Ama-alleles amaningi noma i-polyallely isenzakalo sofuzo esihilela ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezimbili ze-allelic zofuzo oluthile emphakathini othile. Lesi simo sibonisa ubunkimbinkimbi obengeziwe ocwaningweni lwefa, njengoba i-allele ngayinye ingaba nomthelela ohlukile kusici esibonakalayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izibonelo nokuzivocavoca ahlobene nama-alleles amaningi, ehlaziya ukubaluleka kwawo kufuzo kanye nomthelela wawo ezinhlobonhlobo zezici ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene. Ngokuqonda le mibono, sizokwazi ukuthola umbono ophelele wofuzo nokuhlukahluka kofuzo ezintweni eziphilayo.
1. Isingeniso kuma-alleles amaningi noma ama-polyallely
Ama-allele amaningi noma i-polyallely ayindlela yefa lapho isakhi sofuzo esinama-alleles angaphezu kwamabili esibalweni sabantu. Ngokungafani nama-allele anamandla naguquguqukayo, lapho kungaba khona ukuhlukahluka okubili kuphela, kuma-allele amaningi kukhona okuhlukile okungaba khona okuthathu noma ngaphezulu kofuzo olunikeziwe. Lawa ma-alleles angatholakala endaweni efanayo ye-chromosomal futhi anesibopho sezinhlobonhlobo zezimpawu ze-phenotypic.
Kulolu hlobo lwefa, umuntu ngamunye angaba namakhophi amabili kuphela ofuzo, kodwa kunama-allele amaningana ahlukene angakhetha kuwo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu ngamunye angaba nenhlanganisela ehlukene yama-allele ku-genome yawo. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhi sofuzo esinquma umbala wamehlo singase sibe nama-alleles wamehlo aluhlaza, aluhlaza, nansundu. Lapho ama-allele angaphezu kwamabili ezuzwa njengefa, ama-phenotypes ahlukene angakhiqizwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuvela kwezici eziningi zofuzo olulodwa kungenzeka.
Umqondo wama-alleles amaningi uyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kubantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-alleles amaningi angaphinde ahlanganyele wodwa kanye nemvelo ukucacisa i-phenotype yokugcina yomuntu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izakhi zofuzo ezinama-alleles amaningi, kodwa lezo ezihlinzeka ngokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo futhi zifaka isandla ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
2. Incazelo kanye nezici zama-alleles amaningi
Ama-allele amaningi awuhlobo lwefa lofuzo lapho isici esithile silawulwa ama-allele angaphezu kwamabili ahlukene. Esikhundleni sokuba nezinketho ezimbili ezingenzeka (ezibusayo neziphindaphindayo), njengasefa le-Mendelian, ama-allele amaningi angaveza izinketho ezingaphezu kwezimbili zesici esithile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zofuzo ezingaba nomthelela ekuvezweni kwesici esinikeziwe.
A
Izici eziningi ze-allele zifaka phakathi ubukhona bama-allele angaphezu kwamabili ophawu oluthile esibalweni sabantu. Lawa ma-alleles angaba namandla, aphindaphindeke noma alawule ngokuhlanganyela. Ama-alleles abusayo avezwa kubantu abangabodwana be-heterozygous, kuyilapho ama-allele aphindaphindayo avezwa kuphela kubantu aba-homozygous abaphindaphindayo.
A
Isibonelo esivamile sama-alleles amaningi uhlobo lwegazi kubantu. Kulesi simo, kukhona ama-alleles amathathu ahlukene (A, B kanye no-O) anquma izinhlobo zegazi A, B, AB kanye no-O. Ama-Alleles A no-B alawula ngokuhlanganyela, okusho ukuthi kokubili kuvezwa kubantu abane-heterozygous abanawo womabili ama-allele, okuholela ohlotsheni lwegazi le-AB.
3. Izibonelo zama-alleles amaningi ezintweni eziphilayo
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1. Kubantu, isibonelo sama-alleles amaningi sitholakala ohlotsheni lwegazi. Uhlelo lweqembu legazi le-ABO lunqunywa ama-alleles amathathu ahlukene: IA, IB kanye ne. I-genotype ewumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwalawa ma-allele inquma uhlobo lweqembu legazi umuntu analo. Isibonelo, umuntu angase abe ne-genotype IAIA, IAi, IBIB, IBi, IAIB, noma ii-ii, enquma ukuthi iqembu lakhe legazi ngu-A, B, AB, noma O.
2. Esinye isibonelo sama-alleles amaningi siyatholakala konogwaja. Ufuzo olunquma umbala wejazi konogwaja lunama-alleles amaningi, okuhlanganisa i-allele engu-C evelele yombala wejazi elivamile, i-chinchilla allele cch ye-chinchilla coat, kanye ne-Himalayan allele chl yejazi lase-Himalaya. Inhlanganisela yalawa ma-allele ku-genotype kanogwaja inquma umbala nephethini yejazi elibonisayo.
3. Ezitshalweni zepea, umbala wembali nawo unqunywa ama-alleles amaningi. Isibonelo, umbala wembali ungaba obomvu, omhlophe noma onsomi. I-allele engu-R inquma umbala obomvu, i-W allele inquma umbala omhlophe, bese i-V allele inquma umbala we-violet. Inhlanganisela yalezi alleles ku-genotype inquma umbala wembali evezwayo.
Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela yama-alleles ahlukene kuhlobo lohlobo lwe-genotype ingadala kanjani ukuhluka kwezici ze-phenotypic, njengeqembu legazi, umbala wejazi noma umbala wembali. Ucwaningo lwama-alleles amaningi lubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kanye nefa lezici eziphilayo.
4. Incazelo enemininingwane yezinqubo ze-polyallelia
I-Polyallely ingumqondo oyisisekelo kuzakhi zofuzo ochaza ukuba khona kwama-allele amaningi esakhini sofuzo. Kule ncazelo enemininingwane, sizobhekana nezinqubo ezihlukene ezingaholela ku-polyallely nokuthi lezi allele zizuzwa kanjani njengefa.
Kunezindlela eziningana ezingase zibangele i-polyallelia. Enye yazo ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, okungase kukhiqize izinhlobo ezintsha zofuzo olukhona. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezintsha noma ama-alleles angavela ngenxa yezinguquko zokulandelana kwe-DNA ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda noma ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto zofuzo zangaphandle. Enye indlela ukuhlanganisa kabusha, okubandakanya ukushintshaniswa kwezingcezu ze-DNA phakathi kwama-chromosome angama-homologous ngesikhathi sokuzalana ngokocansi. Le nqubo ingakwazi ukukhiqiza inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yama-alleles.
Inani lama-allele akhona esajeni lingahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izakhi zofuzo zinama-allele amabili ahlukene kuphela, kanti ezinye zingaba nama-allele amaningi. Lawa ma-alleles angaba yi-co-dominant, okusho ukuthi kokubili kuvezwa ku-phenotype, noma angabonisa ubuhlobo bokubusa, lapho i-allele eyodwa ibusa phezu kwamanye futhi inquma i-phenotype. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-polyallelia ayisho ngempela ukuba yinkimbinkimbi okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa kunalokho inikeza ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezakhi zofuzo.
5. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhuluma zama-alleles amaningi
Ama-alleles amaningi ayizinhlobonhlobo ezihlukile zofuzo ezitholakala endaweni efanayo kuma-chromosome angama-homologous. Lawa ma-allele amaningi angaba nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhuluma, okusho ukuthi angabonakala ngezindlela ezihlukene entweni ephilayo. Lezi zindlela ezahlukene zokukhuluma zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezahlukene.
Olunye lwezinhlobo zokuvezwa kwama-alleles amaningi ukubusa ngokubambisana, lapho womabili ama-allele evezwa ngokugcwele, ngaphandle kokuthi eyodwa ibe namandla phezu komunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi womabili ama-alleles anomthelela ekubukekeni noma ezicini zento ephilayo. Isibonelo sokubusa ngokubambisana yiqembu legazi le-AB, lapho kokubili i-allele kanye ne-B allele kuvezwa futhi kunqunywe uhlobo lwegazi.
Olunye uhlobo lokuvezwa kwama-alleles amaningi ukubusa okungaphelele, lapho kungekho neyodwa yama-alleles ebusa ngokuphelele phezu komunye. Ekubuseni okungaphelele, ama-allele amabili ayahlangana, okuholela ekubukekeni okumaphakathi. Isibonelo, ezimbalini ezipinki, ama-alleles ombala obomvu kanye nombala omhlophe abonakaliswa ngokungaphelele, akhiqiza umbala opinki.
6. Indaba eyisibonelo: izibonelo eziphathekayo zama-alleles amaningi kufuzo
Ocwaningweni lwama-alleles amaningi kuzakhi zofuzo, izibonelo ezithile ziyahlaziywa ezibonisa ubunkimbinkimbi befa lezici zofuzo. Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela ehlukene yama-alleles ingahlanganyela kanjani futhi ibe nomthelela ekuvezweni kwesici esithile.
Elinye lamacala aziwa kakhulu uhlelo lweqembu legazi le-ABO. Lolu hlelo lusekelwe kuma-alleles amathathu ahlukene: A, B kanye no-O. Kuye ngenhlanganisela yalawa maallele, umuntu angaba nohlobo lwegazi A, B, AB noma O. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu ezuza njengefa ama-allele amabili ohlobo A, izoba negazi lohlobo A; Uma ezuza njengefa uhlobo olulodwa A nohlobo olulodwa O allele, uyoba negazi lohlobo A, kodwa uyoba umthwali wohlobo O allele.
Esinye isimo sama-alleles amaningi umbala wejazi konogwaja. Kulokhu, kunama-alleles amane ahlukene anquma umbala wejazi: C, c(ch), c(h), kanye no-c. I-C allele inamandla futhi ikhiqiza uboya obunemibala evamile, kuyilapho u-c(ch), c(h) kanye no-c alleles bephindaphinda futhi bakhiqiza ukuhluka okuhlukile koboya obumhlophe. Ngokuya ngenhlanganisela yalezi alleles, onogwaja bangaba nombala wejazi ojwayelekile, omhlophe, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili.
7. Ukuzivocavoca okuwusizo ukuqonda ama-alleles amaningi kanye nefa lawo
Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezisebenzayo ezizokusiza uqonde ama-allele amaningi kanye nefa lawo. Lezi zivivinyo zizokuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ulwazi lwakho futhi uthuthukise ikhono lakho ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlobene nalesi sihloko.
1. Isivivinyo soku-1: Thola i-genotypes engenzeka kanye nama-phenotypes
Kulo msebenzi, uzonikezwa inkinga lapho uzonikezwa khona i-genotypes yabazali ababili futhi ucelwe ukuthi unqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini i-genotypes kanye nama-phenotypes enzalo yabo. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, kuzodingeka usebenzise imithetho yefa lama-alleles amaningi futhi wenze isiphambano se-dihybrid. Khumbula ukuthi ama-allele amaningi angaba nokubusa okuhlukile nokuthi ungasebenzisa umdwebo we-Punnett ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo imiphumela engaba khona.
2. Isivivinyo sesi-2: Bala amathuba okuba nefa
Kulo msebenzi, uzonikezwa isimo lapho uzocelwa ukuba ubale amathuba okuthola ifa lezici ezithile noma izici. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, kuzodingeka usebenzise imithetho yefa yama-alleles amaningi futhi usebenzise ithebula lamathuba. Qinisekisa ukuthi uyawuqonda umehluko phakathi kwamathuba e-genotype kanye namathuba e-phenotype, njengoba kokubili kubalulekile ekuqondeni ifa lama-alleles amaningi.
3. Isivivinyo sesi-3: Humusha imiphumela yokuhlolwa kofuzo
Kulo msebenzi, uzonikezwa imiphumela yokuhlolwa kofuzo futhi ucelwe ukuthi utolike idatha bese ufinyelela iziphetho. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, kuzodingeka usebenzise ulwazi lwakho mayelana nama-alleles amaningi kanye nefa lawo, futhi isetshenziswa kanjani amathuluzi afana nemidwebo ye-Punnett namathebula angenzeka. Naka idatha enikeziwe futhi usebenzise amakhono akho okucabanga anengqondo ukuze uhumushe imiphumela ngendlela efanele.
Khumbula ukuzijwayeza lezi zivivinyo izikhathi ezimbalwa ukuze uqinise amakhono akho nokuqonda kwama-allele amaningi kanye nefa lawo. Ungangabazi ukuhlola izifundo ezengeziwe nezibonelo ukuze uqinise ulwazi lwakho!
8. Ukubaluleka kwama-allele amaningi ekuguquguqukeni kofuzo
Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kubalulekile ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha. Esinye sezici ezinomthelela kulokhu kuhlukahluka ama-alleles amaningi, okuyizinhlobo ezahlukene zofuzo ezikhona kubantu. Lawa ma-allele amaningi angaba nemiphumela ehlukene ezintweni eziphilayo futhi angathonya izici zawo ze-phenotypic.
Ukubaluleka kwama-allele amaningi kusekwehlukahlukaneni kwezakhi zofuzo abanegalelo esizweni. Uma kukhona ama-allele amaningi esibalweni sabantu, kukhulu ukuhlukahluka kofuzo futhi kungenzeka ukuthi inhlanganisela entsha yofuzo izovela. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngoba kuvumela ukukhethwa kwemvelo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo.
Ama-alleles amaningi angaba nemiphumela efanele ekukhulumeni kofuzo kanye nokuvela kwezifo ezithile zofuzo. Amanye ama-allele amaningi angase abe ne-recessive futhi abonakale kuphela kubantu abangabodwana be-homozygous kuleyo allele, kuyilapho abanye bengase babe namandla futhi zivezwe kubantu abangabodwana be-heterozygous. Lokhu kusebenzisana phakathi kwama-alleles amaningi kunomthelela enkingeni yefa kanye nokuhlukahluka kwe-phenotypic kubantu.
9. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-allele amaningi kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Lesi yisihloko esibalulekile kubhayoloji yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ama-allele ayizinhlobonhlobo ezihlukene zofuzo olufaka ikhodi yesici esithile. Endabeni yama-alleles amaningi, kukhona okuhlukile okungaphezulu kokubili kofuzo emphakathini. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo kuyisisekelo ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, njengoba kuvumela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuvela kwezici ezintsha.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo kungaqhutshwa izindlela ezahlukene ezihlobene nama-alleles amaningi. Enye yazo ukukhethwa kwemvelo, lapho ama-alleles athile enikeza inzuzo eguquguqukayo futhi avame kakhulu kubantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho la ma-alleles evumela abantu ukuthi baphile futhi bazalane ngempumelelo endaweni ethile.
Enye indlela ukukhukhuleka kwezakhi zofuzo, okubhekisela ekushintsheni okungahleliwe kwemvamisa yama-allele kubantu abambalwa. Uma okuhlukile kwe-allele kuvame kakhulu ngenxa yokukhukhuleka kofuzo, kungaholela ezinguqukweni ezibalulekile kubantu phakathi nezizukulwane ezimbalwa. I-Genetic drift ibonakala kakhulu kubantu abancane, lapho ukushintshashintsha okungahleliwe kungaba nomthelela omkhulu.
Ngamafuphi, iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyathakazelisa. Ama-allele amaningi avumela ukwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo kubantu, okubuye kuqhubekisele phambili ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo kanye nokukhukhuleka kofuzo. Lezi zindlela zifaka isandla ekubukeni kwezimpawu ezintsha kanye nokujwayela kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezindaweni ezihlukene.
10. Ucwaningo lwamanje kuma-allele amaningi kanye nokubandakanyeka kwawo ezifweni zofuzo
Zibaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda kangcono izakhi zofuzo zomuntu kanye nokuthuthukisa imithi esebenza ngempumelelo. Ama-allele amaningi angenye yezindlela zofuzo ezingase zibe khona endaweni ethile ku-chromosome. Lawa ma-alleles angaholela ekuhlukeni kwezici ze-phenotypic zomuntu futhi angaphinde ahlasele izifo zofuzo.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, kuye kwenziwa izifundo eziningi zokukhomba nokuqonda ama-alleles amaningi ahlobene nezifo zofuzo. Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokulandelana kwe-genomic kuye kwavumela ukuhlaziywa okunembe kakhudlwana kwama-alleles amaningi kanye nomthelela wawo ekwakhekeni kwezakhi zofuzo ezifweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuluzi athile e-bioinformatics athuthukisiwe asiza ekuchazeni nasekuhlaziyeni idatha ye-genomic.
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibonise ukuthi ama-alleles amaningi adlala indima ebalulekile ezifweni zofuzo ezifana nomdlavuza, uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 kanye nesifo i-Alzheimer's. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-allele ahlukene kungaba nomthelela we-synergistic ekukhulumeni kwe-phenotypic yezifo. Lokhu okutholakele kunemithelela ebalulekile ekuxilongweni kusenesikhathi, ukwelulekwa ngofuzo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha eziqondiswe kuma-allele athile ahilelekile esifweni ngasinye sofuzo.
11. Imiqondo ecacisayo: umehluko phakathi kwama-allele amaningi kanye nokusebenzisana kofuzo
Kuzakhi zofuzo, ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwama-allele amaningi kanye nokusebenzisana kwezakhi zofuzo kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi izici zitholakala kanjani njengefa futhi zivezwe ezintweni eziphilayo. Ama-allele amaningi abhekisela ekubeni khona kwezinye izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezimbili zofuzo emphakathini. Lawa ma-allele angase abe nemiphumela ehlukile ekukhulumeni kwe-phenotypic, okuholela ekuhlukeni okubonwayo ezicini ezizuzwe njengefa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenzisana kwezakhi zofuzo kubhekisela endleleni izakhi zofuzo ezihlukene ezisebenzisana ngayo ukuze kuthonye ukubonakaliswa kwe-phenotypic yesici. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukusebenzisana okungeziwe, ukubusa okungaphelele, noma i-epistasis. Ukusebenzisana kwezakhi zofuzo kungaholela kuma-phenotypes angenakuchazwa kalula ngokuhlaziya imiphumela yofuzo olulodwa.
Isibonelo esivamile sama-alleles amaningi kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo kofuzo kubonakala emaqenjini egazi labantu. Isakhi sofuzo esinquma amaqembu egazi sinama-allele amathathu: A, B kanye no-O. Ama-Alleles A kanye no-B alawula ngokuhlanganyela, okusho ukuthi kokubili kuvezwa ngabantu abayi-heterozygous (AB). I-O allele iyaphindaphinda futhi ayivezwa kubantu abanama-allele angu-A noma B akhona. Umphumela uba izinhlobonhlobo zamaqembu egazi angenzeka, afana no-A, B, AB kanye no-O, okuwumphumela wokusebenzelana kwalawa ma-allele amathathu.
Kafushane, umehluko phakathi kwama-alleles amaningi nokusebenzisana kofuzo usenambeni yezinye izinhlobo zofuzo nokuthi lezo zakhi zofuzo zisebenzisana kanjani ukuze zibe nomthelela ekukhulumeni kwe-phenotypic. Ukuqonda le miqondo kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ifa nokuvezwa kwezici eziphilayo. [EMD-PROMPT]
12. Ukuhlaziywa kobudlelwane phakathi kwama-allele amaningi kanye nefa le-Mendelian
Ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izici nezici zidluliselwa kanjani zisuka kwesinye isizukulwane ziye kwesinye. Kufuzo lwe-Mendelian, kubekwa ukuthi isakhi sofuzo esisodwa sinquma isici esithile nokuthi sizuzwa ngokuzimela. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, isici esithile singase sithonywe izakhi zofuzo eziningi, okuholela efa eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ukuhlaziya lobu budlelwano, kubalulekile ukutadisha ama-allele ahlukene akhona kubantu ngabanye nokuthi axhumana kanjani nomunye nomunye ukuze anqume i-phenotype ebonwayo. Ama-allele amaningi angaba namandla, aphindaphindeke noma alawule ngokuhlanganyela, okuzothinta ukuvezwa kwezici. Kuyadingeka ukwenza iziphambano futhi ubheke amaphethini wefa ukuze uhlonze ama-allele ahlukene ahilelekile futhi uqonde ukuthi ahlobene kanjani.
Ithuluzi eliwusizo kulokhu ukwakhiwa kwemidwebo ye-Punnett. Le midwebo ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngeso lengqondo iziphambano okungenzeka phakathi kwabantu ngabanye futhi ubikezele amathuba okuthi ama-allele athile azodluliselwa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kozalo kungase futhi kube usizo ekutadisheni ifa lezifo nezinye izici zofuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuvamile, ukucwaninga kwama-alleles amaningi kanye nefa le-Mendelian kudinga indlela ehlelekile kanye nokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwedatha yofuzo etholakalayo.
13. Imikhawulo kanye nezinselele ekutadisheni ama-alleles amaningi
Ucwaningo lwama-alleles amaningi lunikeza imikhawulo nezinselelo ezimbalwa okufanele zicatshangelwe ukuze kutholwe imiphumela enembile nenengqondo. Enye yezinselelo eziyinhloko ukuhlonza nokuhlukaniswa kwama-allele ahlukene akhona esakhini esithile. Lokhu kudinga ulwazi olujulile lwezakhi zofuzo kanye namasu okulandelana kwe-DNA.
Omunye umkhawulo ubunzima ekunqumeni umnikelo ohlobene we-allele ngayinye kusici esinikeziwe se-phenotypic. Lokhu kungenxa yokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwama-allele kanye nezici zemvelo, okungenza kube nzima ukuchazwa kwemiphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwama-alleles amaningi kungase kuholele ezingeni elikhulu lokuhlukahluka kuma-phenotypes abonwe.
Okokugcina, ukucwaninga kwama-alleles amaningi kungase futhi kukhawulwe ukutholakala kwamasampuli nezisetshenziswa. Ukuqoqa amasampula kubantu abahlukahlukene nokwenza ukuhlaziya okukhulu kofuzo kungadinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kwesikhathi nemali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchazwa kwemiphumela kungaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga ukubambisana kochwepheshe bezofuzo kanye ne-bioinformatics.
14. Iziphetho mayelana nama-allele amaningi nokubaluleka kwawo kufuzo lwesimanje
Ucwaningo lwama-alleles amaningi lube yisisekelo ekuqondeni nasekuchazeni ukwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo okukhona ezintweni eziphilayo. Ama-allele amaningi ayizinhlobonhlobo zesakhi sofuzo esifanayo esitholakala esixukwini futhi esingadala ama-phenotype ahlukene. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhini zofuzo zanamuhla, njengoba kusivumela ukuba siqonde ukuthi izici ezithile noma izifo zitholwa kanjani ngofuzo nokuthi ukubukeka kwazo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo kungabikezelwa kanjani.
Omunye wemiphumela eyinhloko yama-alleles amaningi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isakhi sofuzo sibe nezinhlobonhlobo ezingaphezu kwezimbili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zesakhi sofuzo zingaba khona emphakathini, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zofuzo. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kubalulekile ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngoba kuvumela ukukhethwa kwemvelo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-alleles amaningi nawo anemithelela ekutadisheni izifo zofuzo kanye kwezokwelapha okomuntu siqu. Ngokwazi izinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene zofuzo kanye nemiphumela yazo emzimbeni, kungenzeka ukunquma ubungozi bokuthola izifo ezithile bese uklama izindlela zokwelapha eziqondene nomuntu ngokwezimpawu zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye.
Sengiphetha, ama-alleles amaningi adlala indima ebalulekile kuzakhi zofuzo zanamuhla. Ucwaningo lwayo lusivumele ukuba siqonde ukwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo ezikhona kubantu, siqonde ukuthi izici ezithile noma izifo zitholwa kanjani njengefa, futhi sithuthukise ukuhlonzwa nokwelashwa kwezifo zofuzo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo okubangelwa ama-alleles amaningi kubalulekile ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nemithi yomuntu siqu. [END
Sengiphetha, ama-allele amaningi noma i-polyallely isenzakalo sofuzo esihilela ukuba khona kwama-allele angaphezu kwamabili ofuzo olunikeziwe emphakathini. Lo mqondo uyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ezinhlotsheni kanye nendlela izici ezihlukene ze-phenotypic ezibonakaliswa ngayo.
Ngezibonelo ezingokoqobo nokuzivocavoca, sihlole ukuthi lolu hlobo lwefa lofuzo lusebenza kanjani ezimweni ezihlukene, kusukela kumbala wejazi konogwaja kuya ekunqumeni kweqembu legazi kubantu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukucwaninga kwama-alleles amaningi akugcini nje ukufaka isandla ekuqondeni izakhi zofuzo, kodwa futhi kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo emikhakheni efana nemithi, ezolimo kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane.
Kafushane, ama-alleles amaningi ayindawo yocwaningo ethokozisayo esivumela ukuthi siqonde inkimbinkimbi yefa lofuzo kanye nomthelela walo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba ucwaningo lwezakhi zofuzo kanye ne-genomics luthuthuka, kungenzeka ukuthi sizothola izibonelo ezengeziwe ze-polyallely kanye nomthelela wayo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kanye nokujwayela kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.