Umdlavuza kanye nobudlelwano bawo nokuzala kwamaselula.

Umdlavuza yisifo esihlasela izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke, futhi ubunkimbinkimbi baso sebudide ososayensi amashumi eminyaka. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi baphendule ukunaka kwabo ekuqondeni ubudlelwano phakathi komdlavuza nokuzala kabusha kwamangqamuzana, befuna ukudalula izindlela eziyisisekelo ezivumela amaseli ukuba ahlukane futhi ande ngokungalawuleki. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola lobu budlelwano ngokuningiliziwe, sihlole izindlela ezahlukene umdlavuza ongashintsha futhi uphazamise inqubo yokuzala kwamaseli.

Iqhaza lokuzala kwamaselula ekuthuthukisweni komdlavuza

Ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni komdlavuza, njengoba sekuphelile le nqubo ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza aphindaphindeka ngokungalawuleki. Njengoba ingqamuzana evamile ihlukana, i-DNA yayo iphindaphindwa ngokunembile futhi isatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaseli endodakazi yayo. Kodwa-ke, kumdlavuza, le nqubo yokukhiqiza amangqamuzana iyaphazamiseka, okuholela ekwandeni okungalawuleki kwamangqamuzana angavamile.

Kukhona izindlela eziningana ukuze ezingeni leselula ezinomthelela ekukhuleni komdlavuza. Enye yazo ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile ezilawula umjikelezo wamaseli, njengezakhi zofuzo ezicindezela isimila kanye nama-oncogene. Lezi zinguquko zingenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo noma zidalwe izici zangaphandle, njengokuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile omdlavuza. Lezi zinguquko zofuzo ziholela ekuphazamisekeni ekukhiqizeni amangqamuzana, okuvumela amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuba aphindaphindeke ngokungalawuleki futhi akhe izimila.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokuzala kwamangqamuzana emdlavuza ihlobene eduze ne-angiogenesis, okungukuthi, ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emisha ezondla isimila. Amangqamuzana omdlavuza akhulula amakhemikhali akhuthaza ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emisha ewazungezile, ngaleyo ndlela aqinisekise ukutholakala kwezakhi kanye nomoya-mpilo odingekayo ekukhuleni kwawo okugcwele. Le nqubo ye-angiogenesis inikeza amangqamuzana omdlavuza izinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze aphile futhi asakazeke, okuqhubeka kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni nasekuqhubekeleni phambili komdlavuza.

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaseli omdlavuza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo yeseli

Lena indawo ebalulekile yokufunda ukuze uqonde futhi ulwe nalesi sifo esibhubhisayo. Kule nqubo, amangqamuzana omdlavuza achezuka emjikelezweni ojwayelekile wokuphila kwamangqamuzana, aphazamise umsebenzi wawo futhi aqhubekisele phambili ukukhula kwawo okungalawuleki. Ngezansi ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwalokhu kusebenzisana:

1. Ukuguqulwa kofuzo:

Amangqamuzana omdlavuza abonakala ngokuguqulwa kofuzo okuthinta ngokuqondile umjikelezo wokuphila kweseli. Lezi zinguquko zingase zibe khona kusukela kumsuka wengqamuzana lomdlavuza noma kungenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo. Ezinye izinguquko zithinta izakhi zofuzo ze-tumor suppressor, ezinesibopho sokulawula ukukhula nokuhlukana kwamaseli. Ezinye izinguquko zofuzo zingase zithinte i-oncogenes, izakhi zofuzo ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwamangqamuzana okungalawuleki. Lezi zinguquko zibangela uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezivumela amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuba agweme izindlela zokulawula umjikelezo weseli.

2.⁤ Ukungasebenzi kahle komjikelezo wempilo yeselula:

Uma amangqamuzana omdlavuza esethole ukuguqulwa kofuzo, inqubo yokuhoxiswa komjikelezo wokuphila kwamaselula iyaqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza ahlala futhi edlula ngokushesha ezigabeni ezihlukene zomjikelezo wamaseli, njengesigaba sokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ngaphandle kokulandela izindawo zokuhlola ezivame ukulawula ukuqhubeka kwazo. Lokhu kuhoxiswa kuvumela amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthi aphindaphindeke ngokushesha futhi akhe izimila.

3. Ukusebenzisana namaseli anempilo:

Amaseli omdlavuza awenzi ngawodwana, kodwa asebenzisana namaseli anempilo akhona endaweni yesimila. Lokhu kusebenzisana kungathonya umjikelezo wempilo yamangqamuzana anempilo futhi kukhuthaze ukuguqulwa kwawo abe amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Amangqamuzana omdlavuza angakhiqiza ama-molecule ashukumisa ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana noma avimbele ukufa kwamangqamuzana anempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangakha ukuxhumana ngokomzimba namaseli anempilo, okuvumela ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezikhuthaza izinguquko kumaseli anempilo futhi kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komdlavuza.

Ngamafuphi, zihlobene eduze nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukungasebenzi kahle komjikelezo wokuphila kwamaseli, kanye nokusebenzisana namaseli anempilo. Ukuqonda lokhu kusebenzisana kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okwelapha asebenzayo, ahlosiwe omdlavuza.

Izinguquko emjikelezweni wokuphila kwamaselula kanye nokuxhumanisa kwawo nomdlavuza

Izinguquko emjikelezweni wokuphila kwamaseli ziyizinqubo ezibalulekile ekukhuleni komdlavuza. Lezi zinguquko zingabangelwa izici eziningi, njengokuguqulwa kofuzo noma kwemvelo, eziphazamisa ibhalansi entekenteke. yomjikelezo wamaseli evamile. Lokhu kuguqulwa kungaholela ekutheni amangqamuzana ahlukane ngendlela engalawuleki, akhe izimila eziyingozi.

Kunezigaba ezahlukene zomjikelezo wokuphila kwamaseli ezingathinteka emdlavuza. Elinye lamaphuzu abalulekile yisigaba sokwanda kwamaseli, lapho amangqamuzana ehlukana futhi aziphindaphinde ukuze akhiqize amaseli amasha. Kumdlavuza, lesi sigaba singashintshwa, okuholela ekwandeni ngokweqile nokungalawuleki kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Esinye isigaba esibalulekile yisigaba yokufa kwamaseli ehleliwe, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-apoptosis. Lo mshini wemvelo uklanyelwe ukuqeda amangqamuzana alimele noma angadingekile ngendlela ehlelekile. Kodwa-ke, kumdlavuza, i-apoptosis ingase ivinjwe, ivumele amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthi aphile futhi aqongelele.

• Ukuguqulwa komjikelezo wempilo yeselula kumdlavuza kuyisihloko socwaningo oluqhubekayo.
• Intuthuko ekuqondeni lezi zinguquko iqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha ngokumelene nomdlavuza.
• Ukuhlonza izakhi zofuzo ezithile namaprotheni abandakanyekayo ekuguqulweni komjikelezo wamaseli kubalulekile ekuklameni ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo nokuqondene nomuntu siqu.

Ngamafuphi, umdlavuza uxhumene eduze nezinguquko emjikelezweni wokuphila kwamaselula. Ukuqonda lezi zinguquko ezingeni lamangqamuzana kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuvimbela okuphumelelayo, ukuxilongwa, kanye namasu okwelapha ngokumelene nalesi sifo esibhubhisayo.

Umdlavuza kanye nomthelela wawo enqubweni yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli

Umdlavuza yisifo esiyinkimbinkimbi esithinta inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Ukukhula kwengqamuzana nokwehlukana kulawulwa ngokunembile futhi kuyizinqubo ezilawulwayo emzimbeni womuntu. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukuguqulwa kofuzo kwenzeka noma izinguquko ezindleleni zokulawula zenzeka, ukukhula kwamangqamuzana okungalawuleki kungenzeka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezimila ezimbi.

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zomdlavuza yikhono lawo lokugwema izindlela zokulawula ezivame ukulawula umjikelezo wamaseli. Lezi zinguquko zingabandakanya ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile zokwanda kwamaseli, njengezakhi zofuzo ezicindezela isimila noma ama-oncogene. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana omdlavuza angahlukana ngesilinganiso esisheshayo futhi angatholi i-apoptosis, okuwukufa kweseli okuhleliwe.

Inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana ibalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuvuselelweni nasekugcinweni kwezicubu emzimbeni. Nokho, esimweni somdlavuza, ukuhlukana kwamaseli okungalawuleki kungaba nemiphumela elimazayo. Amangqamuzana omdlavuza angahlasela izicubu nezitho eziseduze, asabalale ngohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi noma lwe-lymphatic, futhi ametastaze ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukuthi umdlavuza uyithinta kanjani inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okwelapha asebenzayo futhi ahlosiwe.

Ukubaluleka kokulawulwa komjikelezo wamaseli ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza

Akunakubukelwa phansi. Umjikelezo weseli Kuyinqubo elawulwa kakhulu eqinisekisa ukuthi amaseli aphindaphindeka futhi ahlukanise ngendlela enembile nehlelekile. Uma le nqubo iba yi-dysregulated, ingaholela ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana anomdlavuza. Ngezansi ezinye zezizathu zokuthi kungani ukulawulwa komjikelezo wamaseli kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza:

Gcina i-Homeostasis Yeselula:

Ukulawulwa okufanelekile komjikelezo weseli kuvumela amaseli ukuthi alondoloze ibhalansi eqhubekayo phakathi kokwanda nokwanda ukufa kweseliLe bhalansi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-homeostasis, ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba. Uma umjikelezo weseli ungalawulwa ngokuphumelelayo, amangqamuzana angakhula ngokungalawuleki, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezicubu eziyingozi.

Vimbela Ukunqwabelana Kokulimala Kwe-DNA:

Umjikelezo wamaseli olawulwayo nawo udlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukunqwabelana komonakalo we-DNA. Phakathi nomjikelezo wamaseli, amaseli anethuba lokulungisa noma yimuphi umonakalo ku-DNA yawo ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokuhlukana. Uma ukulawulwa komjikelezo wamangqamuzana kufakwa engcupheni, amaseli ane-DNA eyonakele angase aqhubeke nokuhlukana futhi adlulisele ukuguqulwa kofuzo kumaseli endodakazi, ngaleyo ndlela andise ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza.

Khipha Amaseli Angavamile:

Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile wokulawula umjikelezo wamaseli ukuqeda amaseli angavamile. Uma iseli lishintsha kakhulu izakhi zofuzo phakathi nomjikelezo weseli, izindlela zokulawula ikhwalithi ngokuvamile zibangela i-apoptosis, inqubo yokufa kweseli okuhleliwe. Lokhu kuqeda amangqamuzana anamandla amabi ngaphambi kokuba abe umdlavuza. Ngaphandle kokulawulwa okufanele komjikelezo wamaseli, lawa maseli angajwayelekile angagwema i-apoptosis futhi aqhubeke nokusabalala engahloliwe.

Kafushane, ukulawulwa komjikelezo wamaseli kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza ngokugcina i-homeostasis yamaselula, ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana komonakalo we-DNA, nokuqeda amaseli angajwayelekile. Ukuqonda nokufunda ngokucophelela izindlela zokulawulwa komjikelezo wamaseli kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu asebenzayo okuvimbela nokwelapha umdlavuza.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-apoptosis nomdlavuza

yisihloko esihlobene kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. I-Apoptosis, noma ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe, kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwezicubu ezinempilo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umdlavuza uyisifo esibonakala ngokwanda okungalawuleki kwamangqamuzana angavamile.

Iphuzu elibalulekile ocwaningweni ukuthi i-apoptosis enesici ingaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwesimila nokuqhubekela phambili. Isibonelo, amangqamuzana omdlavuza avame ukubonisa izinguquko ezindleleni zokubonisa ezilawula i-apoptosis, ezivumela ukuthi zigweme ukufa kwamangqamuzana awo ahleliwe futhi ziqhubeke nokuphindaphindeka ngokungalawuleki.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelana ne-apoptosis kungenye yezici eziyinhloko zamangqamuzana omdlavuza, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuwelapha. Ukuqonda izindlela zamangqamuzana ezihilelekile kulokhu kumelana kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasu okwelapha asebenzayo. Ngalo mqondo, kutholwe izakhi zofuzo namaprotheni alawula i-apoptosis kanye nokungasebenzi kahle komdlavuza, okuvule izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo kanye namathuba okwelapha lesi sifo.

Iqhaza lama-oncogene ekuhoxisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamaseli

Ama-oncogene adlala indima ebalulekile ekunqanyulweni kokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana, okuyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni nasekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza. Lezi zakhi zofuzo zihlanganisa amaprotheni alawula izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nokwanda kwamangqamuzana, ukuhlukaniswa nokuphila. Ukwenza kusebenze noma ukuguqulwa okungafanelekile kwazo kungadala uchungechunge lwezehlakalo eziholela ekukhuleni kwamaseli okungalawuleki futhi, ekugcineni, ekwakhekeni kwesimila.

Kunezindlela eziningana lapho ama-oncogenes angaphazamisa ukuzala. umakhalekhukhwini ojwayelekile. ⁤Okokuqala, ukwenza kusebenze kwabo kungakhuthaza ukukhula, okuholela ekukhuleni kwamaseli okusheshisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-oncogenes angaphazamisa izindlela zokucindezelwa kwesimila, avimbele ukufa kwamangqamuzana ahleliwe noma akhuthaze i-angiogenesis, ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emisha ephakela isimila.

Ngokufanayo, ama-oncogenes angashintsha umjikelezo weseli, athande ukungena kwamaseli esigabeni sokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA futhi avimbe noma athinte ukuphuma kwesigaba sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Lokhu kungabangela ukunqwabelana kwamaseli esigabeni sokuphindaphinda, okunomthelela ekukhuleni kwesimila esingalawuleki. Kafushane, ukungasebenzi kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana okubangelwa umsebenzi ongavamile we-oncogenes kuyisici esinqumayo ekuthuthukisweni nasekuqhubekeleni phambili komdlavuza, okunikeza amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokwelapha eqondiswe kulezi zakhi zofuzo ezithile zokulwa nalesi sifo.

Izincomo zokuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza emzimbeni

Yamukela ukudla okunempilo: Ukudla ukudla okunomsoco, okunomsoco kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza emzimbeni. Qiniseka ukuthi ufaka izinhlobonhlobo zezithelo, imifino, okusanhlamvu okuphelele, namaprotheni angenalutho ekudleni kwakho kwansuku zonke. Nciphisa ukudla okugayiwe, amafutha agcwele, noshukela ocolisisiwe, njengoba lokhu kungandisa ingozi yomdlavuza.

Gcina isisindo esinempilo: Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ukukhuluphala kungandisa ingozi yokuba nezinhlobo eziningana zomdlavuza. Ukuze ulondoloze isisindo esinempilo, kubalulekile ukulondoloza indlela yokuphila esebenzayo futhi uhlanganyele emisebenzini evamile yokuzivocavoca. Futhi, gwema indlela yokuphila yokunganyakazi futhi unciphise isikhathi osichitha uhlezi noma ungenzi lutho.

Gwema ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi notshwala: Ugwayi notshwala yizinto eziyingozi ezaziwayo zokuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza. Uma ungumuntu obhemayo, kufanele ucabange ukuyeka ngokushesha. Futhi, gwema ukuchayeka ekubhemeni. seyike yasetshenziswa. Mayelana nokuphuzwa kotshwala, kuyatuseka ukukukhawula ngamanani alinganiselwe noma ukugweme ngokuphelele. Lezi zinyathelo zizosiza kakhulu ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba namangqamuzana omdlavuza emzimbeni wakho.

Amathiphu okugcina impilo eyanele yokuzala ezigulini ezinomdlavuza

Kulesi sihloko, sinikeza amathiphu abalulekile okugcina impilo eyanele yokuzala ezigulini ezitholakale zinomdlavuza. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi isiguli ngasinye sihlukile futhi lokho lawa macebiso kufanele kuboniswane futhi kujwayelwe kanye nethimba lezokwelapha.

1. Ukudla okulinganiselayo: Ukudla okunomsoco kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo enhle yokuzala. Qinisekisa ukuthi ufaka ukudla okunothe ngamavithamini, amaminerali, nama-antioxidants ekudleni kwakho. Ezinye izibonelo Lezi izithelo nemifino emisha, izinhlanzi ezicebile ku-Omega-3 fatty acids, kanye nemifino ehlinzeka ngamaprotheni kanye ne-fiber. Futhi, gwema ukudla okugayiwe, okuthosiwe, nokunoshukela.

2. Gcina isisindo esinempilo: Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kungaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yokuzala kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane. Ukuphatha nokugcina isisindo esinempilo kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okufanele kwamahomoni kanye nokuthuthukisa inzalo. Uma unenkinga yokulondoloza isisindo esinempilo, funa ukusekelwa nguchwepheshe wezokudla okukhethekile noma udokotela.

Imithelela yokwelashwa komdlavuza ekwakhiweni kwamangqamuzana

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza, okufana nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ukwelashwa ngemisebe, kanye nokwelashwa okuhlosiwe, kunemiphumela ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamangqamuzana. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zenzelwe ukukhomba futhi zibulale amangqamuzana omdlavuza, kodwa futhi zingathinta amangqamuzana anempilo ngenkathi kuqhubeka inqubo. Ngezansi eminye yemiphumela eyinhloko lokhu kwelashwa okungaba nayo ekukhiqizeni amaseli:

Imithelela ekuhlukaniseni amaseli:

• I-Chemotherapy kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe kungavimbela ukuhlukana kwamaseli ngokuphazamisa umjikelezo wamaseli. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zindlela zokwelapha zonakalisa i-DNA futhi zivimbela amangqamuzana ukuba ahlukane futhi akhiqize kabusha ngendlela efanele.
• Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungathinta ngokukhetha izinqubo ezithile zamangqamuzana ezibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amaseli, okuholela ekuvinjweni kokukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza nokuzala.

Imithelela ekwenziweni kwamaseli amasha:

• I-Chemotherapy kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe kungathinta amandla ama-stem cells okukhiqiza amasha. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zingalimaza noma zicekele phansi ama-stem cells, okunganciphisa amandla omzimba okubuyisela amaseli alimele.
• Ukwelapha okuhlosiwe kungase futhi kuthinte ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli amasha ngokuvimbela izinqubo ezidingekayo ekwakhekeni kwamaseli amasha noma ngokuvimbela amasignali alawula ukusebenza kwe-stem cell.

Imithelela ekukhiqizeni kabusha kwamaseli okuvamile:

• Ngaphezu kokuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, ukwelapha umdlavuza kungalimaza amangqamuzana anempilo, ahlukana ngokushesha, njengamangqamuzana ezinwele, amangqamuzana egazi, namangqamuzana ahambisana nomgudu wokugaya ukudla.
• Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zingabangela ukufa kwamangqamuzana anempilo, okungaholela emiphumeleni ebalulekile efana nokulahlekelwa izinwele, i-anemia, nezinkinga zesisu.

Sengiphetha, ukwelapha umdlavuza kunemiphumela ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamangqamuzana. Le miphumela ibalulekile ukuthi icatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwa amasu okwelapha futhi kucatshangelwa imiphumela yezempilo engaba khona ezigulini. Odokotela nososayensi bayaqhubeka nokucwaninga izindlela zokunciphisa le miphumela kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa komdlavuza, ngenhloso yokuzuza imiphumela emihle ezigulini.

Ukungenelela kokwelapha okusekelwe ekushintshanisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamaseli ezigulini ezinomdlavuza

Isingeniso:

Ukungenelela kokwelapha okusekelwe ekushintshashintsheni kokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana kufakazele ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ekwelapheni iziguli ezinomdlavuza. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zigxile ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni ukwanda okungalawuleki kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukumisa ukukhula kwawo futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, kubuyisele emuva ukuthuthukiswa kwawo.

Izinhlobo zokungenelela kokwelapha:

Kunezindlela eziningana ezisuselwe ekushintshanisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana asetshenziselwa ukwelapha iziguli ezinomdlavuza, phakathi kwazo okulandelayo okugqamayo:

• Ukwelashwa nge-Gene: Iqukethe ukwethulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile kumangqamuzana omdlavuza, ngenhloso yokuguqula ukuziphatha kwawo futhi kugqugquzelwe ukuqedwa kwawo amasosha omzimba esiguli.
• Ukwelashwa kweselula: Ngale ndlela, amaseli ashintshwe izakhi zofuzo asetshenziselwa ukukhomba nokubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lawa maseli akhiwe ukuze abone ngokukhetha futhi ahlasele amaseli wesimila, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise imiphumela emibi esicutshini esinempilo.
• Ukwelashwa okuqondiwe: Kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa ezithile ezisebenza kuma-molecule kanye nezindlela zokubonisa izimpawu ezibalulekile ohlelweni lokuzala kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Le mithi ifuna ukuvimba noma ukuvimbela izindlela ezivumela ukwanda okungalawuleki kwamathumba.

Imiphumela nokucatshangelwa kokugcina:

Ukungenelela kokwelapha okusekelwe ekushintshanisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana kubonise imiphumela ethembisayo ekwelapheni iziguli ezinomdlavuza. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zinikeza ithuba lokulawula futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukuqeda amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngaphandle kokulimaza kakhulu izicubu ezinempilo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi isiguli ngasinye nohlobo lomdlavuza lungasabela ngendlela ehlukile kulokhu kungenelela, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza ukwelashwa kube ngokwakho kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwakho.

Ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha ocwaningweni ngobudlelwano phakathi komdlavuza nokuzala kwamaseli

Ucwaningo lwesayensi ngobudlelwano phakathi komdlavuza nokuzala kwamangqamuzana luphakamisa uchungechunge lwezimiso zokuziphatha okufanele kubhekwane nazo ngokuqinile. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zebhayoloji yabantu, ubumfihlo babantu abahililekile ocwaningweni, kanye nokulingana ekufinyeleleni ezinzuzweni zocwaningo.

Okokuqala nokubalulekile, ukusetshenziswa kwamasampula ebhayoloji yabantu ocwaningweni kufanele kubhekwe. Lokhu okubalulekile, okuhlanganisa izicubu namaseli aqoqwe ezigulini, kufanele kutholwe ngendlela yokuziphatha nangemvume enolwazi yabantu abahilelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amasampula aphathwa ngenhlonipho efanele kanye nemfihlo, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo namalungelo abanikeli.

Ngokunjalo, ukulingana ekufinyeleleni ezinzuzweni zocwaningo kuyisici esibalulekile. Intuthuko yesayensi emkhakheni womdlavuza kanye nokuzala kwamangqamuzana kufanele kufinyeleleke kuwo wonke umphakathi, ngaphandle kokubandlululwa. Kubalulekile ukugqugquzela ukungafihli ekusatshalalisweni kwemiphumela nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezikhungo nososayensi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi okutholakele kusetshenziselwa ukusiza impilo yomphakathi hhayi izintshisekelo ezithile.

Ucwaningo olusha kanye nentuthuko ekuqondeni ubudlelwano phakathi komdlavuza kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila kwamaseli

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo ngobudlelwano phakathi komdlavuza kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila kwamangqamuzana lwenze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi umjikelezo wokuphila kwamaseli uxhumene kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa nokusabalala komdlavuza. Umjikelezo wempilo umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo elawula ukukhula kwamangqamuzana, ukuhlukana nokufa okuhleliwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi lo mjikelezo usebenza kanjani nokuthi uphazamiseka kanjani emdlavuzeni kubalulekile ekwakheni izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha.

Enye yezindawo ezithembisa kakhulu zocwaningo kulo mkhakha ukucwaninga kwezinqubo zamangqamuzana ezilawula umjikelezo wokuphila kwamangqamuzana. Kutholakale ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezithile, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-oncogenes, zingabangela ukwanda kwamangqamuzana okungalawuleki okuphawula umdlavuza. Lawa ma-oncogenes angabangela ukuhlukana kwamaseli okuqhubekayo futhi avimbele ukufa okuhleliwe kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi baye bahlonza ezinye izakhi zofuzo, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-tumor suppressor genes, ezinekhono lokunqanda ukukhula okungalawuleki kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Enye intuthuko ebalulekile kube ukutholakala kobudlelwane phakathi komjikelezo wokuphila kwamangqamuzana kanye ne-angiogenesis, inqubo lapho imithambo yegazi emisha yakheka khona ukuze inikeze imisoco ezimila. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza angakwazi ukukhiqiza izinto ezenza kusebenze ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi ezungeze isimila, ngaleyo ndlela akhuthaze ukukhula nokusabalala kwawo. Ukuqonda ukuthi i-angiogenesis ihlobana kanjani nomjikelezo wokuphila kwamangqamuzana kuvula amathuba amasha okwelapha ukuze kuvinjwe ukuhlinzekwa komsoco kumathumba futhi kubambezele ukukhula kwawo.

Imibuzo Nezimpendulo

Umbuzo 1: Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi komdlavuza nokuzala kwamaseli?
Impendulo 1: Umdlavuza yisifo esibonakala ngokukhula okungalawuleki nokungajwayelekile kwamaseli emzimbeni. Lesi simo sihlobene eduze nenqubo yokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana, njengoba umdlavuza ukhula lapho amangqamuzana avamile eqala ukuhlukana ngendlela engalawuleki futhi engajwayelekile.

Umbuzo 2: Yiziphi izici zokukhiqizwa kwamaseli ezihilelekile ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza?
Impendulo yesi-2: Ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza kungahlotshaniswa nezici ezihlukahlukene zokuzalanisa kwamangqamuzana, njengomjikelezo weseli, ukulawulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, namandla okulungisa i-DNA. Ezimweni eziningi, amangqamuzana omdlavuza athola amandla okubalekela izindlela zokulawula ezingalawula ukukhula nokuhlukana kwamaseli okuvamile.

Umbuzo 3: Amaseli omdlavuza akhula kanjani ngokungalawuleki?
Impendulo yesi-3: Ukukhula okungalawuleki kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza kungabangelwa ukuguqulwa kofuzo okuthinta izindlela zokulawula umjikelezo wamaseli. Lezi zinguquko zingabangela amangqamuzana ahlukane ngokushesha futhi ngendlela engalawuleki, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwesimila.

Umbuzo 4: Yiziphi izinhlobo zamaseli ezingaba nomdlavuza?
Impendulo 4: Cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni lungaba nomdlavuza. Ziningi izinhlobo zomdlavuza eziqhamuka ezicutshini nasezithweni ezahlukene zomzimba, njengomdlavuza webele, wamaphaphu, umdlavuza wendlala yesinye.

Umbuzo 5: Yiziphi izinto eziyingozi eziyinhloko zokuthuthukisa umdlavuza?
Impendulo yesi-5: Nakuba izimbangela eziqondile zomdlavuza zingakaqondwa ngokugcwele, kunezici ezimbalwa ezaziwayo eziyingozi ezingase zandise amathuba okuba nalesi sifo. Ezinye zezici ezivame kakhulu eziyingozi zihlanganisa ukubhema, ukuchayeka emagciwaneni, imisebe, izifo ezithile, umlando womndeni womdlavuza, kanye nokuguga.

Umbuzo 6: Ngabe umdlavuza uhlobene kanjani nokuzala kwamaseli utholwa futhi welashwe?
Impendulo yesi-6: Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okufana nokuhlolwa kwegazi, ukuthwebula izithombe, nama-biopsies angasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe ubukhona nezici zamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ukwelashwa komdlavuza ohlobene nokuzala kwamangqamuzana kungase kwehluke kuye ngohlobo nesigaba sesifo, futhi kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlinzwa, ukwelapha ngamakhemikhali, ukwelapha ngemisebe, i-immunotherapy, nokwelashwa okuhlosiwe, phakathi kokunye.

Umbuzo 7: Kungenzeka yini ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza ohlobene nokuzala kwamaseli?
Impendulo 7: Nakuba zingekho izindlela eziqinisekile zokuvimbela ngokuphelele umdlavuza, ungathatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa ingozi yakho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphila impilo enempilo, ukugwema ukusebenzisa ugwayi notshwala, ukuzivikela ekuchayekeni amakhemikhali e-carcinogen nasezintweni ezinobuthi, ukuhlolelwa udokotela njalo, nokugonyelwa amagciwane aziwa ukuthi ahlobene nomdlavuza, njenge-human papillomavirus (HPV).

Umbuzo 8: Yimaphi amathuba ocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo mayelana nomdlavuza kanye nokuzala kwamaseli?
Impendulo yesi-8: Ucwaningo ngomdlavuza nokuzala kwamaselula luhlala luyisihloko esithakaselwa kakhulu ngokwesayensi. Intuthuko ekuqondeni izindlela zamangqamuzana ezihilelekile ekuthuthukisweni komdlavuza kulindeleke, okungaholela ekwakhiweni kwamasu amasha, asebenza ngempumelelo okuxilonga nawokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isicelo yokwelapha Ubunjiniyela bezofuzo kanye nemithi yomuntu siqu ingadlala indima ebalulekile ekwelashweni komdlavuza esikhathini esizayo.

Ekuphetheni

Sengiphetha, umdlavuza wukuphazamiseka kokuzala kwamangqamuzana okuphazamisa ibhalansi evamile yomzimba. Njengoba sihlolisisile kulesi sihloko, ukukhula okungalawuleki kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza kungavela ekuguqulweni kofuzo okuhlukahlukene noma izici eziyingozi zemvelo.

Ukuzala kabusha kwamangqamuzana, inqubo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuvuselelweni komzimba, kuphazamiseka ngokuyisisekelo emdlavuzeni. Izindlela zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nokuhlukanisa ziba zingasebenzi, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezimila ezimbi.

Ngokuqonda izinqubo zamangqamuzana nezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuzaleni kwamangqamuzana okuvamile nasekuthuthukisweni komdlavuza, kuye kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili ekuxilongweni nasekulashweni kwalesi sifo kusenesikhathi. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kulo mkhakha lubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokwelapha eziphumelela kakhulu nezomuntu siqu, kanye nokuvimbela ukukhula kwayo ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ekugcineni, nakuba umdlavuza kanye nobudlelwano bawo nokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana kuyimiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eyinselele, intuthuko yesayensi kule ndawo isinika ithemba lokuhlinzeka iziguli ngezinketho zokwelashwa ezingcono kanye nezinga lempilo. Kungenxa yolwazi nokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabacwaningi nabasebenzi bezempilo lapho sizokwazi ukubhekana nale nselelo futhi siqhubekisele phambili impi yokulwa nomdlavuza.