I-cytoskeleton kanye nokuhamba kwamaselula kuyizinqubo ezimbili ezibalulekile kubhayoloji yamaseli ezivumela amaseli ukuthi asebenze kahle. I-cytoskeleton, inethiwekhi eguquguqukayo yamaphrotheni ane-filamentous, inikeza ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo futhi ivumela ukuhamba kwezingxenye zamaselula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- ukuthuthwa kwamaselula Kuyindlela ebhekele ukuthutha ama-molecule nama-organelles ngeseli, iqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa nokusebenza kwawo okulungile. Kuleli phepha elimhlophe, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe i-cytoskeleton yamaselula nezokuthutha, ubudlelwano bawo, nokubaluleka kwawo ekusebenzeni kwamaselula.
Isingeniso ku-cytoskeleton kanye nezokuthutha zamaselula
I-cytoskeleton iyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo ze-filamentary ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwamaseli e-eukaryotic. Lolu hlelo lwe-intracellular luhlinzeka ngokusekela, ukuma nokunyakaza kumaseli, okuvumela ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngawo. Ikakhulukazi yakhiwa izinhlobo ezintathu zemicu: i-microfilaments, i-intermediate filaments kanye nama-microtubules.
Ama-Microfilaments mancane futhi enziwe nge-protein actin. Zibalulekile ekufinyezweni kweseli kanye ukunyakaza kweseli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imicu emaphakathi iminyene futhi yakhiwe ngamaprotheni ahlukahlukene, njenge-keratin ne-laminin. Le micu ihlinzeka ngamandla emishini kumaseli futhi isiza ukugcina isimo sayo.
Ekugcineni, ama-microtubules angama-filaments amakhulu futhi akhiwe yi-protein tubulin. Badlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwamaselula, okuvumela ukuhamba kwama-organelles nama-vesicles kulo lonke iseli. Ukwengeza, ama-microtubules akha i-mitotic spindle ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, eqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanele kwama-chromosome.
Isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi we-cytoskeleton esitokisini
I-cytoskeleton iyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yemicu yamaprotheni enwebeka kuyo yonke i-cytoplasm yeseli, ihlinzeka ngokusekela kwesakhiwo futhi ivumele ukunyakaza kwamaselula. Yakhiwa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: ama-microtubules, ama-microfilaments kanye nama-filaments aphakathi.
Ama-Microtubules angamasilinda angenalutho akhiwe ngamaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi ama-tubulins. Banikeza ukuqina nokumelana nomshini kuseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babamba iqhaza ezinqubweni zokuthutha ze-intracellular, okuvumela ukuhamba kwama-organelles nama-vesicles kulo lonke iseli. Futhi banesibopho sokwakheka kwe-cilia kanye flagella, izakhiwo ezinesibopho sokunyakaza kwamaseli.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-microfilaments ayimicu emincane eyakhiwe yiphrotheni ebizwa nge-actin. Le micu ivumelana nezimo kakhulu futhi ibandakanyeka ekufinyezweni kwemisipha, ukwakheka kwe-pseudopodia, nokunyakaza kwamaseli. Ukwengeza, adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amaseli, okunikela ekwakhekeni kweringi yenkontileka ngesikhathi se-cytokinesis.
Ekugcineni, imicu emaphakathi iyisigaba esihlukene samaprotheni ane-fibrous anikeza amandla omshini engqamuzaneni. Ngokungafani nama-microtubules nama-microfilaments, ama-filaments aphakathi nendawo awabambi iqhaza ngokuqondile ekunyakazeni kwamaselula, Nokho, adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqineni kwesakhiwo sezicubu, okubaluleke kakhulu kumaseli angaphansi kokucindezeleka kwemishini, njengamaseli e-epithelial.
Kafushane, i-cytoskeleton iyinethiwekhi yama-protein fibers abalulekile kumaseli, ahlinzeka ngokusekela nokuvumela ukunyakaza kwama-Microtubules, ama-microfilaments, kanye ne-intermediate filaments yizici eziyinhloko zalesi sakhiwo. Ukuhleleka kwayo kanye nomsebenzi odidiyelwe kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kweseli.
Indima ebalulekile ye-cytoskeleton ekuthuthweni kwe-intracellular
Esakhiweni seseli, i-cytoskeleton idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwe-intracellular. Lolu hlelo lwemicu yamaprotheni lusebenza njengenethiwekhi eguquguqukayo evumela ukuhamba kwama-organelles nama-vesicles kulo lonke iseli. I-cytoskeleton yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: ama-microfilaments, ama-microtubules, nama-filaments aphakathi. Ngayinye yalezi zakhi yenza imisebenzi ethile futhi ihlelwa ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthutha okuphumelelayo.
Ama-Microfilaments, akhiwe ikakhulukazi amaprotheni actin, anesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla nokugcina ifomu leseli. Basebenza njengezindlela zokuhamba kwama-vesicles amancane futhi babambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezandiso zamaselula, njenge-microvilli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-microtubules, akhiwe yi-tubulin, ayizakhiwo ezingenalutho ezihlinzeka ngokusekela futhi zivumela ukunyakaza kwama-organelles amakhulu, njengama-lysosomes kanye ne-Golgi apparatus. Amandla ayo alawulwa yi-polymerization kanye ne-depolymerization ye-tubulin, okwenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwe-bidirectional ngaphakathi kweseli.
Imicu ephakathi, eyenziwe ngamaprotheni ahlukene njenge-keratin noma i-lamin, ihlinzeka ngokuzinza kanye nokumelana nemishini kumaseli. Zisebenza njengamahange abamba ama-organelles endaweni futhi abambe iqhaza ekuthuthweni kancane kwama-molecule ku-cytoplasm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cytoskeleton isebenzisana namamotho amangqamuzana, njengama-myosins, avumela ukunyakaza okusebenzayo kwempahla kanye nama-microfilaments nama-microtubules ngokusebenzisa i-hydrolysis yamandla evela ku-ATP.
Amaprotheni ezimoto kanye nomsebenzi wawo ekuthuthweni kwamaselula
Amaprotheni ezimoto adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwamaselula ngokuvumela ukunyakaza kwemithwalo ehlukene kuyo yonke i-cytoplasm. Lawa maprotheni ayakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kanye nokufuduka ngenxa yekhono lawo lokubopha ama-microtubules nama-actin filaments.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamaprotheni ezimoto, okuhlanganisa ama-myosins, ama-kinesins, nama-dyneins. Ngayinye yalawa maprotheni inomsebenzi othize ekuthuthweni kwamaselula futhi ihlose izakhiwo ezihlukene ngaphakathi kweseli. Isibonelo, ama-myosins anesibopho sokuhamba kwama-vesicles nama-organelles ukuya enkabeni yengqamuzana, kuyilapho ama-kinesins anesibopho sokuthutha impahla ngasekugcineni okuhlangene kwama-microtubules.
Amaprotheni ezimoto asebenzisa isakhiwo esifanayo esisekelwe kusizinda esibophezelayo se-ATP, esibavumela ukuba banamathisele kuma-filaments futhi bakhiqize ukunyakaza ngokusebenzisa izinguquko ze-conformational. Ukwengeza, lawa maprotheni angaphinde ahlanganyele namanye amaprotheni kanye nezilawuli ukulawula umsebenzi wabo kanye nesiqondiso sokunyakaza. Ukubaluleka kwamaphrotheni ezimoto ekuthuthweni kwamaselula kusekhonweni lawo lokuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okusebenzayo kwezingxenye zamangqamuzana ahlukene, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kweseli nokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis.
Ama-Microtubules: izindlela zokuthutha zama-organelles nama-vesicles
Ama-Microtubules ayizakhi ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kwamaseli, njengoba asebenza njengezindlela zokuthutha zama-organelles nama-vesicles. Lezi zakhiwo ze-cylindrical zakhiwe ngama-tubulin subunits, ahlelwe ukuze enze isakhiwo se-tubular esingenalutho. Ama-Microtubules anamandla kakhulu futhi ahlala ehlangana futhi ehlakazeka, ngaleyo ndlela evumela ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zamaselula ezihlukene kulo lonke iseli.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-microtubules ukuba isiteji sokuthutha esingaphakathi kwe-intracellular. Ngale micu, ama-organelles nama-vesicles athuthwa kahle ngaphakathi kweseli Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwama-microtubules nama-motor proteins, afana nama-kinesins nama-dynein, ahamba ngama-microtubules kusetshenziswa amandla e-hydrolysis ye-ATP.
Ngaphandle kokuthutha kwe-intracellular, ama-microtubules nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni komgogodla isakhiwo seseli. Zisebenza njengama-scaffolds ahlinzeka ngokusekela nokuzinza kweseli, okunomthelela ekubunjweni nasekuhlelekeni kwayo. Ama-microtubules aphinde abambe iqhaza ezinqubweni eziyisisekelo zamaselula njengokuhlukana kwamaseli nokufuduka kwamaseli, lapho esiza khona ukuhlela nokuqondisa ukunyakaza kwama-chromosome namaseli, ngokulandelana.
Ama-Microfilaments kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwawo ekuthuthweni kwamaselula
Ama-Microfilaments, awaziwa nangokuthi ama-actin filaments, ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ze-cytoskeleton, inethiwekhi yezakhiwo zamaprotheni ezihlinzeka ngokusekela nokuhamba kwamangqamuzana. Le micu emincane yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-actin, ehlelwe yaba izakhi ze-helical. Ukubamba iqhaza kwayo ekuthuthweni kwamaselula kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yomzimba.
Ezokuthutha ngeselula Kuyinqubo kubalulekile empilweni yamaseli, okuvumela ukuhamba kwama-molecule ahlukahlukene kanye nama-organelles kulo lonke i-cytoplasm. Ama-Microfilaments adlala indima ebalulekile le nqubo ngokuhlinzeka ngesakhiwo namandla adingekayo ekuhambeni kwama-vesicles nama-organelles ngokusebenzisa indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi i-gliding transport esebenzayo. Ukwengeza, asebenzisana namanye amaprotheni ezimoto, njenge-myosin, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthwa kwempahla yamaselula ngendlela engaqondile futhi ephumelelayo.
Ngaphandle kokuthuthwa kwe-intracellular, ama-microfilaments aphinde ahlanganyele ekwakhiweni kwezinqubo zeseli ezifana ne-microvilli ne-lamellipodia, okubalulekile ekumunceni izakhi kanye nokufuduka kwamaseli. Lezi zakhiwo zakhiwe ngenxa ye-polymerization yama-athomu e-actin, okwenza inethiwekhi yama-filaments ahlinzeka ngokusekela futhi asize ingqamuzana ukuba inwebe futhi inyakaze. Ngale ndlela, ama-microfilaments adlala indima ebalulekile ku-morphology yamangqamuzana futhi ekuphenduleni izisusa zangaphandle.
Ama-filaments aphakathi kanye negalelo lawo ekuthuthweni kwe-intracellular
Imicu emaphakathi iyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yamaprotheni ane-fibrous atholakala ku-cytoplasm yamaseli e-eukaryotic. Nakuba ngokuvamile enganakwa uma kuqhathaniswa nama-microtubules nama-actin filaments, ama-filaments aphakathi nendawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwe-intracellular kanye nobuqotho besakhiwo samaseli. Lezi zakhiwo zinikeza ukusekelwa kwangaphakathi ukumelana nokucindezeleka nokucindezeleka kwemishini, okufaka isandla ekugcineni ukuma nokumelana kweseli.
Ihlanganisa amaprotheni anhlobonhlobo, imicu emaphakathi ibonisa ukwehluka okukhulu kwesakhiwo nokusebenza. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zemicu emaphakathi yi-keratin, i-nuclear lamina, i-desmin, i-vimentin, ne-neurofilaments. Uhlobo ngalunye lwefilamenti emaphakathi lunokusabalalisa kwenkulumo ethize kumathishu namaseli ahlukene, abonisayo imisebenzi yayo ezikhethekile kakhulu. Ngenxa yekhono labo lokugcina ubuqotho nokuqina kwamangqamuzana, imicu ephakathi ibalulekile ekuthuthweni kwe-intracellular yama-vesicles nama-organelles, kanye nokunamathisela amaprotheni abalulekile nama-enzyme abandakanyeka ezinqubweni eziningi zezinto eziphilayo.
Ezithuthweni ze-intracellular, imicu emaphakathi isebenza njengemigwaqo ethwala impahla eyiqiniso, evumela ukunyakaza okuhlelekile kwama-vesicles nama-organelles kudlula i-cytoplasm. Lezi zinhlayiya zihlinzeka ngesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu esisebenza njengesistimu yokunamathisela amaprotheni emoto, njenge-kinesins kanye ne-dyneins, enesibopho sokuthutha imithwalo kanye nama-filaments , njengama-microtubules kanye ne-actin filaments, ukuxhumanisa kahle ukuthutha nokubeka ama-organelles ngaphakathi kweseli.
Ukulawulwa kokuhamba kwamaselula nge-cytoskeleton
Kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaseli. I-cytoskeleton, inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu zamaphrotheni ane-filamentous ngaphakathi kweseli, isebenza njengohlobo lwesistimu yokuthutha yangaphakathi, evumela ukunyakaza kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zamangqamuzana, njengama-organelles nama-vesicles, kulo lonke iseli.
Kunezindlela eziningana ezifaka isandla ekulawuleni lolu hlelo lwezokuthutha. Enye yazo ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-cytoskeleton kanye namaprotheni emoto, asebenza njengama-molecular "motors." Lawa maphrotheni anamathela kumicu ye-cytoskeleton futhi asebenzise amandla e-ATP ukukhiqiza amandla nokunyakaza. Ngalokhu kusebenzisana, amaprotheni emoto ayakwazi ukuthutha imithwalo ebalulekile yamaselula njenge-mitochondria, i-lysosomes, namaprotheni emicu ye-cytoskeleton.
Enye indlela yokulawula ukuthuthwa kwamaselula ukuguquguquka kobuningi nokuhlelwa kwe-cytoskeletal filaments. Iseli lingakwazi ukulungisa ukwakheka kanye nokuwohloka kwe-cytoskeletal filaments ukulawula ukusebenza kahle kwezokuthutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlangano yendawo yale micu iphinde ibe nomthelela ekuqondisweni kanye nesivinini sokuthutha. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwamanethiwekhi athile e-filament kungenza kube lula ukuthuthwa ngendlela ethile, kuyilapho ukungahleleki noma ukuphuka kwemicu kungahamba kancane noma kuphazamise ezokuthutha.
Ukubaluleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene ze-cytoskeleton
I-cytoskeleton iyinethiwekhi yamaprotheni enikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo futhi isiza ukunyakaza kwamaseli kumaseli e-eukaryotic. Yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: ama-microtubules, ama-actin filaments kanye nama-intermediate filaments. Ukubaluleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zingxenye kusekundleni kwazo ukusebenza ndawonye nokwenza imisebenzi eyinhloko enhlanganweni yamaselula kanye namandla.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene ze-cytoskeleton kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho besakhiwo seseli kanye nekhono layo lokunyakaza nokushintsha isimo. Isibonelo, ama-microtubules anesibopho sokugcina isimo sonke seseli futhi abe nomthelela ekuhlukaniseni kwalo. Ngokulandelayo, imicu ye-actin ibalulekile ekuhambeni kweseli, ngokuhlelwa kabusha kolwelwesi noma ukufinyela kwe-cytoplasmic, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlinzeka ngokumelana nomshini kanye nokuvikela ekucindezelekeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zingxenye ze-cytoskeleton kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amaseli okulungile. Ngesikhathi se-mitosis, ama-microtubules ahlela ukwenza i-mitotic spindle, ehlukanisa kahle ama-chromosome. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-actin filaments kanye nemicu ephakathi ihilelekile ku-cytokinesis, inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwe-cytoplasm. Zombili izehlakalo zibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni okulungile kwezingxenye zeselula kanye nokwakheka kwamaseli amantombazane asebenzayo.
Imiphumela ye-Pathological yezinguquko ku-cytoskeleton kanye nokuhamba kwamaselula
I-cytoskeleton kanye nezokuthutha zamaselula zibalulekile izinqubo ze-physiological ekusebenzeni kahle amaseli. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinguquko zenzeka kulezi zindawo, kungase kuphakame imithelela ye-pathological ethinta i-homeostasis nokusebenza kwamaselula. Ngezansi eminye yale mithelela:
1. Izifo ze-Neurodegenerative: Izinguquko ku-cytoskeleton kanye nezokuthutha zamaselula zihlotshaniswa nezifo ze-neurodegenerative ezifana nesifo i-Alzheimer's, i-Parkinson kanye nesifo sika-Huntington Kulezi zifo, ukuqoqwa okungavamile kwamaprotheni, njenge-tau ne-alpha-synuclein, kubonakala kwakheka ama-aggregate noma ama-plaque athinta ukuzinza kanye nomsebenzi wamangqamuzana ezinzwa. Lezi zibalo zingaphazamisa ukuthuthwa kwe-axonal, kwenze ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons kube nzima futhi kubangele ukonakala kwe-neuronal.
2. Ukuphazamiseka kokunyakaza: Izinguquko ku-cytoskeleton kanye nezokuthutha zamaselula zingase zibe nomthelela ekuphazamisekeni kokunyakaza okufana ne-dystonia, i-ataxia, nokukhubazeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Lezi zinkinga zibonakala ngokunyakaza okungavamile, ukungahambi kahle kwemisipha kanye nobuthakathaka ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwe-cytoskeleton, kanye nokuthuthwa okuphumelelayo kwama-molecule abalulekile ekunqandeni kwemisipha.
3. Umdlavuza: I-cytoskeleton kanye nezokuthutha zamaselula zidlala indima ebalulekile ekufudukeni kwamangqamuzana nokuhlasela, izinqubo eziyisisekelo ku-metastasis yomdlavuza. Ukushintsha kulezi zindlela kungaholela ekwandeni kwamangqamuzana okungalawuleki, ukusabalala kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, nokwakheka kwezimila ze-metastatic kwezinye izitho. Ukufunda nokuqonda imiphumela ye-pathological yalezi zinguquko kunganikeza amasu amasha okwelapha umdlavuza kanye ne-metastasis.
Intuthuko yakamuva ekuqondeni i-cytoskeleton kanye nobudlelwano bayo nokuhamba kwamaselula
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwenziwa intuthuko ebalulekile ekuqondeni i-cytoskeleton kanye nobudlelwano bayo nokuhamba kwamaselula. I-cytoskeleton iyinethiwekhi yama-protein filaments atholakala ngaphakathi kwamaseli futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwawo. Ngezansi ezinye zentuthuko yakamuva kulo mkhakha wocwaningo:
1. Ukutholwa kwamaprotheni amasha e-cytoskeletal: Ngenxa yezindlela ezithuthukisiwe ze-microscopy kanye ne-mass spectrometry, amaprotheni amaningana angaziwa kuze kube manje ayingxenye ye-cytoskeleton asehlonziwe. Lawa maprotheni adlala indima ebalulekile enhlanganweni nasekuzinzeni kwe-actin filaments, ama-microtubules, nama-filaments aphakathi. Ukutholwa kwayo kuye kwavumela ukuqonda kangcono ubunkimbinkimbi nokulawulwa kwalezi zakhiwo zamaprotheni.
2. Izindlela zokuthutha ze-intracellular: Inqubekelaphambili yenziwe ekuqondeni ukuthi i-cytoskeleton ibandakanyeka kanjani ekuthuthweni kwama-organelles nama-vesicles ngaphakathi kweseli. Amaprotheni ezimoto, afana ne-dynein ne-myosin, atholwe ukuthi abophe ama-cytoskeletal filaments ukuze akhiqize amandla futhi avumele ukuhamba kwalezi zakhi zamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholwe amaprotheni amasha okulawula alawula ukushushumbiswa kwe-intracellular futhi asebenzisana nezingxenye ze-cytoskeleton.
3. Imithelela ezifweni zabantu: Intuthuko ekuqondeni i-cytoskeleton kanye nokuthuthwa kwamaselula nayo iye yasetshenziswa ekutadisheni izifo zabantu. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi izinguquko ku-cytoskeleton zingase zihlobane nokuphazamiseka kwe-neurodegenerative, njenge-Alzheimer's disease kanye ne-Parkinson. Ngokufanayo, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwamaprotheni e-cytoskeletal kungabangela izifo ezingavamile zofuzo, njenge-muscular dystrophies. Lokhu okutholakele kuvula izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo zokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha eziqondiswe kulezi zifo.
Izincomo zocwaningo lwangomuso emkhakheni we-cytoskeleton kanye nezokuthutha zamaselula
Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo emkhakheni we-cytoskeleton kanye nezokuthutha ngamaselula lungagxila eziningana zezici ezibalulekile ukuze sijulise ukuqonda kwethu lezi zinqubo ezibalulekile zebhayoloji. Ngezansi izincomo ezibalulekile zocwaningo lwangomuso kulo mkhakha:
1. Hlola ukulawulwa kwe-cytoskeleton assembly and disassembly: Kubalulekile ukuphenya izindlela eziqondile zamangqamuzana ezilawula ukwakheka nokuwohloka kwe-cytoskeleton, kanye nomthelela wayo ekuthuthweni kwamaselula. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ucwaningo lwamaphrotheni okulawula kanye nezici zokubonisa ezihilelekile kulezi zinqubo. Ukwengeza, kungaba yinzuzo ukuphenya ukuthi izisusa ezithile zemvelo zingalungisa kanjani ukuhlangana nokuhlakazwa kwe-cytoskeleton.
2. Hlaziya indima amamotho amangqamuzana ezokuthutha zamaselula: Amamotho amangqamuzana, njengama-kinesins nama-dyneins, anesibopho sokuthuthwa okusebenzayo kwama-organelles nama-vesicles eduze kwe-cytoskeleton. Ukuphenya ukusebenza kwayo okunembayo, ukusebenzisana kwayo nezingxenye ze-cytoskeletal, kanye nokulawulwa komsebenzi wayo kunganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezinqubo ezishayela ukuthuthwa kwe-intracellular. Ngokunjalo, kungathakazelisa ukufunda ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zamangqamuzana kungathinta kanjani ukuthuthwa kwamaselula futhi kube nomthelela ezifweni ezihlobene.
3. Sebenzisa amasu e-microscope athuthukisiwe ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo izinqubo zamaselula isikhathi sangempela: Ukusetshenziswa kwamasu e-microscopy anesinqumo esiphezulu, njenge-confocal kanye ne-super-resolution microscopy, kungavumela ukubhekwa okuqondile kwezenzakalo zamaselula ezihlobene ne-cytoskeleton nezokuthutha. Lawa masu angasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya ukuguquguquka kwezakhiwo ezifana ne-actin filaments nama-microtubules, kanye nokubona ngeso lengqondo ukunyakaza kwama-organelles nama-vesicles ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganisa lezi zindlela nezindlela zofuzo kanye ne-biochemical kunganikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwezinqubo ezifundwayo.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Q: Iyini i-cytoskeleton futhi idlala yiphi indima ekuthuthweni kwamaselula?
A: I-cytoskeleton iyinethiwekhi yezakhiwo zamaprotheni ezikhona ku-cytoplasm yamaseli e-eukaryotic. Yakhiwe ngama-protein filaments, njengama-microtubules, ama-filaments aphakathi, nama-microfilaments, ahilelekile emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yamaselula, kuhlanganise nokuthuthwa kwe-intracellular.
Q: Yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-cytoskeleton ezihlobene nokuhamba kwamaselula?
A: Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-cytoskeleton ezihlobene nokuthutha kwamaselula ama-microtubules nama-microfilaments. Ama-Microtubules, akhiwe nge-tubulin, avumela ukuthuthwa okukabili kwama-vesicle nama-organelles kuseli lonke kusetshenziswa iphrotheni yemoto ebizwa ngokuthi i-dynein ne-kinesin. ama-vesicles kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwesimo seseli.
Umbuzo: Ingabe ukuthuthwa kwama-vesicles nama-organelle kwenzeka kanjani nge-cytoskeleton?
A: Ukuthuthwa kwama-vesicles nama-organelles nge-cytoskeleton kwenziwa ngamaprotheni emoto. Lawa maprotheni anamathela kuma-vesicles noma ama-organelles futhi ahamba nama-microtubules esebenzisa amandla akhiqizwa i-hydrolysis ye-ATP. I-Dynein iya ngasekugcineni kokukhipha kwama-microtubules, kuyilapho i-kinesin ihamba iye ngasekugcineni kokuhlanganisa. Le nqubo ivumela ukuthutha okusebenzayo nokuqondisayo kuseli.
Q: Yini ukubaluleka cytoskeleton kanye nokuthutha kwamaselula kuseli?
A: I-cytoskeleton kanye nokuhamba kwamaselula kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukwakheka kwamaselula kanye nokusebenza. Avumela amaseli ukuthi axhumane, abelane ngolwazi, futhi asabalalise ama-molecule nama-organelles ezindaweni zamangqamuzana ezihlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthwa kwe-intracellular kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-embryonic, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ukusayina kwamangqamuzana, kanye nokusabela ku-stimuli yangaphandle.
Q: Kwenzekani uma cytoskeleton noma ezokuthutha zamaselula zithinteka?
A: Izinguquko ku-cytoskeleton noma ezokuthutha zamaselula zingaholela ezinkingeni nezifo ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ukuguqulwa kwamaphrotheni emoto kungabangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurodegenerative. Ngokunjalo, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-cytoskeleton kungathinta ukufuduka kwamangqamuzana, kubangele amaphutha ekuhlukaneni kwamaseli, futhi kube nomthelela ezifweni ezinjengomdlavuza nokuphazamiseka kwemisipha. Kubalulekile ukufunda nokuqonda lezi zinqubo ukuze ubhekane ngokuphumelelayo nalezi zifo.
Imibono kanye neziphetho
Ngamafuphi, i-cytoskeleton iyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yamaprotheni enesibopho sokugcina isimo nesakhiwo seseli, kanye nokushayela nokulawula ukuthuthwa kwama-molecule nama-organelles ngaphakathi kwayo. Ngokusebenzisa i-actin filaments, ama-microtubules kanye nama-filaments aphakathi, lolu hlelo lokuthutha amaselula luqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile yeseli yenziwa. ngempumelelo. Ukusuka ekuhambeni kwama-vesicles nama-organelles, ukuya ekuhlukaniseni amaseli kanye nokufuduka kwamaseli, i-cytoskeleton ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinqubo ze-intracellular. Njengoba ucwaningo luqhubeka, kusekuningi okusazotholwa mayelana nobunkimbinkimbi nokubaluleka kwalolu hlelo, okungangabazeki oluzovula iminyango emisha emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zamangqamuzana. Ucwaningo lwe-cytoskeleton kanye nokuthuthwa kwayo kwe-intracellular kuyaqhubeka nokuba ngesinye sezihloko ezijabulisa kakhulu futhi ezithembisayo ocwaningweni lwamanje lwesayensi.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.