Amanethiwekhi Ekhompyutha: Ukuthi ayini, izinhlobo zenethiwekhi nezinto

I amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha Sebephenduke indwangu ehlanganisa izimpilo zethu zedijithali. Lezi zinhlelo ezixhumene ze amakhompyutha kanye namadivayisi anika amandla ukushintshana kwedatha okungenazihibe, aguqule indlela esixhumana ngayo, esisebenza ngayo futhi sifinyelele ulwazi. Kodwa ayini ngempela amanethiwekhi wekhompyutha futhi asebenza kanjani?

Empeleni, inethiwekhi yekhompiyutha iqoqo lamasistimu ekhompiyutha axhumeke kwelinye ngochungechunge lwemishini enezintambo noma engenantambo. Lezi zinhlelo zabelana ngolwazi ngendlela ye amaphakethe edatha, idluliswa ngamandla kagesi, amaza kagesi noma ezinye izindlela ezibonakalayo. I-logic ngemuva kwalokhu kushintshana ayihlukile kakhulu kwezinye izinqubo zokuxhumana ezaziwayo: kukhona a umthumeli, a umamukeli, a umlayezo kanye nezindlela zokuyidlulisela, kanye nochungechunge lwamakhodi noma izivumelwano eziqinisekisa ukuqonda kwayo.

Izinzuzo zamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha

Amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha anikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuba namakhompyutha anenethiwekhi, kungenzeka:

• Dala ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi okuphumelelayo
• Yabelana ngendawo yokufinyelela kuyo I-inthanethi
• Phatha ama-peripherals afana amaphrinta y izikena phakathi nendawo
• Thumela idatha namafayela ngokushesha ngaphandle kwesidingo semishini yesibili yokugcina

Konke lokhu kufinyelelwa sibonga izindinganiso zokuxhumana ezifana I-TCP/IP, okuvumela amakhompyutha ahlukene ukuthi "akhulume" ulimi olufanayo.

Izinhlobo zamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha

Amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha ahlukaniswa ngokosayizi wawo kanye nobubanzi bawo:

1. Amanethiwekhi e-LAN (Inethiwekhi Yendawo Yendawo): Lawa amanethiwekhi amancane, njengalawo akhona ekhaya noma ehhovisi elincane.
2. Amanethiwekhi e-MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Bahlanganisa indawo ebanzi, njengekhampasi yasenyuvesi noma inkampani enkulu.
3. Amanethiwekhi e-WAN (Inethiwekhi Yendawo Ebanzi): Lawa amanethiwekhi amakhulu, njenge-inthanethi, axhuma amakhompyutha emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukwengeza, amanethiwekhi angahlukaniswa ngokuya ngobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obusetshenziswayo:

• Amanethiwekhi emidiya aqondiswayo: Basebenzisa izintambo, njengepheya esontekile, ikhebula eliqinile noma i-fiber optics, ukuxhuma amakhompyutha.
• Amanethiwekhi emidiya angaqondiswa: Basebenzisa izindlela ezingenantambo, njengamaza omsakazo, i-infrared noma ama-microwaves, ukuze bathole ukuxhumana.

Izici ezibalulekile zenethiwekhi yekhompiyutha

Ukuze inethiwekhi yekhompiyutha isebenze kahle, izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ziyadingeka:

Isici	Incazelo
Amaseva	Amakhompyutha acubungula ukugeleza kwedatha futhi ahlanganise ukulawula kwenethiwekhi.
Amaklayenti noma izindawo zokusebenza	Amakhompyutha ayingxenye yenethiwekhi futhi avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele izinsiza eziphethwe iseva.
Imidiya yokudlulisa	Izintambo noma amaza kagesi avumela ukudluliswa kolwazi.
Izingxenye zehadiwe	Izingxenye zomzimba ezifana namakhadi enethiwekhi, amamodemu, amarutha kanye nezimpondo eziphindaphindayo ezisekela uxhumano.
Izinto zesofthiwe	Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Network Operating System (NOS) kanye nezivumelwano zokuxhumana ezivumela ukusebenza nokuvikeleka kwenethiwekhi.

I-Network Topology: Amamodeli Okuxhumana

I-topology yenethiwekhi isho imodeli yokuxhumana okuhlelwa ngayo ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaklayenti namaseva. Kunamamodeli amathathu ayinhloko:

1. I-linear noma i-topology yebhasi: Iseva iyinhloko yenethiwekhi futhi amakhasimende asatshalaliswa ngomugqa, abelana ngesiteshi esisodwa sokuxhumana esibizwa ngokuthi ibhasi noma umgogodla.
2. I-topology yezinkanyezi: Iseva iphakathi nendawo yenethiwekhi futhi iklayenti ngalinye linoxhumo olukhethekile. Konke ukuxhumana phakathi kwemishini kufanele kuqala kudlule kuseva.
3. I-topology eyindilinga noma eyindilinga: Yonke imishini ixhunywe embuthanweni, ngokuthintana nabasondelene kakhulu nangemibandela elinganayo, nakuba iseva igcina isigaba sayo.

Ezimweni ezikhulayo ezixhumene, ukuqonda ukusebenza nokubaluleka kwamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha kubalulekile. Lezi zakhiwo zedijithali azigcini nje ngokusiza ukuxhumana nokwabelana ngolwazi, kodwa futhi zibeka isisekelo sezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe eziguqula indlela esiphila ngayo nesisebenza ngayo. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili ekusaseni elithuthukisiwe, amanethiwekhi amakhompiyutha azoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni umhlaba oxhumene futhi osebenza kahle.

Uma ufuna ukujula emkhakheni othakazelisayo wamanethiwekhi wamakhompyutha, sincoma ukuthi uhlole izinsiza ezilandelayo:

• Izisekelo Zokuxhumana - Cisco
• Isingeniso kumanethiwekhi - IBM
• Inethiwekhi kuWindows Server - Microsoft

Ukufunda okuqhubekayo nokuzijwayeza nobuchwepheshe obusha kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlala uphambili kulo mkhakha othokozisayo.