Indlela yokwakha ibhuloho

Indlela yokwenza ibhuloho: Imanuwali yezobuchwepheshe yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zomgwaqo

Ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho kuwumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda yemigwaqo. Lezi zakhiwo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvumeleni ukudlula ngendlela ephephile nephumelelayo kwezimoto nabantu phezu kwamanzi, izigodi ezijulile nezinye izithiyo zemvelo noma zasemadolobheni. Kulesi sihloko, sizokwethula imanuwali yezobuchwepheshe ezochaza ngezinyathelo ezidingekayo zokwakha ibhuloho, kusukela ekuhleleni nasekuklanyeni ukuya ekufezeni nasekuqedeni umsebenzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uchwepheshe wobunjiniyela bomphakathi, ungumfundi, noma ungumuntu onentshisekelo nje enqubweni yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho, lo mhlahlandlela uzokunikeza ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze uqonde futhi wenze ngempumelelo le phrojekthi eyinselele. Ngakho-ke lungiselela amakhono akho obuchwepheshe futhi uhlanganyele nathi kulokhu kuhlola okuthakazelisayo komhlaba othakazelisayo wobunjiniyela bebhuloho. Ake siqale!

1. Isingeniso senqubo yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho

ukwakha amabhuloho Kuyinqubo inkimbinkimbi edinga indlela eqondile necophelelayo. Kulesi sihloko, kuzonikezwa isingeniso esiningiliziwe senqubo yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho, kusukela esigabeni sokuqala sokuhlela kuze kube sekuqedweni kwesakhiwo. Kuyo yonke le nqubo, kuzobhekwa izihloko ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, njengokukhethwa komklamo webhuloho, izibalo zomthwalo, ukukhethwa kwempahla, kanye nokwakha ngokwako.

Isici esibalulekile senqubo yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho siyahlela. Ngaphambi kokuqala noma yimuphi umsebenzi, kubalulekile ukwenza ucwaningo olungenzeka kanye nokuhlolwa okuphelele kwendawo. Lokhu kubandakanya ukucutshungulwa kokuma kwendawo, izithiyo zemvelo kanye namandla okuthwala umhlabathi. Uma yonke idatha edingekayo isiqoqiwe, umklamo webhuloho uyakhethwa, kucatshangelwa imingcele efana ne-span, ubude nomthamo odingekayo womthwalo.

Uma umklamo ofanele usukhethiwe, siqhubekela esigabeni sokwakha sangempela. Ngalesi sigaba, izinhlobonhlobo zemishini ekhethekile namathuluzi asetshenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi edingekayo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukumba nokulinganisa umhlabathi, ukubeka izisekelo nezinsika, nokwakha isakhiwo esiphezulu. Kubalulekile ukulandela ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe namazinga okuphepha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho besakhiwo sebhuloho.

2. Ucwaningo lokuthi kungenzeka yini ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho

Kuyisigaba esibalulekile ohlelweni lokuklama nokuhlela. Lolu cwaningo lwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe, wezomnotho kanye nezemvelo, kanye nokuhlonza ubungozi obuhlobene obungenzeka kanye nezinzuzo. Ngezansi izinyathelo okumele uzilandele ukuze wenze ucwaningo lokungenzeka ngempumelelo.

1. Ukuqoqwa kolwazi: Lesi sigaba siqukethe ukuqoqa lonke ulwazi oluhlobene nephrojekthi, njenge-topographic, geological, hydrological, kanye nedatha yethrafikhi. Kubalulekile ukuthi kube nezifundo zangaphambili ngendawo lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona ibhuloho, kanye nokwazi imithetho nemithethonqubo esebenzayo.

2. Ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe: Kulesi sigaba uhlaziyo oluningiliziwe lomklamo ohlukile kanye nezinye izindlela zendawo zebhuloho ziyenziwa. Izici ezifana ne-geotechnics, ukumelana nesakhiwo, ukuqina, kanye nemithelela engaba khona kwezemvelo iyahlolwa. Ukwengeza, izindleko zokwakha nezokulungisa kufanele zicatshangelwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwebhuloho.

3. Ukuklama nokuhlela ibhuloho eliqinile nelisebenzayo

Ukuklanywa nokuhlelwa kwebhuloho eliqinile nelisebenzayo kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele zilandelwe ngokucophelela. Ngezansi kukhona izinyathelo ezibalulekile ukulandela ukwenza lolu hlelo ngempumelelo:

1. Ukuhlolwa kwezidingo kanye nezidingo zephrojekthi: into yokuqala okufanele yenziwe ukunquma izidingo ezithile zebhuloho, njengohlobo lwethrafikhi elizohambisana nalo, izimo zejografi kanye nezimo zezulu zendawo, isabelomali esikhona, phakathi ezinye izici. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo uhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo ezidingekayo.

2. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele: Uma izidingo zephrojekthi sezisunguliwe, kubalulekile ukukhetha izinto ezifanele ezizoqinisekisa amandla nokusebenza kwebhuloho. Kuyadingeka ukucabangela izakhiwo zemishini yezinto zokwakha, ukuqina kwazo kanye nokutholakala kwazo emakethe.

3. Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo kanye nokuklama okuningiliziwe: Kulesi sigaba, ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo okunemininingwane yebhuloho kuyenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo zokuphepha namandla. Amathuluzi afana nokumodela kwesakhiwo kanye nesofthiwe yokubala asetshenziselwa ukunquma amandla nezingcindezi ezizosebenza ebhulohweni. Kusukela kule miphumela, i-geometry enembile yebhuloho iklanyelwe, okuhlanganisa indawo nobukhulu bezinsika, imishayo nezinye izakhi ezidingekayo zesakhiwo.

Ngokulandela ngokucophelela lezi zinyathelo, kungenzeka ukuklama nokuhlela ibhuloho eliqinile nelisebenzayo elihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zephrojekthi. Ukuzinikela, ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi afanele kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa impumelelo kule nqubo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuphepha kwabasebenzisi bebhuloho kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthobela imithetho nemithethonqubo esebenzayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokuklama nokuhlela.

4. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele zokwakha ibhuloho

Ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuqina nokumelana kwayo. Kulesi sigaba senqubo, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici eziningana ukuze ukhethe izinto ezifanele ezihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi.

Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukuhlola izimo zemvelo kanye nezindawo zendawo lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona ibhuloho. Izinto ezinjengomswakama, ukuba khona kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukuchayeka kuma-ejenti ezonakalisayo noma ithuba lokunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba kungaba nomthelela ekukhethweni kwezinto ezifanele kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukukhetha izinto ezimelana nalezi zici futhi ezingamelana nemithwalo nezingcindezi ibhuloho elizochayeka kukho..

Esinye isici esibalulekile okufanele sicatshangelwe uhlobo lwebhuloho elizokwakhiwa kanye nomklamo walo wesakhiwo. Amabhuloho angaba yizinhlobo ezahlukene, njengamabhuloho amisiwe, amabhuloho ama-arch, amabhuloho e-girder, phakathi kwabanye. Uhlobo ngalunye lwebhuloho ludinga izinto ezithile ukuze luvumelane nomklamo walo kanye nomsebenzi walo. Kubalulekile ukukhetha izinto ezihlangabezana nezidingo zesakhiwo zebhuloho, ezikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo futhi ezivumela ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho eliphephile nelisebenzayo..

Ukwengeza, izindleko nokutholakala kwezinto ezibonakalayo kufanele kuhlolwe. Kubalulekile ukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kwekhwalithi yezinto zokwakha kanye nezindleko zabo, kucatshangelwa isabelomali esabelwe ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho. Kubalulekile ukukhetha izinto ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ezidingekayo, kodwa futhi ezihambisana nesabelomali sephrojekthi.. Ngokufanayo, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezikhethiwe zitholakala kabanzi emakethe, ukugwema ukubambezeleka kokwakhiwa ngenxa yezinkinga zokuhlinzeka.

Ukukhetha izinto ezifanele zokwakha ibhuloho kuyinqubo ebalulekile edinga ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezinto ezihlukahlukene. Kuyadingeka ukuhlola izimo zezemvelo kanye nezejiyoloji, uhlobo lwebhuloho kanye nomklamo walo wesakhiwo, kanye nezindleko nokutholakala kwezinto zokwakha.. Ukukhetha okuhlakaniphile kulesi sigaba kuzofaka isandla ekuqina, amandla kanye nokuphepha kwebhuloho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

5. Ukulungiswa komhlaba nezisekelo zebhuloho

Ukulungisa umhlaba nezisekelo zokwakhiwa kwebhuloho kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza nokuqina kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngezansi izinyathelo okufanele uzilandele ukuze wenze lo msebenzi. ngempumelelo:

1. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo: Ngaphambi kokuqala noma yimuphi umsebenzi, kubalulekile ukwenza ucwaningo olunzulu ngendawo lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona ibhuloho. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlaziya ukwakheka kwayo, ukumelana nezici ze-geological. Amathuluzi afana nezinzwa zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesampula yomhlabathi angasetshenziswa ukuthola ulwazi olunembile.

2. Ukumba nokulinganisa: Uma indawo isihloliwe, kumbiwa indawo lapho isisekelo sebhuloho esizoba khona. Kubalulekile ukulinganisa umhlabathi futhi ukhiphe noma iyiphi into engazinzile noma exegayo. Sebenzisa imishini esindayo njengama-excavators namagreda ukuze uzuze ifemu, ngisho nesisekelo.

3. Ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo: Isisekelo siyisisekelo okuzokwakhiwa kuso isakhiwo sebhuloho. Izinhlobo ezihlukene zezisekelo zingasetshenziswa, njengezinqwaba ezishayelwa noma izingqimba, kuye ngezici zendawo kanye nezidingo zebhuloho. Kubalulekile ukulandela ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe bokwakhiwa kwayo, njengokujula, ububanzi noma umthamo wokulayisha. Ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso nezifanekiso kuyanconywa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba ekubekweni kwesisekelo.

Ukulungiswa kahle kwenhlabathi nesisekelo sebhuloho kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza nokuqina kwalo kwesikhathi eside. Kubalulekile ukulandela izinyathelo ezichazwe ngenhla futhi ube neseluleko sochwepheshe emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bomphakathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuqina kwesakhiwo. Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwendawo, ukumbiwa okufanele nokuhlelwa, kanye nokwakhiwa okunembayo kwesisekelo, yizici ezibalulekile zephrojekthi eyimpumelelo.

6. Amasu okwakha asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho

Ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho, kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokumelana kwalezi zakhiwo. Amanye amasu asetshenziswa kakhulu kule nqubo achazwe ngezansi.

Indlela yokwakha ngama-cantilever alandelayo: Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukwakha ibhuloho ezingxenyeni eziqhubekayo, kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwemishayo noma amanga asuka kuwo womabili amabhange aze ahlangane phakathi nendawo. Imishini ekhethekile isetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa nokubamba imishayo endaweni, iqinisekisa ukuzinza kwayo ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa.

Ukwakha usebenzisa i-formwork yokushelela: Ngale ndlela, ibhuloho lakhiwa ngokuqhubekayo kusetshenziswa i-formwork eshelela kancane kancane njengoba ukhonkolo ubekwa. Le nqubo iwusizo ikakhulukazi kumabhuloho amade, njengoba ivumela ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo ekwakhiweni. Imishini eyinkimbinkimbi isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukunyakaza kwefomu kanye nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokhonkolo.

7. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho

Okwamanje, ubuchwepheshe obuphambili buye benza izinguquko endleleni amabhuloho akhiwa ngayo. Kusukela ezinhlelweni zokuklama ezisizwa ngekhompiyutha kuya ezindleleni zokwakha ezintsha, lesi sikhathi esisha sokwakha sisivumela ukuthi sakhe amabhuloho aphephile, ahlala isikhathi eside futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola obunye bobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho nokuthi bawuguqula kanjani lo mkhakha.

Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kube ukusetshenziswa kwesoftware ye-computer-aid design (CAD). Nge-CAD, onjiniyela bangakha amamodeli abonakalayo anemininingwane amabhuloho ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakha ngokomzimba. Lawa mamodeli edijithali avumela onjiniyela ukuthi balingise izimo ezihlukene futhi bahlole ukusebenza kwebhuloho ezimeni ezihlukahlukene.

Enye intuthuko ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha zokwakha, njengokhonkolo oqiniswe nge-carbon fiber. Lezi zinto zinikeza amandla amakhulu nokuqina uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho alula, amancane ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ukuphepha. Ukwengeza, izinzwa zokuqapha kwesakhiwo zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ngesikhathi sangempela impilo nokusebenza kwamabhuloho, okwenza kube lula ukuhlonza izinkinga ezingaba khona kusenesikhathi futhi kusetshenziswe izinyathelo zokuzilungisa.

8. Ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwebhuloho

Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwebhuloho, ukuphepha kufanele kube ukucatshangelwa okuyinhloko. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi bayavikelwa futhi nezingozi zezingozi ziyancishiswa. Lapha sizoxoxa ngezinye zezinto ezibalulekile okufanele sizikhumbule ukuze siqinisekise ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho okuphephile.

1. Hlola izimo zesizinda: Ngaphambi kokuqala noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokwakha, kubalulekile ukuhlola izimo zesizinda nokuhlonza noma yiziphi izingozi ezingaba khona noma ubungozi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise indawo engazinzile, izintambo zikagesi, ingozi yezinto eziwayo, phakathi kokunye. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuhlola, kufanele kuqashelwe izinyathelo ezifanele, njengokufakwa kothango lokuvikela, izimpawu ezicacile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuzivikela.

2. Abasebenzi bezitimela: Bonke abasebenzi abathintekayo ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho kumele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okwanele kwezokuphepha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa ekusebenziseni ngendlela efanele amathuluzi nezinto zokusebenza, kanye nokuqonda izinqubo zokuphepha ezimisiwe. Ukwengeza, ukuqeqeshwa okujwayelekile kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke umuntu unolwazi lwakamuva ngemithetho yakamuva yokuphepha.

3. Ukusetshenziswa kwezikafula namahhanisi: Izikafula kufanele zakhiwe ngokuphephile futhi uhlale isesimweni esihle. Imithetho yezokuphepha kufanele ilandelwe mayelana nokufakwa nokusetshenziswa, futhi kufanele kuhlolwe njalo ukuze kubonakale umonakalo noma ukuguga. Ukwengeza, bonke abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke amahhanisi okuphepha lapho besebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme, baqinisekise ukuvikelwa kwabo uma kwenzeka kuwa.

Ngokulandela lokhu, unganciphisa ubungozi futhi uqinisekise indawo yokusebenza ephephile yawo wonke umuntu ohilelekile. Khumbula njalo ukubeka phambili ukuphepha futhi uqaphele izingozi ezingaba khona. Ukuvimbela izingozi kuwumthwalo wawo wonke umuntu!

9. Ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa kwamabhuloho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina kwawo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwamabhuloho, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile nokwenza ukunakekelwa okufanele. Le misebenzi ibalulekile ukuthola nokuxazulula izinkinga ezingaba khona zesakhiwo ngaphambi kokuba zibe izinkinga ezinkulu.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukwenza ukuhlola okubonakalayo ukuze kubonakale noma yiziphi izimpawu zokuwohloka, njengokuqhekeka, ukuqothuka, noma ukugqwala. Ukwengeza, ukuhlolwa okungabhubhisi kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile, efana ne-ultrasound kanye nama-x-ray, ukuze kuhlolwe ubuqotho bezinto zokwakha ibhuloho.

Uma izinkinga ezingaba khona sezihlonziwe, kufanele kwenziwe uhlelo olufanele lokulungisa izinto. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise imisebenzi efana nokuvala imifantu, ukuhlanza nokuvikela izindawo zensimbi ekugqwaleni, kanye nokulungisa noma ukushintsha izinto ezilimele noma ezigugile. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinto ezifanele kanye namathuluzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhanda okuhlala isikhathi eside, nekhwalithi.

10. Imithetho nemithethonqubo ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho

Ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho kulawulwa uchungechunge lwemithetho nemithethonqubo eqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwalezi zakhiwo. Ukwazi nokusebenzisa le mithethonqubo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nokuqina kwamabhuloho.

Omunye wemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho yi I-Bridge Technical Standard. Leli zinga lisungula izidingo zobuchwepheshe nezokwakha okufanele amabhuloho ahlangabezane nazo, kusukela ekuklanyweni kwawo kuya ekulungisweni kwawo. Phakathi kwezici ezibhekiswe yileli zinga ukuphikiswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ubukhulu bezakhi zesakhiwo, izinqubo zokwakha kanye nokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwamabhuloho akhona.

Omunye umthethonqubo obalulekile yi- Imithetho Yomthwalo Webhuloho. Lo mthethonqubo usungula imithwalo ephezulu okumele amabhuloho ayisekele, kokubili imithwalo ehlala njalo kanye nemithwalo eguquguqukayo. Le mithwalo ihlanganisa ukuzithwala kwebhuloho, isisindo sezimoto, amandla omoya, nezinye izici ezingathinta ukuzinza kwesakhiwo. Kubalulekile ukuthobela le mithetho ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kwamabhuloho futhi ugweme ukubhidlika noma ukulimala okungenzeka.

11. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu okwakha kuphrojekthi yebhuloho

Impumelelo yephrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho incike kakhulu ekuxhumaneni okusebenzayo phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ahilelekile. Ukuxhumana ngendlela efanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imisebenzi yenziwa ngendlela efanele. indlela ephumelelayo kanye nokuthi izikhathi ezibekiwe zifinyelelwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Nazi ezinye izinyathelo ezibalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenzisana okusebenzayo phakathi kwamaqembu okwakha kuphrojekthi yebhuloho.

1. Sungula uhlelo lokuxhumana olucacile nolunemininingwane: Kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwamathimba kuzokwenziwa kanjani, yiluphi ulwazi oluzokwabiwa nokuthi kangaki. Lokhu kungabandakanya imihlangano evamile, imibiko yenqubekelaphambili, ukuxhumana nge-imeyili, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okuphatha amaphrojekthi afana ne-Trello noma i-Asana. Ukuxhumana okuvulekile nokuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke amaqembu ayazi ngenqubekelaphambili nezinselelo.

2. Chaza izindima nezibopho: Ithimba ngalinye kufanele libe lichazwe ngokucacile imisebenzi yayo kanye nezibopho kuphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho. Lokhu kugwema ukudideka nokugqagqana futhi kuvumela ukusatshalaliswa komsebenzi ngokulinganayo. Ukwaba abaholi bethimba abathize kanye nokuthola amaphuzu acacile okuxhumana omnyango ngamunye kubalulekile ukuze kube nokuxhumana okushelelayo nokusebenza kahle.

3. Sungula impendulo kanye neziteshi zokuxazulula izinkinga: Kubalulekile ukuba nohlelo olusebenzayo lokwamukela impendulo evela emaqenjini ahlukene kanye nokubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinkinga eziphakama phakathi nomsebenzi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlela imihlangano yempendulo nokudala isistimu yokubika inkinga. Ukuxazululwa kwezinkinga ngokushesha kanye nokunaka okufika ngesikhathi kokukhathazeka kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqembu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho iya phambili ngokushelela.

12. Izixazululo zezinkinga ezivamile ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwebhuloho

Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola ezinye izixazululo zezinkinga ezivamile ezingase ziphakame ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwebhuloho. Lezi zixazululo ezisebenzayo zizokusiza ukuthi ubhekane nezinselele ongahlangabezana nazo ohlelweni lokwakha, uqinisekise ikhwalithi yokugcina nobuqotho besakhiwo sebhuloho.

1. Inkinga: Isisekelo esinganele
Uma uhlangabezana nesisekelo esinganele noma umhlabathi ungaqinile, kubalulekile ukuxazulula le nkinga ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokwakha. Okokuqala, yenza ukuhlola kwe-geotechnical kwenhlabathi ukuze uqonde ukwakheka kwayo namandla okuzala. Okulandelayo, cabanga ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile besisekelo njengama-piles noma ama-foundation slabs. ukudala isisekelo esiqinile. Uma kunesidingo, thintana nochwepheshe bonjiniyela be-geotechnical ukuze uthole iziqondiso ezengeziwe.

2. Inkinga: U-Albert Einstein uthe "Uma ungakwazi ukukuchaza kalula, awukuqondi kahle."
Ngokuvamile ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwebhuloho, izinkinga zokuxhumana zingavela phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ahilelekile kuphrojekthi. Isixazululo esisebenzayo ukusungula imigqa yokuxhumana ecacile nokusebenzisa imidwebo enemininingwane nemidwebo ukudlulisa ulwazi lobuchwepheshe ngokucacile nangokufingqiwe. Ukwengeza, qinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaqembu abandakanyekayo aqonda ngokugcwele ububanzi bomsebenzi kanye nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe. Amadokhumenti afanelekile kanye nemihlangano evamile kungasiza ekugwemeni ukungezwani futhi kunciphise amaphutha.

3. Inkinga: Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okunganele
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwebhuloho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amazinga adingekayo ayafinyelelwa. Ukubhekana nalolu daba, sebenzisa uhlelo oluqinile lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi oluhlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokwakha. Isebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa athuthukisiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola ukuhlola ikhwalithi yomsebenzi nokuthola ukukhubazeka okungenzeka noma izinkinga zesakhiwo. Yenza izivivinyo zomthwalo kanye nokuhlola okungalimazi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bezinto zokwakha namandla esakhiwo sebhuloho.

13. Ukuhlolwa kwezindleko kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho

Ukuze kwenziwe iphrojekthi eyanele, kuyadingeka ukuthi kubhekwe uchungechunge lwezici ezibalulekile eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwephrojekthi futhi zigweme ukuhlehla okungase kube khona. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile okufanele uzilandele zizovezwa ngezansi:

Ukuhlaziywa kwezimfuneko: Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe izidingo zephrojekthi, njengobude bebhuloho, uhlobo lwezinto ezizosetshenziswa, izimo zegeological kanye nezindawo zendawo, phakathi kokunye. Lokhu kuhlaziya kuzonquma izinsiza ezidingekayo futhi kulinganise izindleko ezihlobene nesigaba ngasinye sokwakha.

Isifundo sezindleko: Uma izidingo sezihlonziwe, kwenziwa ucwaningo olunzulu lwezindleko ezihilelekile ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho. Lolu cwaningo kumele lubandakanye izindleko zabasebenzi, izinto zokwakha, okokusebenza, izimvume namalayisense, ezokuthutha, izintela, phakathi kokunye. Kutuswa ukusebenzisa amathuluzi esoftware akhethekile asiza ukubalwa kanye nokulinganisa izindleko.

Ukuhlelwa kwezimali: Uma isilinganiso sezindleko sesitholakele, kubalulekile ukwakha uhlelo oluqinile lwezezimali oluzobhekana nazo zonke izindleko phakathi nezigaba ezahlukene zokwakha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza imithombo yezimali etholakalayo, njengemali ebolekiwe yasebhange, abatshalizimali abazimele noma izimali zikahulumeni, kanye nokusungula ishejuli yokukhokha nokuhlola ezinye izindlela zokuthola imali. Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuhamba kwezimali futhi uqinisekise ukutholakala kwezimali esigabeni ngasinye sephrojekthi.

14. Izibonelo zamabhuloho anezifanekiselo nokwakhiwa kwawo ngempumelelo

Izibonelo zezifundo zamabhuloho anomfanekiso zinikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni ngempumelelo kwezakhiwo ezinobubanzi obukhulu. Ngalezi zimo, kokubili izinselele zobuchwepheshe kanye namasu asetshenziselwa ukuzinqoba kungahlaziywa. Ukwengeza, lezi zifundo zinikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe mayelana nokuhlela, ukuklama, kanye nokwenziwa kwamaphrojekthi wokwakha amabhuloho ayisakhiwo sodumo.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimo zesayithi ukuze unqume imingcele yokuklama efanele. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwezinto eziphathelene nokuma komhlaba, isimo sendawo kanye nemvelo. Lapho ukuqonda okuphelele kwendawo ezungezile sekusungulwe, ukuhlela nokuklama kokuqala kuyenziwa. Lokhu kuhilela ukunquma indawo ekahle yebhuloho, ukukhetha izinto ezifanele kanye nokuthuthukisa amamodeli esakhiwo avumela ukulingisa ukuziphatha komsebenzi.

Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho eliwuphawu kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi odinga ukwenziwa okunembayo. Izinto ezinjengokulandelana kokwakhiwa, izindlela zesisekelo kanye namasu okuphakamisa isakhiwo kufanele kubhekwe. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yephrojekthi, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile kwenziwa phakathi nesigaba ngasinye sokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuba nethimba labasebenzi abaqeqesheke kakhulu kanye nabaphathi abangongoti abangaqinisekisa ukuqaliswa okufanele kwezinhlelo kanye nemininingwane.

Ukubuyekezwa kunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lwemiklamo yengqalasizinda yesikhathi esizayo. Izifundo ezitholwe kulezi zimo zivumela onjiniyela nabakhi ukuthi babhekane nezinselele ezifanayo ngokuzethemba okukhulu. Ngokuhlaziya izibonelo eziphumelelayo, kungenzeka ukuhlonza izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu futhi uzisebenzise kumaphrojekthi wokwakha amabhuloho emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwakha amabhuloho anomfanekiso akuyona nje indaba yobunjiniyela, kodwa futhi kuwuphawu lwekhono lomuntu lokunqoba izinselele nokuhlanganisa imiphakathi.

Sengiphetha, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwebhuloho idinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela, ukuklama nokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ezifana nokumelana kwezinto, umthwalo ozowusekela ibhuloho kanye nezimo ze-geological zezwe.

Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwezifundo zangaphambilini kuya esigabeni sokwakha, isinyathelo ngasinye kufanele senziwe ngokunemba nokunakekelwa, ngokulandela izindinganiso nemithethonqubo esungulwe yimizimba enekhono. Ukukhetha kahle izinto zokwakha, njengokhonkolo, insimbi, nezinqwaba, kuzoqinisekisa ukuqina nokuphepha kwebhuloho isikhathi eside.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inqubo yokwakha ibhuloho ingahluka kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwesakhiwo kanye nezimo ezithile zesayithi. Ngakho-ke, kuyancomeka ukuthi kube neseluleko sonjiniyela nochwepheshe kulo mkhakha ukuze kwenziwe iphrojekthi eyimpumelelo.

Ngamafuphi, ukwakha ibhuloho kuwumsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe odinga ulwazi olukhethekile nolwazi. Ngendlela ecophelelayo esigabeni ngasinye senqubo, kungakhiwa uhlaka oluqinile lokuxhumanisa imiphakathi, kube lula ezokuthutha nokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yasemadolobheni.