I-Cell Biology wumkhakha wesayensi ocwaninga amaseli, amayunithi ayisisekelo empilo. Ngokuhlaziya ukwakheka kwawo, umsebenzi, nokuziphatha, i-Cell Biology inikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwezinqubo zebhayoloji ezisekela ukusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umhlaba othakazelisayo wamaseli ngokujula, sigxile ekuhlelekeni kwawo kwangaphakathi, ukusebenzisana kwawo nendawo ezungezile, kanye nendima yawo ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekulondolozeni izinto eziphilayo. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yobuchwepheshe yokungathathi hlangothi, sizohlola izigaba eziyinhloko zamangqamuzana akhona ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene kanye nocwaningo lwakamuva kakhulu emkhakheni we-Cell Biology oluveze ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokuphila ngendlela yalo eyisisekelo.
Isingeniso Seseli Biology Amaseli
Isayensi yebhayoloji iwumkhakha wesayensi ocwaninga amaseli, amayunithi ayisisekelo empilo. Lezi zakhiwo ezincane kodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyisisekelo sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi zihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlangene, njengamabhaktheriya, kuya ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, njengabantu.
Kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana, kunokwehlukahlukana okubanzi kwezinhlobo zamangqamuzana, ngalinye linemisebenzi ethile yokugcina i-homeostasis kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo. Lawa maseli angahlukaniswa abe ama-prokaryotes, angenayo i-nucleus echaziwe, nama-eukaryote, ane-nucleus ezungezwe ulwelwesi lwenuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic ahlelwe aba izicubu, izitho nezinhlelo, okuvumela ubunkimbinkimbi obungakaze bubonwe besakhiwo nokusebenza.
Ibhayoloji yamaseli ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zamasu namathuluzi okutadisha amaseli. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-microscopy, evumela amaseli nezingxenye zawo ukuthi zibukwe ezingeni elincane kakhulu, kanye namasu okwenziwa kwamaseli, okuvumela ukuziphatha kwamaseli ukuba kufundwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. Amasu amangqamuzana asetshenziswa futhi ukuze kuphenywe izinqubo zebhayoloji ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana, njengokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, ukulotshwa kofuzo, nokuhumusha. Ngocwaningo lwebhayoloji yamangqamuzana, sizuza ukuqonda okujulile kwezinqubo ezilawula ukuphila futhi sibeka izisekelo zentuthuko emikhakheni efana nezokwelapha, i-biotechnology, kanye nezakhi zofuzo.
Isakhiwo nokuhleleka kwamaseli
Kuyisihloko esibalulekile emkhakheni webhayoloji yamangqamuzana. Amaseli ayizinsika eziyisisekelo zazo zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi ahlanganisa izingxenye ezihleleke kakhulu ezizivumela ukuba zenze imisebenzi yazo. imisebenzi yayo ebalulekile. Izici eziyinhloko ezihlobene nalesi sakhiwo seselula kanye nenhlangano zizokwethulwa ngezansi.
Amaseli akhiwe izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile, phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- Ulwelwesi lwamaseli: I-lipid layer ezungeza ingqamuzana futhi iyihlukanise nendawo engaphandle.
- I-Nucleus: Iqukethe izakhi zeseli, njenge-DNA, futhi inesibopho sokulawula imisebenzi yeselula.
- I-Cytoplasm: Uketshezi lwe-gelatinous olugcwalisa ingaphakathi leseli futhi luqukethe ama-organelles ahlukene nezakhiwo ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kweseli.
Ngaphakathi kwe-cytoplasm, kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-organelles ezikhethekile, njenge:
- I-Mitochondria: "Ziyizitshalo zamandla" zeseli futhi zikhiqiza amandla amaningi asetshenziswa yiyo.
- I-Endoplasmic reticulum: Uhlelo lwezingqimba ezixhumene ezibamba iqhaza ekuhlanganiseni amaprotheni nama-lipids.
- Imishini ye-Golgi: Inesibopho sokuguqula, ukupakisha nokusabalalisa ama-molecule akhiqizwa iseli.
Kusemqoka ekusebenzeni ngendlela efanele nokuphila. I-organelle ngayinye inemisebenzi ethile futhi isebenza ndawonye nezinye izingxenye zamaselula ukuze kugcinwe i-homeostasis nokwenza imisebenzi ehlukene yamaselula. Ubunkimbinkimbi nokuhleleka kwalezi zakhiwo kuvumela amangqamuzana ukuba enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene eyisisekelo ekuphileni. Ukuyiqonda kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwebhayoloji yamangqamuzana kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha nezindlela zokwelapha.
Izinhlobo zamaseli ezinto eziphilayo
Ezintweni eziphilayo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana, ngalinye linezakhiwo nemisebenzi ethile. Lawa maseli abalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezidalwa eziphilayo futhi ahlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: amaseli e-prokaryotic namaseli e-eukaryotic.
Amaseli e-Prokaryotic yiwona alula kakhulu futhi atholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezi-unicellular, njengama-bacteria. Lawa maseli awanayo i-nucleus echaziwe futhi i-DNA yawo ihlakazekile ku-cytoplasm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile banodonga lwamaseli olunikeza ukuvikelwa nokuqina.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic ayinkimbinkimbi futhi atholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, njengezitshalo, izilwane nesikhunta. Lawa maseli anenucleus echaziwe equkethe i-DNA, ezungezwe ulwelwesi lwenuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banama-organelles afana ne-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, ne-mitochondria, enesibopho sokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ngaphakathi kweseli.
Imisebenzi ebalulekile yamaseli
Amangqamuzana, amayunithi ayisisekelo ezinto eziphilayo, enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebalulekile ukuze kuphile nokusebenza ngendlela efanele kwezinto eziphilayo. Imisebenzi ebalulekile eyenziwa amaseli ichazwe ngezansi:
- Ukwakheka komzimba: Amaseli enza ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuze aguqule imisoco ibe amandla asebenzisekayo. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-metabolism, ihilela ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-ATP, i-molecule esebenza "njengemali yamandla" kumaseli.
- Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA: Amaseli anesibopho sokuphindaphinda nokudlulisa izinto zofuzo, i-DNA. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amangqamuzana endodakazi athola ulwazi lofuzo aludingayo ukuze asebenze.
- Ukuthuthwa kwezinto: Amangqamuzana ahilelekile ekuthutheni izinto ezihlukahlukene, njengezakhi, umoya-mpilo, nemfucuza, kulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana awo. Le nqubo, ebizwa ukuthuthwa kwamaselula, kungenzeka ngokusabalalisa okulula, i-osmosis noma ukuthutha okusebenzayo, kuye ngezici zama-molecule kanye ne-concentration gradient.
Ngaphezu kwale misebenzi ebalulekile, amaseli enza nezinye izindima ezibalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo. Isibonelo, babamba iqhaza ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula, okuvumela ukudluliswa kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali phakathi kwamaseli ahlukene namathishu. Ngokufanayo, amangqamuzana anekhono lokwenza imisebenzi ethile ekhethekile, ebizwa ngokuthi i-cell differentiation, okwenza abe ingxenye yezicubu ezihlukahlukene futhi enze imisebenzi ethile emzimbeni.
Umjikelezo weseli nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA
emjikelezweni weseli, amangqamuzana adlula ochungechungeni lwezenzakalo ezihlelekile eziholela ekukhuleni nasekuhlukaneni kwawo. Isinyathelo esibalulekile kule nqubo ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ingqamuzana ngalinye lendodakazi lithola ikhophi elinembile lezakhi zofuzo zengqamuzana lomzali. Le nqubo ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza kwezakhi zofuzo nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana.
Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka esigabeni sokuhlanganisa (S) se- umjikelezo weseli. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, i-DNA double helix iyaqaqa futhi ama-enzyme aphula amabhondi e-hydrogen, ahlukanise izintambo ezimbili ezihambisanayo. Izintambo ezihambisanayo zibe sezihlanganiswa kusetshenziswa ama-nucleotide atholakala kuseli. Ukuphindaphinda kwenzeka ngendlela ye-semi-conservative, okusho ukuthi umucu woqobo we-DNA ngamunye usetshenziswa njengesifanekiso ukuze kuhlanganiswe umucu omusha ohambisanayo.
Inqubo yokuphindaphinda i-DNA inembe kakhulu ngenxa yezindlela zokulungisa amaphutha. Ama-enzyme okuhlola ahlala ehlola imicu emisha ye-DNA njengoba yakhiwa. Uma kutholwa iphutha, i-enzyme exonuclease isusa i-nucleotide engalungile bese ifaka elungile esikhundleni sayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-DNA ephindiwe iyikhophi eqondile ye-DNA yasekuqaleni futhi kunciphisa ukwethulwa kokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Iqhaza lamaseli ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo
Amangqamuzana ayizingxenye eziyisisekelo zazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Lawa mayunithi esakhiwo kanye nokusebenza adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhuleni kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Ngemisebenzi yazo ehlukene kanye nezinqubo, zivumela izinto eziphilayo ukuthi zakheke, zikhiqize kabusha, futhi zizivumelanise nendawo yazo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kungenye yezindlela ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Nge-mitosis, amaseli ahlukana abe amaseli amantombazane amabili afanayo, okuvumela ukukhula nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-meiosis inomthelela ekuzaleni ngokocansi, ikhiqize amaseli okuzala akhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okudingekayo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana, lapho amangqamuzana ethola imisebenzi ekhethekile futhi ahlele zibe izicubu nezitho. Ngale nqubo, amangqamuzana asebenza ngokukhethekile emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, njengamangqamuzana abomvu egazi ahambisa umoya-mpilo, amangqamuzana emisipha asiza ukunyakaza, noma amangqamuzana ezinzwa adlulisa izimpawu zikagesi. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwamangqamuzana akhethekile kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwento ephilayo yamangqamuzana amaningi.
Ukubaluleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli
Kuyisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Ngokuxhumana kwe-intercellular, amaseli ayakwazi ukuxhumanisa imisebenzi yawo futhi aphendule ngempumelelo ukuvuselela imvelo. Lokhu kuxhumana kwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, njengokubonisa amaseli kanye nokudluliselwa kwama-molecule nezakhi.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekugcinweni kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba. Inika amandla ukuhlelwa kwamaselula nokuhlukaniswa, kanye nezimpendulo ezisheshayo nezididiyelwe ezinguqukweni zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Iphinde yenze kube lula ukudluliswa kolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokulawulwa kwezinqubo ezibalulekile ze-biochemical kanye ne-physiological.
Kule nqubo yokuxhumana kwamaselula, kugqama izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokubonisa: i-autocrine signaling, lapho amaseli exhumana nawo ngokwawo, kanye ne-paracrine signaling, lapho amaseli exhumana khona ezindaweni ezikude. Zombili lezi zindlela zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezicubu zebhayoloji nezinhlelo, okuqinisekisa ukusabela okwanele kanye nokujwayela izinguquko endaweni ezungezile.
Uhlelo lwe-endometrine kanye nokuhamba kwamaselula
Uhlelo lwe-endometrine luyiqoqo lama-membranous organelles akhona kumaseli e-eukaryotic asebenzisana ekuhlanganiseni, ekucubunguleni nasekuthuthweni kwamaprotheni nama-lipids. Le nethiwekhi yama-organelles yakhiwe i-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), i-Golgi apparatus, ama-lysosomes kanye nama-vesicles okuthutha.
Ukuthuthwa kwamaselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo empilweni yeseli, njengoba kunika amandla ukusatshalaliswa kwama-molecule nama-organelles kuzo zonke izingxenye ezihlukene zeseli. Uhlelo lwe-endometrine ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwamaselula, njengoba lunesibopho sokupakisha nokuthutha amaprotheni nama-lipids kuwo wonke ulwelwesi.
Ku-RER, amaprotheni ahlanganiswa futhi agoqwe ngendlela efanele ngosizo lwama-molecular chaperones. Uma esegoqiwe, amaprotheni athuthwa ngama-vesicles ayiswa ku-apparatus ye-Golgi. I-Golgi apparatus inesibopho sokushintsha, ukupakisha, nokusabalalisa amaprotheni ngaphambi kokuwathumela endaweni yawo yokugcina ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kweseli. I-Lysosomes ama-organelles akhethekile ekugayeni ama-molecule, futhi athola imithwalo yawo ngama-vesicles okuthutha akhiwe ku-apparatus ye-Golgi. Ngamafuphi, ziyizinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivumela ukusebenza kahle kweseli kanye nokushintshaniswa kwama-molecule nama-organelles ngaphakathi kwawo.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezicubu ezakhiwe ngamaseli
Izicubu ezenziwe ngamangqamuzana zibalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuhlelekeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zicubu zihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, ngasinye sinezici ezithile nemisebenzi. Ngezansi ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezicubu ezenziwe ngamaseli:
Izicubu ze-Epithelial:
Izicubu ze-Epithelial zimboza indawo yangaphandle nengaphakathi yomzimba. Yakhiwe ngamaseli ahlanganiswe ahlanganiswe ndawonye, enze ungqimba oluqhubekayo. Lolu hlobo lwesicubu lungatholakala esikhumbeni, olwelweni lwemigudu yokuphefumula, yokugaya ukudla, neyomchamo nasezithweni zangaphakathi.
Izicubu zemisipha:
Izicubu zemisipha zakhiwe amangqamuzana akhethekile ekufinyezeni nasekuphumuleni, avumela ukunyakaza komzimba. Ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: imisipha yamathambo, ebhekene nokunyakaza ngokuzithandela futhi etholakala emathanjeni; imisipha ebushelelezi, ekhona ezindongeni zezitho zangaphakathi; nemisipha yenhliziyo, eyakha inhliziyo.
Izicubu ezixhumeneyo:
Izicubu ezixhumeneyo ziningi kakhulu futhi zihlukene kuzo zonke izicubu. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwesakhiwo kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezicubu nezitho. Ibonakala nge-matrix engaphandle kweseli, eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko imicu yamaprotheni nezinto ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ezinye izibonelo zezicubu ezixhumeneyo zihlanganisa izicubu zethambo, izicubu ze-adipose, nezicubu zegazi.
Ukubaluleka kwe-mitosis kanye ne-meiosis ekuzaleni kwamaseli
Ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekulungiseni izicubu ezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Izindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile ezivumela ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana yi-mitosis ne-meiosis. I-Mitosis iyinqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli eyenzeka kumaseli e-somatic futhi iqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana amantombazane amabili afana ngofuzo neseli lomzali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-meiosis iyinqubo yokuzala eyenzeka kumangqamuzana amagciwane futhi ibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes, noma amangqamuzana ocansi.
I-Mitosis idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamangqamuzana ngokuvumela ukukhula nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Phakathi nale nqubo, ingqamuzana lomzali lihlukana libe amangqamuzana amantombazane amabili, ngalinye linenani elifanayo lama-chromosome nolwazi lofuzo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izicubu ziyakwazi ukuvuselela nokugcina ukusebenza kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mitosis ibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-asexual, njengoba ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-somatic kuvumela ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo ezintsha ezinofuzo ezifana nomzali.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-meiosis ibalulekile ekuzaleni ngokocansi, ngoba kuyinqubo eyenziwa ngayo yakha ama-gametes (amaqanda nesidoda) ezilwaneni kanye namangqamuzana okuzala ezitshalweni. Ngokungafani ne-mitosis, i-meiosis ihilela izigaba ezimbili amaseli, okuphumela kumangqamuzana amantombazane amane anengxenye yenani lama-chromosome njengengqamuzana likamama. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo enzalweni, njengoba inhlanganisela yama-chromosome asuka eqandeni nesidoda ngesikhathi sokuvundiswa kudala ukwakheka kofuzo okuyingqayizivele kumuntu ngamunye.
Ama-pathologies ahlobene namaseli kanye nezifo
Zihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezifo ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zingxenye ezibalulekile zomzimba wethu. Lezi zinkinga zingazibonakalisa ezingeni lofuzo, ukwakheka, noma ukusebenza kwamaseli futhi kungaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo empilweni. kanye nenhlalakahle ezigulini.
Ezinye ze-pathologies ezivame kakhulu ezihlobene namaseli nezifo zihlanganisa:
- Umdlavuza: isifo lapho amangqamuzana ayingozi anda ngokungalawuleki, akhe izimila ezihlasela izicubu nezitho ezizungezile.
- I-Sickle cell anemia: isifo sofuzo lapho amangqamuzana egazi abomvu eba nesimo esingavamile, okubangela ubuhlungu, ukukhathala, nezinye izimpawu.
- Isifo i-Alzheimer's: Isifo se-neurodeergenerative lapho amaprotheni angajwayelekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-beta-amyloid plaque akhelana ngaphakathi kobuchopho, okubangela ukulahleka kwenkumbulo nokusebenza kwengqondo okuqhubekayo.
Ukuqonda lezi zinkinga kubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo. Intuthuko emithini yokuvuselela kabusha nokucwaninga ivula amathuba amasha okubhekana nalezi zinkinga ngombono wamaselula, okunikeza ithemba ezigulini nasemindenini yazo njengoba zifuna izindlela zokwelapha ezingcono.
Izicelo kanye nentuthuko ye-cell biology kwezokwelapha
I-cell biology isiguqule imithi ngenxa yezinhlelo zayo ezihlukahlukene kanye nentuthuko enikeza amathuba amasha okuqonda nokwelapha izifo. Ngezansi ezinye zezindawo ezifanele kakhulu lapho i-cell biology ishiye khona uphawu kulo mkhakha:
Ukwelashwa nge-Gene: Ibhayoloji yamaseli inikeze amandla ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okwelapha ngezakhi zofuzo, okubandakanya ukwethulwa kwezinto zofuzo ezisebenzayo kumaseli anesici ukuze kulungiswe ukungalungi kofuzo. Lokhu kuye kwavula umnyango wokwelapha okuhloswe kakhulu futhi okuphumelelayo kwezifo zofuzo ezifana ne-cystic fibrosis ne-muscular dystrophy.
Ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu: Ikhono lama-stem cells okuhlukanisa abe izinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana kube ithuluzi eliyigugu emkhakheni wezokwelapha ezivuselelayo. Ngebhayoloji yamangqamuzana, kuye kwenziwa intuthuko ephawulekayo ekuvuseleleni izicubu ezilimele njenge-cartilage nesikhumba. Le ntuthuko ilethe ithemba ezigulini ezinokulimala kabi noma izifo ezithena amandla.
Ukuxilongwa kwesifo: I-cell biology ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuxilongweni kwezifo ngokusebenzisa amasu okubona athuthukile. Enye yezindlela eziphawuleka kakhulu i-flow cytometry, evumela ukuhlaziya nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ngokushesha nokunembile. Lokhu kusize ukusheshe kutholwe izifo ezinjengomdlavuza, kanye nokuqapha ukuthi kusabela kanjani ekwelashweni.
Izincomo zocwaningo nokuqonda kwebhayoloji yamaselula
I-cell biology isiyalo esithakazelisayo esidinga indlela yokwenza kanye nokuqonda okuningiliziwe kwezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenzeka ezingeni leselulaUkwenza isifundo sakho sibe lula futhi uthuthukise ukuqonda kwakho, nazi izincomo ezibalulekile:
1. Hlela isikhathi sakho: Njengoba lena kuyindawo enkulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, kubalulekile ukuhlela isikhathi sakho sokufunda ngempumeleloHlukanisa isilabhasi yakho ibe izigaba futhi unikeze isikhathi esanele ngasinye ukuze ugweme ukuzizwa ukhungathekile. Futhi, setha izikhathi ezijwayelekile zokufunda futhi usebenzise izindlela zokuphatha isikhathi ukuze uthuthukise ukukhiqiza kwakho.
2. Sebenzisa izinsiza ezibonakalayo: I-cell biology ihlanganisa ukuqonda izakhiwo nezinqubo ezincane. Ukwenza lokhu, kuwumqondo omuhle ukusebenzisa izinsiza ezibukwayo njengemidwebo, amamodeli e-3D, nemifanekiso enemininingwane. Lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo zizokusiza ukuthi ubone ngeso lengqondo ukwakheka kweselula nezinqubo ezicacile, okwenza kube lula ukubamba imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi.
3. Zilolonge umzimba futhi uhlale ubuyekeza: Ibhayoloji yamaseli idinga ukusetshenziswa kwemiqondo yetiyori ezimeni ezingokoqobo. Ukwenza izivivinyo nokuxazulula izinkinga kuzokusiza uhlanganise ukuqonda kwakho futhi uthole amakhono okuhlaziya izimo zangempela zempilo. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi uhlale ubuyekeza okokusebenza ukuze ugweme ukukhohlwa futhi uqinise ulwazi olutholile.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Umbuzo: Iyini i-Cell Biology?
IMP: Ibhayoloji yamaseli igatsha lebhayoloji eligxile ocwaningweni lwamaseli nezingxenye zawo, kanye nezinqubo nezakhiwo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwawo. Ihlola yonke into kusukela ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwamangqamuzana ebhayoloji kuya enhlanganweni nasekuguquguqukeni kwezinhlelo zamangqamuzana.
Q: Kuyini ukubaluleka kwe-Cell Biology?
IMP: Ukubaluleka kwe-Cell Biology kusekuqondeni okuyisisekelo kwempilo, njengoba amaseli engamayunithi ayisisekelo esakhiwo nokusebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi amangqamuzana asebenza kanjani kubalulekile ekwembuleni isisekelo sezempilo, izifo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokwelapha kanye ne-biotechnological.
Q: Yiziphi ezinye izihloko zokufunda ku-Cell Biology?
A: Phakathi kwezihloko zokufunda ku-Cell Biology ukwakheka nokusebenza kolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana eseli (njenge-nucleus, i-endoplasmic reticulum, ne-mitochondria), imetabolism yamaseli, ukusayina kwamaseli, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, nokuxhumana phakathi kwamangqamuzana.
Q: Icwaningwa kanjani i-Cell Biology?
A: Ucwaningo lwe-Cell Biology lwenziwa kusetshenziswa amasu namathuluzi ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-microscopy (i-optical, i-electron kanye ne-fluorescence), amasu e-imaging kanye nokubona ngeso, izindlela ze-biochemical, ukuhlaziywa kofuzo kanye ne-genomic, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-vitro kanye ne-vivo.
Q: Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-Cell Biology neminye imikhakha?
A: I-Cell Biology ihlobene eduze nezinye iziyalo ezifana ne-biochemistry, i-genetics, i-molecular biology, i-physiology, kanye nemithi. Lezi ziqondiso ziyaphelelisana, zivumela ukuqonda okuphelele okwengeziwe kwezinqubo zebhayoloji kanye nemithelela yazo empilweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezifo.
Q: Yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Cell Biology?
A: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Cell Biology yizindawo eziningi futhi ezithatha isikhathi eside njengemithi, i-biotechnology, kanye nocwaningo lwe-biomedical. Ezinye zalezi zicelo zihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa kwamangqamuzana, ubunjiniyela bezicubu, ucwaningo lwezifo zofuzo, nocwaningo lwemithi emisha nokwelashwa.
Q: Ingabe zikhona izimiso zokuziphatha ezihlobene nocwaningo lwe-Cell Biology?
IMP: Yebo, ucwaningo lwebhayoloji yamangqamuzana luphakamisa izingqinamba eziningi zokuziphatha, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wocwaningo lwamangqamuzana esiqu kanye nokuguqulwa kofuzo. Imithethonqubo nemithethonqubo kufanele ilandelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa okunesibopho nokuziphatha kwamaseli kanye nentuthuko yesayensi kulo mkhakha.
Amaphuzu Ayinhloko
Sengiphetha, i-cell biology isinikeza ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwamaseli, amayunithi amancane kakhulu wezinto eziphilayo. Ngokutadisha ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana, siye sakwazi ukucalula izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisekela ukuphila. Ukusuka ekuphindaphindeni kwe-DNA kuya ekukhiqizeni amaprotheni, amaseli angabadali nabagcini bobuntu bethu.
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sihlole izici eziyinhloko zamaseli, kusukela ekubunjweni kwawo kwamakhemikhali kuya kuma-organelles awakhayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siye sahlaziya ukuhlukahluka kwazo okusebenzayo, kusukela kumaseli e-prokaryotic kuya kumaseli e-eukaryotic, nokuthi ahlelwa kanjani abe izicubu nezinhlelo.
Ibhayoloji yamaseli ihlezi ivela, isivumela ukuthi siqonde futhi sibhekane nezifo ezinjengomdlavuza kanye nesifo se-neurodegenerative. Nokho, kusekuningi okungaziwa okusazotholwa kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha okufanele buthuthukiswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda kwethu kwamaseli.
Ngamafuphi, i-cell biology isiyalo esithakazelisayo nesibalulekile esisisiza siqonde isisekelo sempilo. Ngenxa yentuthuko yesayensi kulo mkhakha, singakwazi ukubona ikusasa lapho ulwazi lwebhayoloji yamangqamuzana luzosiholela ezenzweni ezintsha ezithembisayo nokwelashwa.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.