Izici Zokuphefumula kwe-Aerobic kanye ne-Anaerobic Cellular Emaseli Emisipha

Ukuphefumula umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo ezibalulekile ezenzeka kumaseli omzimba, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla adingekayo ukuze kusebenze kahle izicubu, ikakhulukazi amaseli emisipha. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlola izici zokuphefumula kwamaselula e-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha, okuhlinzeka ngendlela yobuchwepheshe nengathathi hlangothi kule nqubo ethakazelisayo ye-biochemical. Ngokuqonda ukuthi lezi zindlela zamandla zisebenza kanjani kumangqamuzana emisipha, singakwazi ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwe-oxygenation kanye nendima yama-substrates ahlukene esizukulwaneni se-ATP, ngaleyo ndlela sinikele ekuqondeni okubanzi kwe-muscle physiology.

Isingeniso sokuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuphila kwamangqamuzana emisipha, njengoba kuwavumela ukuba athole amandla adingekayo ukuze afeze. imisebenzi yayo. Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kungenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili: i-aerobic ne-anaerobic. Endabeni yokuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic, Le nqubo Kwenzeka lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, kuyilapho ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-anaerobic kwenzeka lapho ungekho umoya-mpilo.

I-Aerobic cell respiration iyinqubo esebenza kahle kakhulu eyenzeka ku-mitochondria yamaseli emisipha. Phakathi nale nqubo, amangqamuzana eglucose ayaphuka lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo ukuze akhiqize i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), okuwumthombo wamandla oyinhloko wengqamuzana. Ukuphefumula kwe-Aerobic kwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana, okuhlanganisa i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs, kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-anaerobic kuyinqubo engasebenzi kahle eyenzeka lapho ungekho umoya-mpilo. Phakathi nale nqubo, amangqamuzana emisipha asebenzisa ezinye izinhlanganisela, njenge-glucose noma i-lactic acid, njengomthombo wamandla. Ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic kungavubela, lapho kukhiqizwa i-lactic acid, noma utshwala, lapho kukhiqizwa i-ethyl alcohol. Ngokungafani nokuphefumula kwe-aerobic, ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic akukhiqizi inani elikhulu le-ATP futhi kungabangela ukunqwabelana kwe-lactic acid emisipha, okuholela ekukhathaleni kwemisipha.

Ukubaluleka kokuphefumula kwamaselula kumaseli emisipha

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile yamangqamuzana emisipha, njengoba kuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla adingekayo ukuze asebenze. Le nqubo yenzeka ku-mitochondria, izakhiwo ezibhekele ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kumaseli. Ukubaluleka kokuphefumula kwamaselula kukulezi zici ezilandelayo:

• Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP: Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, i-glucose nezinye izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswa ochungechungeni lokusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuze kutholwe amandla ngendlela ye-ATP (adenosine triphosphate). I-ATP iwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa amangqamuzana emisipha ukwenza ukufinyela kwemisipha kanye neminye imisebenzi ye-metabolic.
• Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza: Ukuphefumula kwamaselula nakho kusivumela ukuba sikhiphe udoti okhiqizwa umzimba. umzimba weselula, njenge-carbon dioxide. Le mikhiqizo ithuthelwa ngaphandle kweseli, igcina ibhalansi yamakhemikhali eyanele ukuze isebenze kahle.
• Ukulawulwa kwe-pH: Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamaselula, ukushintshana kwama-proton nama-electron kwenzeka okusiza ukulawula i-pH ye-intracellular. I-pH elinganiselayo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamangqamuzana emisipha futhi igwema izimo ze-acidity eyeqile noma i-alkalinity.

Kafushane, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kudlala indima ebalulekile kumaseli emisipha ngokunikeza amandla adingekayo ekufinyezeni kanye neminye imisebenzi yeselula. Ukwengeza, le nqubo ibalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yamakhemikhali efanele kanye nokukhipha udoti. Ukuyiqonda kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza komzimba nokugcina impilo nokusebenza kwemisipha.

Izindlela zokuphefumula kwamaselula e-aerobic kumaseli emisipha

Amaseli emisipha amangqamuzana akhethekile adinga amandla amakhulu ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo yenkontileka. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngenxa yokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic, inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-biochemical eyenzeka ku-mitochondria yamangqamuzana emisipha futhi ihilela izigaba eziningana.

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana emisipha i-glycolysis, lapho i-glucose ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate i-cytoplasm yeseli. I-Pyruvate bese ingena ku-mitochondria, lapho ifakwa khona i-oxidized kumjikelezo we-Krebs, ikhiqiza i-NADH ne-FADH2 njengokuthutha nge-electron. Lezi zokugcina zisetshenziswa ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwe-electron, lapho ukudluliswa kwe-electron kwenzeka ngochungechunge lwama-protein complexes kanye nama-molecule e-ATP, umthombo oyinhloko wamandla amaselula, akhiqizwa.

Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic kumangqamuzana emisipha nakho kunesibopho sokukhiqizwa kwe-carbon dioxide, i-byproduct ye-carbohydrate metabolism. Le carbon dioxide isakazeka emgudwini wegazi futhi ikhishwa ngamaphaphu. Inqubo yokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic kumangqamuzana emisipha ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe amandla anele kanye nokuqeda ukungcola kwe-metabolic emzimbeni.

Izindlela zokuphefumula kwamaselula e-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha

Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Anaerobic kuyinqubo lapho amangqamuzana emisipha ethola amandla lapho ungekho umoya-mpilo. Lo mshini ubalulekile ekusebenzeni okukhulu, isikhathi esifushane, njengoba kuvumela ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo kwe-ATP, i-molecule yamandla esetshenziswa amaseli ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.

Kumaseli emisipha, izindlela eziyinhloko zokuphefumula kwamaselula e-anaerobic yilezi:

• I-Glycolysis: Kulesi sigaba, i-glucose ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate. Le nqubo yenzeka ku-cytoplasm yeseli futhi ayidingi umoya-mpilo. I-Glycolysis ikhiqiza i-ATP encane, kodwa iyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokukhiqizwa kwamandla okulandelayo.
• Ukukhiqizwa kwe-lactic acid: Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuqina kokuzivocavoca okuphezulu, i-pyruvate ekhiqizwa ku-glycolysis iguqulelwa ku-lactic acid. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-lactic fermentation, ivumela ukuvuselelwa kwe-NAD+ ukugcina i-glycolysis isebenza futhi ikhiqize i-ATP eyengeziwe.
• Ukuvuselelwa kwesistimu yamandla: Ngemuva kokukhiqizwa kwe-lactic acid, umzimba udinga ukugcwalisa ngokushesha izinqolobane zawo zamandla futhi ususe i-lactic acid enqwabelene. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa umoya-mpilo okwalandela, kusetshenziswa ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic ukuze kugaywe i-lactic acid nokuvuselela uhlelo lwamandla.

Ekuphetheni, bavumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okusheshayo ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca okukhulu. Lezi zinqubo, ezifana ne-glycolysis kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-lactic acid, zibalulekile ekugcineni umsebenzi wemisipha lapho amazinga e-oxygen enganele. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic kunemikhawulo yakho futhi akukwazi ukugcinwa isikhathi eside, njengoba kudala ukunqwabelana kwe-lactic acid kanye nokukhathala kwemisipha.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic cell respiration kumaseli emisipha

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile kumaseli emisipha, njengoba kunikeza amandla adingekayo ekusebenzeni kwawo. Nokho, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kokuphefumula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kulawa maseli.

Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Aerobic kwenzeka lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, okuvumela inani elikhulu lamandla ukuba litholakale ngokufakwa okuphelele kwe-glucose. Abanye umehluko omkhulu Yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Ikhiqizwa ku-mitochondria, lapho kutholakala khona ama-enzyme kanye nezithuthi ezidingekayo ukwenza ukusabela.
• I-glucose ihlukana ibe yi-carbon dioxide namanzi, ikhiphe inani elikhulu lamandla ngesimo se-ATP.
• Izithako ezifana ne-NADH ne-FADH2 ziyakhiqizwa, ezisetshenziswa ochungechungeni lokuphefumula ukuze kukhiqizwe i-ATP.

Ngokuphambene, ukuphefumula kweselula kwe-anaerobic akudingi umoya-mpilo futhi kwenzeka lapho ukugxiliswa komoyampilo kuphansi noma kungekho. Nakuba kutholakala amandla amancane kunawokuphefumula kwe-aerobic, le nqubo ivumela amangqamuzana emisipha ukuba aphile ngaphansi kwezimo zokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Eminye yomehluko ophawuleka kakhulu yile:

• Ikhiqizwa ku-cytoplasm yeseli, ngoba ayidingi ukuba khona kwe-mitochondria.
• IGlucose ibhidlike kancane, yakhe i-lactic acid noma utshwala futhi ikhiphe inani elincane lamandla ngendlela ye-ATP.
• Izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-NAD+ ziyavuselelwa, ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe inqubo ye-glycolysis.

Kafushane, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kuyizinqubo ezibalulekile kumaseli emisipha, nakuba zihluka ezindaweni lapho zenziwa khona, imikhiqizo etholiwe kanye nenani lamandla akhishwe. Zombili izinqubo zinokubaluleka kwazo futhi zivumelana nezimo ezihlukene zamaselula kanye ne-oxygenation.

Izinto ezithinta ukuphefumula kwamaselula kumaseli emisipha

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo lapho amangqamuzana emisipha ethola amandla okwenza imisebenzi yawo. Nokho, kunezici ezimbalwa ezingathinta le nqubo ebalulekile kula maseli. Ngezansi, sizohlola ezinye zalezi zici nokuthi zikuthonya kanjani ukuphefumula kwamaselula.

1. Ukutholakala komoyampilo: Inani le-oksijini elitholakala emvelweni liyisici esinqumayo ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana emisipha. Lapho umoya-mpilo uyindlala, njengoba kwenzeka phakathi nokuzivocavoca okukhulu, amangqamuzana emisipha ayaphoqeleka ukuthi aphendukele ekuvubeleni kwe-lactic acid ukuze athole amandla ngendlela ye-anaerobic. Lokhu kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-lactic acid, i-molecule enganciphisa ukusebenza kwemisipha futhi ibangele ukukhathala.

2. Amazinga eglucose: IGlucose ingumthombo oyinhloko kaphethiloli wamaseli emisipha ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamaselula. Uma amazinga eglucose ephansi emzimbeni, kungaba ngenxa yokudla okunganele noma ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kweglucose ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngokomzimba, lokhu kungase kuthinte kabi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kumaseli emisipha. Kubalulekile ukugcina ukudla okwanele kwe-carbohydrate ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kweglucose njalo.

3. Imetabolism yeselula: i-cell metabolism Kungesinye isici esiyinhloko esithinta ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kumaseli emisipha. Umuntu ngamunye unemetabolism ehlukile, enqunywa izici zofuzo nezemvelo. Ukuhamba kancane kwemetabolism kungabangela ukusebenza kahle okuncane ekukhiqizeni amandla, kuyilapho i-metabolism esheshayo ingasheshisa le nqubo. Ukwengeza, izifo ezithile nezimo zezokwelapha zingashintsha i-metabolism yamaselula futhi zithinte ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kumaseli emisipha.

Izinzuzo zokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic kumaseli emisipha

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-Aerobic kumaseli emisipha kunikeza uchungechunge lwezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle nasekuthuthukisweni kwalawa maseli. Ngale nqubo, amangqamuzana emisipha angathola amandla adingekayo ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo ehlukene yokufinyela nokuphumula, ngaleyo ndlela avumele ukunyakaza nokusebenza komzimba.

Ezinye zazo eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okusebenzayo: Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic, amangqamuzana emisipha angathola inani elikhulu lamandla ngesimo se-ATP (adenosine triphosphate), i-molecule enesibopho sokugcina nokuthutha amandla emzimbeni. Lokhu kuvumela ukusebenza kahle kwamaseli emisipha futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwawo ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca noma umsebenzi womzimba.
• Ukususwa kwemfucuza ye-metabolic: Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-Aerobic nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekususeni udoti we-metabolic, njenge-carbon dioxide, ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamaselula. Le nqubo isiza ukugcina ibhalansi yamakhemikhali kanye ne-homeostasis kumaseli emisipha, ukuvimbela ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezinobuthi ezingase zibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwazo.
• Ukulawulwa kwe-pH ye-intracellular: Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-Aerobic kusiza ukugcina i-pH efanele ngaphakathi kwamaseli emisipha. I-pH elinganiselayo ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza okufanele kwama-enzyme namanye ama-molecule ahilelekile ezinqubweni ze-metabolic. Lokhu kuvumela impendulo esheshayo nephumelelayo yamaseli emisipha ezidingweni ezahlukene zomsebenzi womzimba.

Kafushane, ukuphefumula kwamaselula e-aerobic kudlala indima ebalulekile kumaseli emisipha ngokuwanikeza amandla adingekayo ukuze asebenze futhi anyakaze. Ukwengeza, le nqubo ifaka isandla ekugcineni i-homeostasis, ukuqeda imfucuza ye-metabolic, nokulawula i-pH ye-intracellular, iqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nempilo yonke yamangqamuzana emisipha.

Imiphumela yokuphefumula kwamaselula e-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha

I-Lactic acid

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula e-Anaerobic kumaseli emisipha kuhilela ukukhiqizwa kwe-lactic acid njenge-byproduct. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuvutshelwa kwe-glycogen egcinwe emisipha, lapho isidingo samandla siphezulu futhi ingekho i-oxygen eyanele etholakalayo. I-lactic acid ikhiqiza ukunqwabelana kwama-ion e-hydrogen, okwehlisa i-pH engaphakathi kweseli futhi kungaholela ku-lactic acidosis. Lokhu kunqwabelana kwe-lactic acid kungabangela ukukhathala kwemisipha nobuhlungu.

Ukunikezwa kwamandla okungenamandla

Ngokungafani nokuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic, lapho i-glycolysis ilandelwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP eyengeziwe ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwama-electron, ukuphefumula kwamaselula anaerobic kunokusebenza kahle okuphansi kakhulu kwamandla. I-Lactic fermentation ikhiqiza kuphela ama-ATP angu-2 nge-molecule ye-glucose, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-36-38 ATP ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwe-aerobic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amangqamuzana emisipha athembele emigudwini ye-anaerobic metabolism esheshayo kodwa engasebenzi kahle lapho umoya-mpilo uyindlala, okukhawulela ukutholakala kwamandla.

Usongo ku-homeostasis yamaselula

Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Anaerobic kumaseli emisipha kungashintsha i-homeostasis yeselula ngokudala ukungalingani ekugxilweni kwe-hydrogen ion kanye ne-pH ye-intracellular. I-lactic acid ekhiqizwayo ingehlisa i-pH futhi ithinte ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamaprotheni amaselula. Ukwengeza, i-lactic acidosis ingavimbela ama-enzyme abalulekile emgudwini we-glycolytic, iphinde inciphise ikhono lamaseli emisipha lokuthola amandla. Lokhu kungalingani kungaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo ekusebenzeni nasekusebenzeni kwemisipha.

Ukuthuthukisa ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic kumaseli emisipha

Emangqamuzaneni emisipha, ukwenziwa kahle kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwesistimu yemisipha. Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Aerobic kuyinqubo lapho amangqamuzana emisipha ekhiqiza amandla ngokuphula ama-molecule e-glucose lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kuguqulwa kweglucose ibe yi-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukufinyela kwemisipha kanye neminye imisebenzi ye-metabolic.

Kufezwa ngezindlela ezahlukene ze-biochemical. Ezinye zezinqubo ezibalulekile zifaka:

• Ukwenyuka kokuthathwa komoyampilo: Amaseli emisipha akhulisa amandla awo okubamba umoya-mpilo ngokuba khona kwama-oxygen receptors kulwelwesi lwamaseli. Lokhu kuvumela ukungena okukhulu komoya-mpilo esitokisini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngokuphumelelayo ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamaselula.
• Ukwanda kwe-mitochondria density: I-Mitochondria yi-organelles enesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla kumaseli emisipha. Ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-mitochondria kumaseli emisipha kuvumela ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwe-ATP, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemisipha.
• Ukuphakama kwama-enzyme okuphefumula: Ama-enzyme abalulekile ahilelekile ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula e-aerobic, njenge-cytochrome oxidase kanye ne-succinate dehydrogenase, ahlanganiswa ngobuningi obukhulu kumaseli emisipha athuthukisiwe. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kweketango lokuphefumula kanye ne-oxidative metabolism.

Kafushane, kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okuthatha umoya-mpilo, ukuminyana kwe-mitochondrial kanye nomsebenzi we-enzymatic. Lezi zindlela ziqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla okwanele ekusebenzeni kwemisipha, okuvumela ukusebenza kahle emisebenzini yomzimba nezemidlalo.

Ukuvimbela ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha

Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Anaerobic kwenzeka kumangqamuzana emisipha lapho kungekho oksijini owanele otholakalayo ukuze ukhiqize amandla ngokuphefumula kwe-aerobic. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi nesikhathi esifushane, imisebenzi eqinile yomzimba, njengokuphakamisa izinsimbi noma ukugijima.

Ukuvimbela ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha, amasu alandelayo angalandelwa:

• Gcina ukungena okwanele komoya-mpilo: Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umzimba uthola umoya-mpilo owanele ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca okukhulu. Lokhu ingafinyelelwa ukuthatha ukuphefumula okujulile, okulawulwayo ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa.
• Khulisa ukumelana nenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ukuthuthukisa umthamo wenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi kuyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-anaerobic. Kunconywa ukwenza ukuqeqeshwa kokumelana nenhliziyo njengokugijima, ukubhukuda noma ukuhamba ngebhayisikili njalo.
• Sebenzisa ukuqeqeshwa kwamandla: Ukwandisa amandla emisipha kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuphefumula kwamaselula e-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha. Ukuqinisa imisipha ngokuzivocavoca kwamandla okufana nokuphakamisa izinsimbi noma ukuqeqeshwa kwebhande lokumelana kungathuthukisa ikhono lamaseli emisipha ukuze asebenzise umoya-mpilo kangcono.

Ukusebenzisa lawa masu kanye nendlela yokuqeqesha efanele kanye nokudla okulinganiselayo kungabaluleka ukuvimbela ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-anaerobic kumangqamuzana emisipha futhi kwandiswe ukusebenza komzimba.

Izincomo zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphefumula kwamaselula kumaseli emisipha

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile kumaseli emisipha evumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla adingekayo ukuze kufinyezwe futhi kuphumule izicubu zemisipha. Ngezansi kukhona izincomo zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwale nqubo:

1. Ukusetshenziswa okwanele komsoco: Ukuze ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kusebenze kahle, kubalulekile ukuthi amangqamuzana emisipha athole imisoco edingekayo. Qiniseka ukuthi ufaka ukudla okunothe ngamakhabhohayidrethi, amafutha anempilo kanye namaprotheni asezingeni ekudleni kwakho. Ukwengeza, ukudla ama-antioxidants afana namavithamini C no-E kungasiza ukuvikela amangqamuzana emisipha kuma-radicals mahhala akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamaselula.

2. Umkhuba ojwayelekile wokuzivocavoca kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ukuzivocavoca kwenhliziyo, njengokugijima, ukubhukuda noma ukuhamba ngebhayisikili, kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kumaseli emisipha. Lolu hlobo lokuqeqesha lukhulisa ukujikeleza kwegazi futhi luthuthukise ukuthuthwa kwe-oksijini kumaseli, okukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokuphumelelayo. Hlela okungenani imizuzu engu-30 yokuzivocavoca kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi okumaphakathi izikhathi eziningana ngeviki.

3. Ukuphumula nokuphumula okwanele: Ukuphumula okwanele kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kumaseli emisipha. Ngesikhathi sokulala, umzimba wenza izinqubo zokulungisa nokuvuselela amangqamuzana, okuvumela amangqamuzana emisipha ukuba asebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Zama ukulala phakathi kwamahora angu-7 nangu-9 njalo ebusuku futhi uhloniphe izinsuku zokuphumula phakathi nezikhathi zokuzivocavoca okukhulu ukuze uvumele ukululama kwamaselula.

Ukubaluleka kwebhalansi phakathi kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic cell respiration kumaseli emisipha

Ukubaluleka kokugcina ukulingana phakathi kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kumangqamuzana emisipha kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kwamaselula. Zombili izinqubo ze-metabolic zibalulekile ekunikezeni amandla adingekayo ekufinyezeni kwemisipha.

I-Aerobic cell respiration, eyenzeka lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, kuwuhlelo olusebenza kahle kakhulu lwe-metabolic lokukhiqiza amandla ngendlela ye-adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Phakathi nale nqubo, i-glucose ihlukaniswa ku-cytoplasm ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate, abese engena ku-mitochondria, lapho ephefumula khona i-aerobic cell ukuze akhiqize. ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-ATP.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-anaerobic, okwenzeka lapho ungekho umoya-mpilo, kuyinqubo engasebenzi kahle kunokuphefumula kwe-aerobic. Le nqubo ye-metabolic isetshenziswa lapho izidingo zamandla ziphezulu futhi umoya-mpilo owanele awukwazi ukuhlinzekwa kumaseli emisipha. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-anaerobic, i-pyruvate iguqulelwa ku-lactic acid, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo kodwa okulinganiselwe kwe-ATP. Kodwa-ke, uma i-lactic acid eningi yakha, ingabangela ukukhathala nobuhlungu bemisipha.

Izinkinga ezihambisana nokungalingani ekuphefumuleni kweselula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha

Bangaba nemiphumela emibi ehlukahlukene emzimbeni. Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Aerobic kuyinqubo lapho amangqamuzana emisipha ekhiqiza amandla lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, kuyilapho ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic kuwukukhiqiza amandla lapho ungekho umoya-mpilo. Uma lezi zinqubo zingalingani, kungase kuphakame izinkinga ezithinta ukusebenza nokusebenza kwezicubu zemisipha.

Enye yezinkinga ezivame kakhulu ukunqwabelana kwe-lactic acid kumaseli emisipha. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwe-anaerobic, i-glucose iyaphulwa ukuze ikhiqize amandla, ikhiqize i-lactic acid njenge-byproduct. Le asidi inganqwabelana ngokushesha uma ingasuswanga ngokwanele, okuholela ekwehleni kwe-pH engaphakathi kwamaseli ne-acidosis. I-muscle acidosis ingabangela ukukhathala, amajaqamba, ubuhlungu, kanye nokulimala kwemisipha. Kubalulekile ukugcina ukulingana okufanele phakathi kokuphefumula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic ukuvimbela le nkinga.

Enye inkinga ehambisana nokungalingani ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okwanele. Ukuphefumula kwe-Aerobic kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla kunokuphefumula kwe-anaerobic, ngoba kukhiqiza a ukusebenza okuphezulu ngendlela ye-ATP. Uma amangqamuzana emisipha engawutholi umoya-mpilo owanele ukuze enze ukuphefumula kwe-aerobic, azophoqeleka ukuthi enze ukuphefumula okwengeziwe kwe-anaerobic, okuholela ekukhiqizweni kwamandla okwanele. Lokhu kuntuleka kwamandla kungathinta ukusebenza komzimba futhi kunciphise ikhono lamaseli emisipha ukwenza imisebenzi yawo ngendlela efanele.

Q&A

Umbuzo: Yiziphi izici zokuphefumula kwamaselula e-aerobic kumaseli emisipha?
Impendulo: Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Aerobic kumaseli emisipha kuyinqubo ye-metabolic eyenzeka lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. Phakathi nale nqubo, amangqamuzana emisipha aphula ama-molecule e-glucose namanye ama-substrates ukuze akhiqize amandla ngendlela ye-adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-Aerobic kusebenza kahle kakhulu futhi kuvumela amaseli emisipha ukuthi aqhubeke nokusebenza isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokukhathala.

Umbuzo: Yiziphi izigaba zokuphefumula kwamaselula e-aerobic kumaseli emisipha?
Impendulo: Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-Aerobic kumaseli emisipha kuqukethe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye neketanga lokuphefumula. Ku-glycolysis, i-molecule eyodwa ye-glucose idilizwa ukuze ikhiqize ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate nenani elincane le-ATP. I-Pyruvate bese ingena kumjikelezo we-Krebs, lapho i-oxidized ngokuphelele futhi ama-molecule e-ATP engeziwe akhiqizwa. Ekugcineni, ama-molecule e-ATP akhiqizwa ochungechungeni lokuphefumula, lapho ama-electron adluliswa phakathi nezigaba ezedlule asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla.

Umbuzo: Yiziphi izici zokuphefumula kwamaselula e-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha?
Impendulo: Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Anaerobic kumangqamuzana emisipha kuyinqubo ye-metabolic eyenzeka lapho ungekho umoya-mpilo. Phakathi nale nqubo, amangqamuzana emisipha asebenzisa i-glycolysis njengokuphela komthombo wamandla okukhiqiza i-ATP. Ngokungafani nokuphefumula kwe-aerobic, ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic akusebenzi kahle futhi kukhiqiza ukunqwabelana okukhulu kwe-lactic acid, okungaholela ekukhathaleni nokuntuleka kokusebenza kwemisipha.

Umbuzo: Yiziphi izici ezingathonya ukukhethwa kwe-aerobic noma i-anaerobic cell respiration kumaseli emisipha?
Impendulo: Ukukhetha phakathi kokuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha kuncike ezintweni ezimbalwa. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ukutholakala komoyampilo. Uma i-oxygen eyanele ikhona, amangqamuzana emisipha avame ukukhetha ukuphefumula kwe-aerobic ngenxa yawo ukusebenza kahle okukhulu amandla. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zokufunwa kwamandla aphezulu noma lapho inani lomoya-mpilo lilinganiselwe, amaseli emisipha angaphendukela ekuphefumuleni kwe-anaerobic ukuze akhiqize ngokushesha i-ATP.

Umbuzo: Kuyini ukubaluleka kokuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha?
Impendulo: Ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-Aerobic kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamangqamuzana emisipha, kunikeze umthombo wamandla oqhubekayo phakathi nezikhathi ezinde zomsebenzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-anaerobic kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqineni okuphezulu kanye nezimo zesikhathi esifushane, lapho impendulo esheshayo neqhumayo idingeka. Inhlanganisela elinganiselayo yazo zombili izinqubo ze-metabolic ivumela amangqamuzana emisipha ukuba azivumelanise futhi aphendule ngokuphumelelayo ezidingweni zamandla ahlukene.

Indlela yokulandela

Kafushane, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kuyizinqubo ezimbili ze-metabolic ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla kumaseli emisipha. Ukuphefumula kwe-Aerobic kubonakala njengenqubo esebenza kahle kakhulu esebenzisa umoya-mpilo ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu le-ATP, okuvumela ukusebenza okuzinzile phakathi nezikhathi ezinde zokuzivocavoca. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic kuyinqubo engasebenzi kahle kakhulu eyenziwa ezimweni zokuntuleka komoya-mpilo, okukhiqiza i-ATP ngokushesha, kodwa ngenani elilinganiselwe.

Amaseli emisipha anamandla okwenza kokubili ukuphefumula kwe-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic, avumelane nezidingo zamandla zomzimba. Ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca okuphansi, ukuphefumula kwe-aerobic kuyobusa, kuyilapho ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca okukhulu, isikhathi esifushane, ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic kuzosebenza.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi zombili izinqubo ze-metabolic zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamangqamuzana emisipha kanye nekhono lawo lokufinyela nokukhululeka. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwe-lactic acid ekhiqizwa ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic kungabangela ukukhathala kwemisipha futhi kunciphise ukusebenza komzimba.

Sengiphetha, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana e-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic kumaseli emisipha kuyizinqubo ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza amandla ngesikhathi sokufinyela kwemisipha. Ikhono lamaseli emisipha ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokuzivocavoca liqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusabela okuphumelelayo ezidingweni zamandla omzimba.