Ungayifaka Kanjani I-PC Yakho Ngokuzayo: Kuyini Ukuvikelwa Kwe-Quantum?

Ngokufika kwe- ukubala kwe-quantumSibhekene enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekuvikelekeni kolwazi kuwo wonke umlando. Uma ngaphambi kokuthi kwanele ukusebenzisa ama-algorithms obekungenzeki ukuwachaza kusetshenziswa ikhompuyutha yendabuko, manje isimo sesishintshe kakhulu. ukuvikelwa kwe-quantum Kuvela njengesihlangu esisha esikwazi ukuvikela idatha yethu, ukuthengiselana, kanye nokuxhumana kuma-quantum supercomputer angenza amasistimu akudala angabi namsebenzi.

Kulesi sihloko, uzothola ukuthi kuyini ukuvikelwa kwe-quantum, kungani kubalulekile ukukuqonda namuhla, nokuthi kuzoba nomthelela kanjani endleleni ulwazi olugcinwa luvikelekile kubantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokufanayo.

Kuyini ukuvikela i-quantum futhi kungani kubalulekile?

La ukuvikelwa kwe-quantum, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-quantum security, ihlanganisa isethi yobuchwepheshe namasu okuhloswe ngawo. Gcina ubumfihlo, ubuqotho, nokutholakala kolwazi emhlabeni lapho kukhona amakhompyutha e-quantum.

Kumele kucace ukuthi ingozi ayiyona into ecatshangelwayo: i-quantum computing ithuthuka ngesivinini esimangalisayo futhi, lapho ifinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezohwebo, izoba umthamo omkhulu kangaka wekhompiyutha ezokwazi ukuwenza yephula ama-algorithms ayinhloko we-cryptographic ukuthi namuhla zisebenzisa i-inthanethi, izinkampani, izifundazwe kanye ne-DNI ye-elekthronikhi.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindlela zendabuko zokubethela, noma ngabe zinamandla kangakanani, zizoba sengozini. Yingakho i- ukuvikelwa kwe-quantum Izisungula njengebenchmark entsha, isebenzisa izimiso ze-quantum physics ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwedatha futhi ithuthukise ama-algorithms amelana nokuhlaselwa okuvela kuma-quantum supercomputer.

Izihluthulelo zokuvikela i-quantum azikho nje kuphela ohlotsheni lwe-algorithms elisebenzisayo, kodwa futhi nokuthi okhiye bokubethela kanye nokususa ukubethela basakazwa futhi baphathwe kanjani.Izindlela ezithuthuke kakhulu zihlanganisa i-quantum cryptography (esekelwe ku-quantum physics ngokwayo) kanye ne-post-quantum cryptography (algorithms eklanyelwe ukumelana namakhompyutha e-quantum anamandla kakhulu).

Yiziphi izinsongo ezenziwa i-quantum computing ekuvikelekeni kwedijithali?

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani sikhuluma kakhulu ngokuvikelwa kwe-quantum, kufanele uqale uqonde Ukuthi i-quantum computing isongela kanjani ukuphepha njengoba sikwazi. Amakhompyutha e-Quantum, ngokungafani nalawo endabuko, awasebenzi ngezingcezu ezingaba ngu-0 noma u-1 kuphela, kodwa ama-qubit okungaba kuzo zombili izifunda ngesikhathi esisodwa (sibonga i-quantum superposition).

Lesi sici senza ukusebenza kwezibalo okuthile, obekungenzeki ngaphambilini noma obekudinga amakhulu eminyaka ngamakhompyutha akudala, okwenzeka ngemizuzu noma amahora. Isibonelo esiphathekayo yi- I-algorithm kaShor, okungavumela ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ukuthi ihlukanise izinombolo ezinkulu kakhulu zibe izici ezibalulekile cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela yenze ize ukuphepha kwezinhlelo ezifana I-RSA o I-ECC (i-elliptic curve cryptography).

Imiphumela yalokhu kuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe mikhulu kakhulu:

• Ingozi kokhiye basesidlangalaleni nabayimfihlo: Izinhlelo zamanje zokubethela, njengalezo ezivikela amabhange nama-imeyili, zingaba sengozini.
• Ukulahlekelwa imfihlo: Idatha evikelwe namuhla ingase ivezwe kusasa uma othile eyigcina elinde ukuthi abe namandla anele okuyiqhekeza ("gcina manje, susa ukubethela kamuva").
• Ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi okuyinkimbinkimbi: Izigebengu ze-inthanethi nezifunda zizoba namathuluzi amasha okuhlasela ingqalasizinda ebalulekile.

Isihloko esihlobene:

Ukukhathazeka okuphelele: I-Bitcoin ihlushwa ukuhlaselwa kwe-quantum yokuqala emlandweni

Izimiso nezisekelo ze-quantum cryptography

Enhliziyweni yokuvikelwa kwe-quantum yi- i-cryptography ye-quantum, okungasekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi inkinga yezibalo inzima, kodwa ekusebenziseni ngokuqondile imithetho ye-quantum mechanics. Kunezimiso ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo ezisebenzayo, ezinikeza ukuphepha okungenakunqanyulwa ngokomqondo:

• Ukuhlangana: Izinhlayiya ezifana nama-photons zingaba sezifundeni ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa (0 no-1 ngesikhathi esisodwa).
• Ukufakwa kwe-Quantum: Izinhlayiya ezimbili ezibambene zingashintsha ngokushesha isimo sazo uma enye isikaliwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibanga elingakanani phakathi kwazo.
• Isimiso sikaHeisenberg sokungaqinisekiAkunakwenzeka ukukala uhlelo lwe-quantum ngaphandle kokuluphazamisa; noma yimuphi umzamo wokulalela ukhiye we-quantum ushiya umkhondo futhi ungatholwa.

Lezi zimiso ezibonakalayo zivumela ukwakhiwa kwezikimu eziyinhloko zokudlulisa lapho noma yikuphi ukunqamuka kutholakala ngokushesha. Uhlelo lokusebenza olusabalele kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kokhiye we-quantum (QKD), okuyinsika enkulu ye-quantum cryptography yamanje.

Ngabe isebenza kanjani i-quantum key distribution (QKD)?

La I-QKD Kuyindlela yokuguqula ukudala nokwabelana ngokhiye oyimfihlo phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili (isb. u-Alice no-Bob) besebenzisa izithombe ze-polarizedUkhiye ungafundwa ngendlela efanele kuphela umamukeli, njengoba noma yimuphi umzamo wokunqamula ushintsha izimo ze-quantum zama-photons, uveze ukungena.

Iphrothokholi yokuqala eyaziwa kabanzi ye-QKD yile I-BB84, eyasungulwa ngo-1984 nguCharles Bennett noGilles Brassard. Isebenza kanje:

1. U-Alice uthumela ama-photon ane-polarized (ngalinye lingamela u-0 noma u-1, kuye ngokuthi ikuphi) ku-Bob ngeshaneli yokubona evikelekile, ngokuvamile i-fiber optics.
2. U-Bob ukala ama-photon ngezihlungi ezingahleliwe, bese zombili ziqhathanisa (ngesiteshi somphakathi) umumo osetshenzisiwe.
3. Bagcina kuphela amabhithi (amanani) ahambisana nezimo lapho bobabili besebenzise umumo ofanayo; lena ingqikithi yokhiye oyimfihlo okwabelwana ngawo.

Enye into emisha ebalulekile yi- Iphrothokholi E91, ka-Artur Ekert, esekelwe ekubanjweni kwe-quantum ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqinisa ukuvikeleka kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lobunhloli.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kokuvikelwa kwe-quantum ngokumelene ne-cryptography yakudala

La i-cryptography ye-quantum Inikeza uchungechunge lwezinzuzo ezihlukile kunezindlela zendabuko:

• Ukuphepha okungenamibandela: isekelwe emithethweni ye-physics, hhayi ekuqageleni kwezibalo.
• Ukutholwa kokutholwa: Noma yimuphi umzamo wobunhloli ubonakala ngokungenakugwenywa ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwama-qubits.
• Ukumelana ne-quantum computing: Izindlela zamanje ze-quantum azikwazi ukuphulwa ngamakhompyutha we-quantum, ngokungafani ne-cryptography yakudala.

Izithiyo zayo zihlanganisa:

• Amabanga anomkhawulo: Ama-Photons awonakala kuzintambo zokubona ezikude, nakuba amasathelayithi neziphindaphinda zithuthuka ngokushesha.
• Izindleko eziphezulu: Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ze-QKD kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali kumishini ekhethekile nengqalasizinda esathuthuka.
• izinselele ezingokoqobo: Ukuvikeleka kwethiyori kungase kube sengozini kumadivayisi wangempela nasekulungiseleleni.

Izinhlobo namaphrothokholi angaphakathi kokuvikelwa kwe-quantum

Inkambu ihlanganisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, ngayinye igxile ezicini ezahlukahlukene zokuxhumana nokugcinwa:

• I-Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): ukushintshanisa ngokuphephile okhiye abayimfihlo.
• Izinhlamvu zemali ze-quantum: amasu okuhlola okuvumelana kanye nokuqinisekisa phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezingathenjwa.
• Amasiginesha edijithali ye-Quantum: ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso bemilayezo nemisebenzi.
• Amaphrothokholi engeziwe: I-Quantum Oblivious Transfer, izinhlelo ezisekelwe esikhundleni kanye nezinye izivivinyo ezithuthukisiwe ku-cryptology.

Sebenzisa amacala kanye nezicelo ezingokoqobo zokuvikela i-quantum

Izicelo ze ukuvikelwa kwe-quantum Sezivele zingokoqobo emikhakheni eminingi, yomphakathi neyimfihlo:

• Ohulumeni nokuvikela: ukuvikelwa kolwazi oluhlukanisiwe nezinhlelo ezibucayi.
• Ezezimali kanye nebhange: ukudluliswa okuvikelekile kwedatha eyimfihlo kanye nemisebenzi ebucayi.
• Ingqalasizinda ebalulekile: amanethiwekhi kagesi, ezempilo kanye nezokuxhumana ezingakwazi ukukhokhela ukuvuza kolwazi.
• Amanethiwekhi okuxhumana we-Quantum: amaphrojekthi afana nesathelayithi yaseShayina i-Micius namanethiwekhi eYurophu naseMelika.
• Ukuphepha kokhetho: Ukuhlolwa okhethweni lomasipala e-Switzerland ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba sobala nokwethembeka.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa lokho I-Quantum cryptography isivele iyiqiniso elikhulayo hhayi nje isithembiso sesikhathi esizayo.Izinkampani nohulumeni batshala imali kulobu buchwepheshe ukuze baqinisekise ukuvikeleka kwezimpahla ezibalulekile zedijithali.

Izinselelo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezithiyo zokuvikela i-quantum

Ukutholwa okusabalele kubhekana nezithiyo ezifana nalezi:

• Izinkinga zobubanzi: Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ze-QKD nge-fiber optical kusenomkhawulo, nakuba amasathelayithi nabaphindaphindayo benza ngcono lesi simo.
• Ukusebenzisana: Ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha be-quantum nezinhlelo ezikhona kudinga izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe.
• Izindleko eziphezulu: Izinto zokusebenza ezikhethekile zisamele ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwezinhlangano eziningi.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompyuthaAmadivayisi e-Quantum adinga ukunemba okuphezulu nokuzinza, futhi asesesigabeni sokuthuthukiswa.
• Imithethonqubo ethuthukayo: Amazinga namaphrothokholi asathuthukiswa, futhi ukulawulwa komhlaba wonke akukakacaciswa ngokugcwele.

Ukushintshela ekuvikelweni kwe-quantum: indlela yokulungiselela

La ukuzivumelanisa nokuphepha kwe-quantum Sekuvele kuqalile emikhakheni ebalulekile nasezinkampanini eziholayo ezifana ne-IBM, Google, ne-Apple. Kunconywa ukuthi ulandele lezi zinyathelo:

• Linganisa izingozi ze-quantum: Khomba ukuthi iyiphi idatha namasistimu adinga ukuvikelwa kwesikhathi eside.
• Inventory ingqalasizinda ye-cryptographic: Hlaziya ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo zamanje ezidinga ukubuyekezwa ukuze umelane nokuhlaselwa kwe-quantum.
• Sebenzisa ama-algorithms we-post-quantum: ngokuqhubekayo thuthela ezixazululweni ezimelana nokuhlaselwa okuzayo.
• Ukuqeqeshwa kubuchwepheshe be-quantum: qeqesha abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe namasu ukuze kube noshintsho olusebenzayo.
• Lungiselela izixazululo ezixubile: sebenzisa izinhlanganisela zakudala kanye ne-quantum cryptography ngesikhathi soshintsho.

Kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo kusenesikhathi, ngoba lapho amakhompyutha e-quantum eba usongo lwangempela, ukufuduka kuzoba nzima kakhulu futhi kubize kakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuyinhloko kanye namazinga okuvikelwa kwe-quantum

Ikusasa lilele ekudaleni amazinga aqinile kanye nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, nezikhungo ezifana ne I-NISTInqubekelaphambili ebalulekile yenziwe, njenge:

• Ukukhethwa nokuhlolwa kwe ama-algorithms we-post-quantum okungase kube yisibopho sokuvikela ulwazi olubalulekile.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwe Izingqalasizinda zezohwebo ze-QKD kumanethiwekhi okuhlola nasezindaweni zangempela.
• Izinhlelo ezifana nalezi I-Quantum Safe Financial Forum (QSFF), ngokubambisana namabhange kanye nezikhungo zezezimali ukuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa.
• Ukuzibophezela kwezinkampani zokuxhumana ngocingo, izinsiza zamafu, namanethiwekhi engqalasizinda abalulekile.

Ikusasa lokuvikelwa kwe-quantum kanye ne-cybersecurity

Intuthuko ye-quantum computing imele ithuba lokuchaza kabusha ukuphepha kwedijithali, hhayi nje inselele. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo, ngokubambisana namazwe ngamazwe ekuhloleni, kumazinga, nasekusetshenzisweni, zisondeza inkathi lapho i-cryptography izovikeleka njengemithetho yemvelo eyisekelayo.

La ukuvikelwa kwe-quantum Ivela njengento ebalulekile ekuvikeleni idatha yethu, ezokuxhumana, kanye nezimpahla zedijithali esikhathini lapho i-physics nezibalo zisebenzisana ukuze kwakhiwe indawo ephephe kakhudlwana.

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