayo: ukukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlola kwenyanga akuwona umsebenzi wezwe elilodwa noma i-elite, kodwa umzamo ohlangene. inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yezikhungo, amabhizinisi kanye nezakhamizi.

Njengoba u-Arthemisi II eseduze nje, inhlanganisela ye ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele, ukuhlola kokuqala, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, nokubamba iqhaza komphakathi Iveza inhloso emfushane ngesikhathi, kodwa enemithelela ebalulekile. Kulabo ababukele besuka eSpain noma kuphi eYurophu, umuzwa uwukuthi ukubuyela eNyangeni akuselona nje ikhasi ezincwadini zomlando: kuyinqubo ephilayo, eqhubekayo lapho kungenzeka khona ukuzibandakanya, ngisho nangokushiya into elula njengegama elihamba ngaphakathi kwe-Orion.