Umjikelezo cell kuyinto Anabolic noma inqubo catabolic.

El umjikelezo weseli Kuyinqubo eyisisekelo empilweni yamangqamuzana, kokubili ezintweni eziphilayo ezi-unicellular kanye nasezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Kungalo mjikelezo lapho iseli likhula khona, liphindaphindeke futhi lihlukanise ukuze likhiqize amaseli amasha. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo umjikelezo weseli inqubo Anabolic noma catabolic? Kulesi sihloko sizohlola lo mbuzo ngokuningiliziwe kusuka endleleni yobuchwepheshe kanye nethoni engathathi hlangothi, sihlaziya izici nezigaba. yomjikelezo wamaseli ukunquma ukuthi kuyinqubo Anabolic noma catabolic.

– Isingeniso kumjikelezo wamaseli nokubaluleka kwawo ezintweni eziphilayo

Umjikelezo umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo ibalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo, ngoba iqinisekisa ukukhula, ukulungiswa nokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana. Lo mjikelezo wakhiwe uchungechunge lwezehlakalo eziqondisiwe ezivumela amaseli ukuthi aphindaphinde izinto zawo zofuzo futhi ahlukanise abe amaseli amadodakazi amabili. Ngale nqubo, umzimba ungakhula futhi ugcine i-homeostasis yawo.

Ukubaluleka komjikelezo weseli kusemandleni ayo okuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwezingxenye zamangqamuzana kumaseli amantombazane ngesikhathi sokuzala. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okufanele kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi, njengoba kuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwezicubu ezihlelekile nezitho zomzimba. Ukwengeza, umjikelezo wamaseli ulawula ukwanda kwamaseli, ukuvimbela ukukhula ngokweqile noma ukwakheka kwesimila.

Umjikelezo weseli uqukethe izigaba ezihlukene, ngasinye sinezici ezithile nezehlakalo. Lezi zigaba zihlanganisa isigaba se-G1 (lapho ingqamuzana likhula futhi lilungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA), isigaba sika-S (lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezintsha zofuzo kwenzeka) kanye nesigaba se-G2 (lapho iseli lilungiselela ukuhlukana). Ekugcineni, umjikelezo ufinyelela umvuthwandaba ngesigaba esingu-M, lapho ukuhlukana kwamaseli kwenzeka kumaseli amantombazane amabili afanayo. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi umjikelezo weseli ulawulwa kahle yizinqubo zokulawula, eziqinisekisa ubuqotho nokuzinza kwezakhi zofuzo.

Kafushane, umjikelezo wamaseli uyinqubo ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo. Ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo ezihleliwe, amaseli angakhula, alungise, futhi akhiqize kabusha. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okufanele kwezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kanye nokugcina i-homeostasis. Umjikelezo wamaseli ulawulwa izindlela zokulawula eziqinisekisa ubuqotho bofuzo lwamaseli futhi zivimbele ukukhula okungalawuleki. Ukwazi nokuqonda umjikelezo wamangqamuzana kubalulekile ukuze uqonde isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.

- Qonda i-anabolic kanye nemvelo ye-catabolic yomjikelezo weseli

Umjikelezo wamaseli uyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuqinisekisa ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kwamaseli. Ukuqonda i-anabolic kanye nemvelo ye-catabolic yalo mjikelezo kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi usebenza kanjani kanye nezenzakalo ezenzeka esigabeni ngasinye.

Uma sikhuluma kabanzi, isigaba se-anabolic somjikelezo wamaseli sibhekisela esigabeni lapho amangqamuzana alungiselela ukuhlukana futhi akhule ngokuphawulekayo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ama-molecule nezingxenye zamangqamuzana ezidingekayo ukuze kuphindaphindwe izinto zofuzo kanye nokwakheka kwamangqamuzana amantombazane amabili ayahlanganiswa futhi aqoqwe. Le nqubo idinga amandla aphezulu we-metabolic nokubamba iqhaza kwama-enzyme kanye nezici zokukhula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukiswa okufanele kweseli.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isigaba se-catabolic somjikelezo weseli sibhekisela esigabeni sokuwohloka nokwabiwa kabusha kwezingxenye zamaselula ezikhona. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izakhi ezingadingekile ziyasuswa, izinto ezibalulekile zigaywa kabusha, futhi iseli lilungiselelwa isigaba esilandelayo sokukhula nokuhlukaniswa. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi isigaba se-catabolic siphinde sibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekulawuleni umjikelezo weseli, njengoba sivumela ukutholwa kwamaphutha okungenzeka ku-DNA kanye nokulungiswa komonakalo ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili emjikelezweni.

- Izigaba ezibalulekile zomjikelezo weseli kanye nobudlelwano bazo nezinqubo ze-anabolic ne-catabolic

Izigaba ezibalulekile zomjikelezo wamaseli zibalulekile ekukhuleni kwamaseli nokuhlukana. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kanye nobudlelwano bazo ne-anabolic kanye nezinqubo ze-catabolic kubalulekile ukuze kuvulwe izindlela eziyisisekelo zokulawulwa kwamaselula kanye ne-homeostasis.

Isigaba sokuqala somjikelezo weseli yi-interphase, ehlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: isigaba se-G1, isigaba S kanye nesigaba se-G2. Phakathi nesigaba se-G1, iseli liyakhula futhi lihlanganise amaprotheni adingekayo ukuze i-DNA iphindaphindeke. Esigabeni sika-S, i-DNA iyaphindaphinda, ikhiqize amakhophi amabili afanayo. Esigabeni se-G2, amalungiselelo okugcina okuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ayenzeka. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izinqubo ze-anabolic, ezifana ne-protein synthesis kanye nokukhula kwamaseli, zihamba phambili.

Isigaba sesibili somjikelezo weseli yisigaba esingu-M, esaziwa ngokuthi yisigaba sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Lesi sigaba siqukethe izinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-mitosis ne-cytokinesis. Ngesikhathi se-mitosis, ama-chromosome ahlukene futhi asakazwa kumaseli amantombazane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ku-cytokinesis, kwakheka umfantu ku-cytoplasm, ehlukanisa ingqamuzana kabili. Phakathi nesigaba esingu-M, izinqubo ze-catabolic zihamba phambili, njengokucekelwa phansi kwezingxenye zeselula ukuze ziphinde zisetshenziswe ngokulandelayo.

- Isigaba se-G1 kanye nendima yaso ekuhlanganiseni izingxenye zamaselula

Isigaba se-G1 seseli sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwezingxenye zamangqamuzana. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, iseli lidlula isikhathi sokukhula nokuzilungiselela ngaphambi kokungena emjikelezweni wokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, kwenzeka izinqubo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kweseli nokusebenza.

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zesigaba se-G1 ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingqamuzana lihlanganisa amaprotheni adingekayo ukuze likhule futhi lisebenze. Lawa maprotheni adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kwengqamuzana, kanye nasekulawuleni izinqubo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni esigabeni se-G1 kuhilela ukulotshwa kwe-DNA kusithunywa i-RNA (mRNA), ebese sihunyushwa sibe amaprotheni kuma-ribosomes.

Ngokungeziwe ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni, isigaba se-G1 sibalulekile futhi ekuphindaphindweni kwezinto zofuzo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ingqamuzana lihlola i-DNA yalo ukuze libone amaphutha nomonakalo, bese livula izindlela zokulungisa ezihambisanayo. Ukwengeza, ilungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA esigabeni esilandelayo somjikelezo weseli, isigaba sika-S Esinembile sokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA sibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amangqamuzana endodakazi anolwazi olufanayo nolwengqamuzana lomama.

Kafushane, isigaba se-G1 sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zamaselula. Ngalesi sigaba, ukwakheka kwamaprotheni adingekayo ekukhuleni kweseli nokusebenza kwenzeka, kanye nokuphindaphinda okunembile kwe-DNA. Lezi zinqubo zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuphileni kwengqamuzana, okuqinisekisa ukuthi amangqamuzana endodakazi athola ifa ulwazi lofuzo kanye nezingxenye ezidingekayo ukuze enze. imisebenzi yayo okwebhayoloji.

- Isigaba S kanye nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA: Inqubo eyisisekelo ye-anabolic

Isigaba sika-S somjikelezo wamaseli siyisigaba esibalulekile enqubweni yokuphindaphinda i-DNA, esibalulekile ekukhuleni okufanele nokuthuthuka kwezinto eziphilayo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ukuhlanganiswa kwezingcezu ezintsha ze-DNA kuyenziwa, okuvumela ulwazi lofuzo ukuba luphindwe futhi ludluliselwe kumangqamuzana endodakazi ngokunembayo nangaphandle kwamaphutha. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-DNA replication, iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuhlukaneni kwamangqamuzana futhi ibalulekile ekugcineni ukuqina kwezakhi zofuzo.

Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kuyinqubo ye-anabolic, okusho ukuthi kudinga amandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-molecule angaphambili ukuze kuhlanganiswe ama-polymers e-DNA amasha. Phakathi nesigaba sika-S, umshini wamangqamuzana uhlelwa kahle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphindaphindwa okunembile kwe-DNA double helix. I-enzyme i-DNA polymerase inesibopho sokuhlanganisa ama-nucleotide ngamanye, yakhe iketango elihambisanayo kumucu wokuqala we-DNA. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka kuwo wonke amaseli omzimba wethu futhi kuyinqubo elawulwa kakhulu ukugwema amaphutha kanye nokulimala kolwazi lofuzo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA okulungile, inqubo yokuphindaphinda ilandela uchungechunge lwezigaba. Lezi zigaba zihlanganisa ukwakheka kwemfoloko yokuphindaphinda, lapho imicu ye-DNA ihlukana futhi isebenza njengezifanekiso zokuhlanganiswa kwemicu emisha ehambisanayo. Njengoba ukuphindaphinda kuqhubeka, imicu ye-DNA ewumphumela iba mifishane ekugcineni kwayo. Ukuvimbela ukulahleka kolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo, ukulandelana kwe-DNA ekugcineni kwama-chromosome kuvikelwa kusetshenziswa izifunda ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-telomere. Lawa ma-telomere adlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho be-genomic futhi ukusebenza kwawo okulungile kuyisihluthulelo sokugwema izifo ezihambisana nokungaqini kwezakhi zofuzo, njengomdlavuza.

– Isigaba se-G2 kanye nokulungiselela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli: Indlela ye-Catabolic

Isigaba se-G2 somjikelezo wamaseli siyisigaba esibalulekile enqubweni yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, lapho amangqamuzana alungiselelwa ngokucophelela isigaba esilandelayo, i-mitosis. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ze-biochemical kanye ne-metabolic zenzeka ezivumela ukuhlanganiswa okufanele kwezingxenye ezidingekayo ekuhlukaniseni amaseli. Endleleni ye-catabolic yesigaba se-G2, izinqubo zokuwohloka nokuwohloka kwama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi ziyenziwa, ukukhulula amandla nokukhulula izingxenye ezibalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.

Enye yezinqubo ezibalulekile endleleni ye-catabolic yesigaba se-G2 ukuhlakazeka kwamaprotheni angadingeki noma alimele ngaphakathi kweseli. Lokhu kufezwa ngesenzo sama-proteolytic enzymes, aphula izibopho ze-peptide zamaprotheni, akhiphe ama-amino acid angasetshenziswa kabusha ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni amasha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nesigaba se-G2, ukuwohloka okulawulwayo kwama-organelles amaselula amaningi, njenge-mitochondria nama-peroxisomes, kwenzeka ngezinqubo ezifana ne-autophagy. Le ndlela yokuvuselela amaselula ivumela ama-organelles alimele noma angasebenzi kahle ukuba aqedwe, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izingxenye ezisebenza kahle kuphela ezibamba iqhaza ekuhlukaniseni amaseli.

- Isigaba se-M kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye zamaselula: Umbono we-Catabolic

Isigaba esingu-M kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye zeselula: Umbono we-Catabolic

Isigaba esingu-M, esaziwa nangokuthi isigaba sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli noma i-mitosis, siyinqubo ebalulekile empilweni yamaseli. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, amaseli ahlukana abe amaseli amantombazane amabili afanayo, ngalinye linesethi ephelele yama-chromosome. Kodwa-ke, isigaba se-M asibandakanyi kuphela ukuhlukaniswa kwe-nucleus yeseli, kodwa futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye zamaselula ezingeni le-catabolic. Okulandelayo, sizohlola ukuthi lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwenzeka kanjani kanye nokubaluleka kwakho kubhayoloji yamaseli.

Ukuze isigaba esingu-M sibe yimpumelelo, kubalulekile ukuthi izingxenye zamaselula zihlukane. ngempumelelo. Esinye sezehlakalo zokuqala kulokhu kuhlukana ukunyamalala kolwelwesi lwenuzi, okuvumela ama-chromosome ukuba ahlukane futhi athuthele ngasezigxotsheni zengqamuzana. Njengoba ama-chromosome ehamba, imicu yokuphotha e-achromatic iyawahlela futhi iwaqondanise endaweni yenkabazwe yeseli. Uma isiqondisiwe, i-chromosome ngayinye ihlukana ibe ama-chromatid amabili, abese ehudulelwa ezigxotsheni eziphambene zeseli.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye zamaselula esigabeni se-M kuyinqubo elawulwa kakhulu elawulwa yizinhlobonhlobo zamaprotheni athile. Phakathi kwalawa maprotheni kukhona ama-cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umjikelezo wamaseli. Lawa ma-kinase alawula ukuqhubeka kwesigaba se-M futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izehlakalo zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli zenzeka ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngaphandle kwama-kinases, ezinye izakhi zamaselula ezifana ne-endoplasmic reticulum kanye ne-Golgi apparatus nazo zibamba iqhaza ekuhlukaniseni izingxenye zamaselula phakathi nesigaba se-M.

- Ukubaluleka kokulawulwa kanye nokuxhumana kwezigaba ze-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic zomjikelezo weseli

Izigaba ze-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic zomjikelezo weseli ziyizinqubo ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle nokukhula kwamaseli. Ukulawulwa nokuxhumana kwalezi zigaba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe i-homeostasis yamangqamuzana nokugwema ukuphazamiseka okungase kubangele izifo noma izimo ezingavamile. Ngalo mqondo, isidingo sesakhiwo esihlelwe kahle kanye nemisebenzi eqinisekisa ibhalansi eyanele phakathi kwe-anabolic kanye nemisebenzi ye-catabolic iyagqanyiswa.

Ukulawulwa komjikelezo weseli kwenziwa ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokubonisa amangqamuzana, lapho amaprotheni ahlukahlukene kanye nezici zokulawula kungenelela. Lezi zingxenye zisebenza ezigabeni ezihlukene zomjikelezo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izigaba ze-anabolic ne-catabolic zenzeka ngendlela ehlelekile futhi elandelanayo. Kulo mongo, ukubaluleka kwe-cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) kanye nama-cyclin proteins kungagqanyiswa, okwenza izingxube ezisebenzayo ezilawula ukuguquka phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukene zomjikelezo weseli.

Ukulawulwa okulungile nokuxhumana kwezigaba ze-anabolic ne-catabolic zomjikelezo weseli kuvumela amaseli ukuthi ahlukane futhi akhule ngendlela elawulwayo. Phakathi nesigaba se-anabolic, amaseli ahlanganisa amaprotheni, i-lipids kanye nama-nucleic acid, okubavumela ukuba bakhulise isisindo sabo futhi baphindaphinde izinto zabo zofuzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi nesigaba se-catabolic, ingqamuzana ihlukanisa ama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi abe izakhiwo ezilula, akhiqize amandla nama-molecule adingekayo ezinqubweni ze-metabolic. Lokhu kuhlangana kwezigaba kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi ku imetabolism yamaseli futhi uqinisekise ukusebenza kwayo ngendlela efanele.

Sengiphetha, ukulawulwa kanye nokuxhumana kwezigaba ze-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic zomjikelezo wamaseli kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis nokukhula kwamaseli. Ngokulawulwa okuqinile kwamangqamuzana nokungenelela kwamaprotheni alawulayo, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi amangqamuzana ahlukanisa futhi akhule ngendlela elawulwayo, egwema ukuphazamiseka noma izifo. Ukubaluleka kwalo mthethonqubo kulele ekugcineni ibhalansi eyanele phakathi kwe-anabolic kanye nemisebenzi ye-catabolic, okuvumela ukusebenza kahle nokuthuthukiswa kwamaseli.

- Okushiwo ukungalingani ku-anabolic kanye nezinqubo ze-catabolic zomjikelezo weseli

Izinqubo ze-Anabolic kanye ne-catabolic zibalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi emjikelezweni weseli. Ukubandakanyeka kokungalingani kulezi zinqubo kungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile ekuvuselelweni kwezicubu, ukukhula kwamangqamuzana nokwanda.

Ukungalingani ezinqubweni Anabolic kungaholela ekuqongeleleni ngokweqile biomolecules, ezifana lipids, amaprotheni kanye nucleic acid. Lokhu kungabangela ukwanda kwamangqamuzana futhi kungase kubangele izifo ezifana nokukhuluphala nomdlavuza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungalingani kwezinqubo ze-catabolic kungabangela ukuwohloka okunganele kwama-biomolecules, okungaba nomthelela omubi ekutholeni amandla okusebenza kwamaselula.

Okubalulekile, kokubili izinqubo Anabolic kanye catabolic kumele zilawulwe kahle ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi efanele emjikelezweni cell. Ukulawulwa okungalungile kungaba nemiphumela elimazayo ekuphindaphindeni kwe-DNA, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, kanye nokusebenza kwayo yonke into ephilayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda izindlela ezilawula lezi zinqubo futhi ubheke izindlela zokulungisa ukungalingani ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamangqamuzana nokuvikela izifo ezihlobene.

- Izincomo zokugcina imisebenzi eyanele ye-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic phakathi nomjikelezo weseli

Umsebenzi we-Anabolic kanye ne-catabolic phakathi nomjikelezo weseli ubalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yeselula efanele. Lapha sikunikeza izincomo ezithile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi le misebenzi iyenziwa. ngempumelelo:

1. Gcina ukudla okulinganiselayo: Ukudla ukudla okulinganiselayo kubalulekile ukunikeza umzimba imisoco edingekayo. Qinisekisa ukuthi ufaka amaprotheni ikhwalithi ephezulu, njengenyama engenamafutha, inhlanzi, amaqanda nobisi. Futhi, ungakhohlwa ukudla ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi namafutha anempilo ukuze unikeze amandla futhi usekele ukusebenza kwamaselula.

2. Zivocavoce umzimba njalo: Umsebenzi womzimba uvuselela umsebenzi we-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic kumaseli. Ukwenza ukuqeqeshwa kwamandla, okufana nokuphakamisa izinsimbi, nokuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic, njengokugijima noma ukubhukuda, kuthuthukisa kokubili ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni kanye nokuwohloka kwama-molecule eselula alimele. Khumbula ukuthi ukungaguquguquki kwezemidlalo kubalulekile ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle.

3. Gcina ikhwalithi enhle yokulala: Phakathi nomjikelezo wamangqamuzana, umzimba wenza izinqubo eziningi zokulungisa nokuvuselela amangqamuzana, ezithandwa ukulala ngokwanele. Zama ukulala phakathi kwamahora angu-7 nangu-8 ngosuku endaweni emnyama nethule, ugweme ukuchayeka ezintweni zikagesi ngaphambi kokuyolala. Ukuphumula kwekhwalithi kuzosiza ukugcina ibhalansi efanele phakathi komsebenzi we-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic.

- Umjikelezo wamaseli kanye nobudlelwano bawo nezifo ezihlobene ne-metabolism yamaselula

Umjikelezo weseli kanye nobudlelwano bayo nezifo ezihlobene imetabolism yamaseli

Umjikelezo wamangqamuzana uyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi echaza izigaba ingqamuzana elidlula kuzo ukusuka ekwakhekeni kwalo ukuya ekwehlukaneni kwalo libe amaseli amantombazane amabili. Lo mjikelezo uqukethe izigaba ezine eziyinhloko: isigaba se-G1, isigaba se-S, isigaba se-G2, nesigaba se-M Phakathi nesigaba se-G1, iseli liyakhula futhi lenze imisebenzi yalo evamile. Esigabeni sika-S, i-DNA yeseli iyaphindwa ukuze ingqamuzana ngalinye lendodakazi libe nekhophi ephelele yezakhi zofuzo. Isigaba se-G2 yisigaba sokulungiselela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, lapho ingqamuzana ikhulisa ubukhulu bayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni adingekayo ekuhlukaniseni kwenzeka. Ekugcineni, esigabeni esingu-M, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kwenzeka, lapho ama-chromosome asatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaseli endodakazi.

Izifo ezihlobene ne-metabolism yamaselula zingathinta umjikelezo wamaseli ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic kungashintsha izindlela ze-metabolic ezihlinzeka ngama-substrates adingekayo ekukhuleni kwamaseli nokuhlukana, okungaphazamisa umjikelezo. umakhalekhukhwini ojwayelekile. Ukwengeza, ezinye izifo ze-metabolic zingabangela ukulimala kwe-DNA, okuholela ekuguquleni nasekuziphatheni okungavamile kwe-chromosomal okuthinta ukwethembeka kokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA phakathi nesigaba sika-S ukulawula umjikelezo weseli, njengokuboshwa kwesigaba se-G1 noma i-apoptosis, ukuvimbela ukwanda kwamaseli awonakele.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi izingxenye ezithile zomjikelezo wamaseli zingadlala indima ku-pathogenesis yezifo ze-metabolic. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi iphrotheni ye-p53, umlawuli oyinhloko womjikelezo weseli, nayo ihileleke ekulawuleni i-metabolism kanye ne-homeostasis yamandla yamaseli. Ukuguqulwa komsebenzi we-p53 kungase kube nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezifo ze-metabolic ezifana nokumelana ne-insulin nokukhuluphala. Lokhu okutholakele kuqokomisa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi komjikelezo weseli kanye ne-metabolism yamangqamuzana, nokubaluleka kokuqonda lobu budlelwano ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nezindlela zokwelapha izifo ezihlobene ne-metabolic metabolism.

- Intuthuko yesayensi ukuqonda futhi modulate Anabolic kanye catabolic izinqubo emjikelezweni cell

Intuthuko yesayensi emkhakheni we-cell biology ivumele ukuqonda okukhulu nokulawulwa kwezinqubo ze-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic emjikelezweni weseli. Lezi zinqubo zibalulekile ekukhuleni kweseli nokuhlukana, futhi ukuqonda ukuthi alawulwa futhi ahlelwa kanjani kube yisihloko esithakazelisayo socwaningo kososayensi.

Enye yentuthuko enkulu ifinyelelwe ngokusebenzisa amasu e-fluorescence microscopy, avumela ama-molecule abalulekile abandakanyeka kuzinqubo ze-anabolic ne-catabolic ukuthi zibonwe futhi zilandelelwe. Lokhu kunikeze ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kokuthi amaprotheni nama-enzyme asebenzisana kanjani futhi alawule umsebenzi wamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwasungulwa izimpawu ze-fluorescent ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukulebula nokulandela isiphetho sama-molecule athile ngesikhathi somjikelezo weseli.

Enye inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile kube ukutholakala kwezindlela ezintsha zokusayina ze-intracellular ezilawula izinqubo ze-anabolic ne-catabolic. Lezi zindlela zibandakanya ukwenziwa kusebenze kanye nokuvala ukusebenza kwamaprotheni nama-enzyme ahlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa i-phosphorylation kanye nokuwohloka kwamaprotheni. Ukwengeza, izici zokulotshwa kanye nama-molecule alawulayo abamba iqhaza ekuguquleni lezi zinqubo akhonjiwe. Ulwazi lwalezi zindlela zokubonisa lusivumela ukuba siklame amasu okwelapha okwelapha izifo ezihlobene nokungalingani kwezinqubo ze-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic.

- Imibono yesikhathi esizayo: Umjikelezo wamaseli njengendlela yokwelapha ezifweni ze-metabolic

Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, umjikelezo wamaseli ukhonjwe njengendlela yokwelapha ethembisayo yokubhekana nezifo ze-metabolic. Njengoba ukuqonda kwethu izinqubo ezihilelekile emjikelezweni wamaseli kujula, kuye kwatholakala izindlela zokwelapha ezimbalwa ezingase zibe nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yabantu abathintwe yilezi zinhlobo zezifo.

Umbono wesikhathi esizayo ocwaningweni lwezifo ze-metabolic ukwakhiwa kwezidakamizwa ezishintsha ngokukhetha amaprotheni abalulekile emjikelezweni weseli. Le mithi ingakwazi ukuguqula ukwanda kwamaseli okungalawuleki okubonwa ezifweni ze-metabolic ezifana nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, ukukhuluphala, nokungazweli kwe-insulin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulindeleke ukuthi izidakamizwa eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuhlukana kwamaseli zingasetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo ze-metabolic ezihlobene nokukhula kwezicubu okungavamile.

Enye indlela ethembisayo emibonweni yesikhathi esizayo ukusetshenziswa kokwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukulungisa ukukhubazeka kofuzo okuhilelekile ezifweni ze-metabolic. Ukuhlonzwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokulawula umjikelezo wamangqamuzana kusinikeza ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa izindlela zokwelapha zofuzo ezingabuyisela ibhalansi emjikelezweni wamaseli oshintshiwe kulezi zifo.

- Iziphetho ku-anabolic kanye nemvelo ye-catabolic yomjikelezo weseli

Sengiphetha, umjikelezo weseli uyinqubo elawulwa kakhulu ehlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: isigaba se-anabolic kanye nesigaba se-catabolic. Phakathi nesigaba se-anabolic, amaseli anikezelwe ekuhlanganiseni nasekuphindaphindeni izingxenye zawo, njenge-DNA namaprotheni adingekayo ekukhuleni kweseli nokuhlukana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi nesigaba se-catabolic, ukuwohloka nokubhujiswa kwama-molecule eselula atholakalayo kwenzeka. Lezi zigaba zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okuyikho kanye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo ngamangqamuzana amaningi.

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi zombili izigaba zomjikelezo weseli zihlobene eduze futhi zilawulwa ngokunembile. Phakathi nesigaba se-anabolic, amaseli aqongelela amandla nezakhi ezidingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuhlukaniseni kwabo esikhathini esizayo. Ukwengeza, amakhophi aqondile wezakhi zofuzo akhiqizwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa okufanele kolwazi lofuzo. Ngokuphambene, phakathi nesigaba se-catabolic, amangqamuzana ehlisa ama-molecule amakhulu, ayinkimbinkimbi abe izinto ezilula ezingasetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla nezinto zokwakha zokwenziwa kwama-biomolecule amasha.

Ngamafuphi, umjikelezo weseli yinqubo eguquguqukayo futhi elawulwa kakhulu ehilela kokubili isigaba se-anabolic kanye nesigaba se-catabolic. Zombili lezi zigaba zibalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekulondolozeni izinto eziphilayo. Ngokuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa nokuwohloka kwama-molecule, amangqamuzana angakwazi ukulawula ubukhulu bawo, aphindaphinde izinto zawo zofuzo, futhi akhiqize ama-biomolecules adingekayo ukuze asebenze. Ukuqonda nokufunda lezi zigaba ezimbili zomjikelezo wamangqamuzana kubalulekile ukuze uqonde izindlela ezibusa ukuqhubekela phambili kanye ne-homeostasis yezinto eziphilayo.

Imibuzo Nezimpendulo

Q: Ingabe umjikelezo cell kuyinto Anabolic noma inqubo catabolic?
A: Umjikelezo wamaseli kuyinqubo ye-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic lapho amaseli edlula uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezihlanganisa ukuphindwaphindwa kwezakhi zawo zofuzo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okulandelanayo abe amaseli amadodakazi amabili.

Q: Kusho ukuthini ukuthi umjikelezo weseli ube yi-anabolic?
A: Isigaba se-anabolic somjikelezo weseli sibandakanya ukuhlanganiswa nokwakhiwa kwezingxenye zamangqamuzana, njengamaprotheni, ama-enzyme, nama-nucleic acid. Ngalesi sigaba, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni adingekayo ekukhuleni kweseli nokuthuthuka kwenzeka.

Q: Ngabe isigaba se-anabolic somjikelezo weseli sithuthuka kanjani?
A: Phakathi nesigaba se-anabolic, esaziwa ngokuthi yi-interphase, iseli lilungiselela ukwehlukana ngezigaba ezintathu: isigaba se-G1, isigaba sika-S, kanye nesigaba se-G2. Phakathi nesigaba se-G1, iseli liyakhula futhi lihlanganise amaprotheni adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe umzimba kanye nokusebenza kwamaselula. Esigabeni S, i-DNA iphindwe kabili, futhi esigabeni se-G2, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni nama-organelles adingekayo ekuhlukaniseni kwamaseli kwenzeka.

Q: Kusho ukuthini ukuthi umjikelezo weseli ube yi-catabolic?
A: Isigaba se-catabolic somjikelezo weseli sibandakanya ukucekelwa phansi kwezingxenye zeselula ukuze ziphinde zisetshenziswe noma ziqedwe. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, amaprotheni nama-organelles amaselula awonakala ngezinqubo ezifana ne-autophagy ne-phagocytosis.

Q: Kuyini ukubaluleka umjikelezo cell kokuba Anabolic futhi catabolic?
A: Inhlanganisela yezigaba ze-anabolic kanye ne-catabolic emjikelezweni weseli ibalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekugcinweni kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi. Isigaba se-anabolic sivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezintsha zamaselula, kuyilapho isigaba se-catabolic sivumela ukuqedwa kwezakhiwo ezilimele noma ezingadingekile.

Q: Kwenzekani uma ibhalansi phakathi kwezigaba ze-anabolic ne-catabolic zomjikelezo weseli kuphazamiseka?
A: Uma ibhalansi phakathi kwezigaba ze-anabolic ne-catabolic zomjikelezo weseli kuphazamiseka, izinkinga ezifana nokukhula kwamaseli okungalawuleki, ukwakheka kwesimila noma ukuwohloka kwamaseli kungavela. Ukugcina izimiso ezanele phakathi kwazo zombili izigaba kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okwanele kwamangqamuzana nokulondoloza impilo yezinto eziphilayo.

Indlela Eya Phambili

Kafushane, kusobala ukuthi umjikelezo weseli iyinqubo ye-anabolic ne-catabolic ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekugcinweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngezigaba zayo ezihlukene, njengesigaba se-G1, S, G2 kanye ne-M, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, ukuphindaphindeka kwamaseli kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinto zofuzo. Le nqubo emangalisayo futhi elawulwa kakhulu ivumela ukuthuthukiswa nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu, kanye nokulungiswa komonakalo we-DNA. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa komjikelezo wamaseli kungaholela ekuveleni kwezifo ezinjengomdlavuza. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokuphenya nokuhlolisisa izindlela ezilawula le nqubo ukuze siqonde futhi ekugcineni sithuthuke izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ekwelapheni izifo ezihlobene nokwanda kwamangqamuzana okungalawuleki. Ucwaningo lomjikelezo wamaseli luyaqhubeka nokuba yinsika eyisisekelo yebhayoloji yamangqamuzana futhi ukuqonda kwawo kuvula iminyango yomhlaba wamathuba emkhakheni wezokwelapha kanye nezakhi zofuzo.