Ezweni elithakazelisayo lama-microorganisms, amagciwane athatha indawo evelele. Lawa ma-microorganisms aneseli elilodwa aguqulelwe ngendlela ephawulekayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi zebhayoloji. Isici esihlukile samabhaktheriya awo udonga lweseli, isakhiwo sangaphandle esihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka nokusekelwa. Kodwa-ke, amabhaktheriya awanalo udonga lwamaseli afanayo, kodwa kunalokho ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka nezici zalesi sakhiwo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngobuchwepheshe nangokungathathi hlangothi ukuhlukaniswa kwamagciwane ngokusekelwe odongeni lwamaseli awo, sinikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngalesi sici esibalulekile se-microbial.
Isingeniso
Isigaba sokuqala sanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi noma idokhumenti yobuchwepheshe lapho inhloso nomongo wephrojekthi wethulwa ngokufingqiwe nangokucacile. Lesi sigaba sinikeza umbono walokho umfundi angalindela ukukuthola kukho konke okuqukethwe. Kubalulekile ukudonsa ukunaka komfundi nokunikeza ukuqonda kokuqala kwesihloko okuzodingidwa ngaso.
Kulesi sigaba, uhlaka lwethiyori nomqondo oluzosebenza njengesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kokuqukethwe okulandelayo lungasungulwa. Ukwengeza, imithombo efanelekile kanye nezinkomba zingase zibalulwe ezisekela ulwazi olwethulwe kuphrojekthi I-The ingase futhi ihlanganise isifinyezo esifushane sezahluko noma izigaba ezizobhekwa, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze isakhiwo esicacile nesihlelekile sombhalo.
Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukusungula umongo kanye nokufaneleka kwephrojekthi, yethula imiqondo ebalulekile ezodingidwa kamuva. Ngaphezu kokunikeza umbono, ungasebenzisa lesi sigaba ukuze ubhale izinjongo ezithile zephrojekthi kanye nezinkinga okuhloswe ngazo ukuzixazulula. Ngokufanayo, kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokucacile amagama ezobuchwepheshe azosetshenziswa kuwo wonke umbhalo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqonda okunembile komfundi.
Isakhiwo sodonga lwamangqamuzana amagciwane
Kubalulekile ukunikeza ukuqina nokuvikelwa kumagciwane. Yakhiwe ngezendlalelo eziningana nezingxenye ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho beseli.
Okokuqala, udonga lwamangqamuzana amagciwane lwakhiwe ungqimba lwangaphandle olubizwa ngokuthi ulwelwesi lwangaphandle. Le membrane ikakhulukazi yakhiwa ama-lipopolysaccharides namaprotheni. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukwenza njengesithiyo sokuzivikela ezintweni ezinobuthi nama-pathogens.
Ngaphansi nje kolwelwesi olungaphandle kukhona ungqimba lwe-peptidoglycan, okuyisici esihluke kakhulu wodonga celular bacteriana. I-Peptidoglycan iyi-polymer ye-carbohydrate eyakhiwe ngamaketanga ashintshanayo kashukela ne-N-acetylmuramic acid. Lawa maketango ahlanganiswe amabhuloho e-peptide, akha isakhiwo esiqinile nesiqinile.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali odongeni lweseli yebhaktheriya
La pared celular I-bacterium iyisakhiwo esibalulekile esizungeza futhi sivikele amagciwane, sinikeze ukuqina nokumelana. Ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhaktheriya, kodwa ngokuvamile akhiwa:
- I-Peptidoglycan: Lesi yingxenye eyinhloko yodonga lwamangqamuzana e-bacterial futhi lunikeza isimo saso sokuziphatha. I-Peptidoglycan yenziwe ngamaketango ahlanganayo kashukela, abizwa ngokuthi ama-glycans, namaketango ama-amino acid abizwa ngokuthi ama-peptides. Lawa maketango akha isakhiwo esiqinile esinezinhlangothi ezintathu esinikeza amandla odongeni lwamaseli.
- Amaprotheni: Ngaphezu kwe-peptidoglycan, udonga lweseli yebhaktheriya luqukethe amaprotheni ahlukahlukene afeza imisebenzi ehlukene. Amanye amaprotheni asiza ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, kuyilapho amanye esebenza njengeziteshi zokuthutha izakhi noma njengama-receptors ama-molecule angaphandle.
- Ama-lipid: Ama-lipids nawo akhona ekubunjweni odongeni lwe-bacterial cell, nakuba ngengxenye encane kune-peptidoglycan. Lawa ma-lipids, ikakhulukazi ama-phospholipids nama-lipoprotein, anomthelela ekungeneni nasekuqineni kwesakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli.
Kafushane, ibuswa i-peptidoglycan, i-polymer eyinkimbinkimbi kashukela nama-amino acid. Kodwa-ke, iqukethe amaprotheni nama-lipids enza imisebenzi ehlukene ebalulekile ukuze kuphile nokusebenza kwebhaktheriya. Le nhlanganisela yezingxenye zamakhemikhali inika udonga lweseli yebhaktheriya ukumelana namandla okuvikela, okuvumela amagciwane ukuthi aphile futhi azivumelanise nendawo yawo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya ngokuya ngodonga lwamaseli awo
Amagciwane ahlukaniswa ngokwesakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli awo, okuwungqimba oluyisivikelo oluzungeza futhi lulolonge umzimba wawo. Lolu donga lwamaseli lubalulekile ekusindeni kwamagciwane, njengoba lunikeza isivikelo ezimweni ezimbi futhi lunomthelela ekuqineni nasekumelaneni kwawo. Ngezansi kunezigaba eziyinhloko zamabhaktheriya ngokuya ngodonga lwamaseli awo:
Ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali:
- Amagciwane e-Gram-positive: Lawa magciwane anodonga oluwugqinsi lwamaseli olwakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-peptidoglycan, into ewanikeza ukumelana okukhulu futhi iwenze agcine udayi weGram. Azwela kuma-antibiotic athile njenge-penicillin.
- Bacterias gramnegativas: Ngokungafani nama-bacterium e-Gram-positive, lawa magciwane anodonga lweseli oluncanyana oluqukethe inani elincane le-peptidoglycan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banolwelwesi lwangaphandle olwakhiwe ngama-lipopolysaccharides. Ziyakwazi ukumelana kakhulu nama-antibiotics athile futhi zivame ukuba yi-pathogenic.
Ngendlela yokuhlanganisa:
- I-Diplococcus bacteria: Amagciwane ahlanganiswe ngababili futhi ngokuvamile anesimo esiyindilinga. Izibonelo zalezi zinambuzane i-Neisseria meningitidis kanye ne-Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- I-Staphylococcus bacteria: Lawa mabhaktheriya ahlangana ndawonye ngendlela yamaqoqo noma izixha zamagilebhisi. Isibonelo salolu hlobo bhaktheriya i-Staphylococcus aureus, ebanga izifo zesikhumba ezihlukahlukene.
Ngokukwazi ukugcina odayi:
- Amagciwane ane-Acid: Lawa magciwane anamandla okugcina odayi ngisho nangemva kokuphuma kwe-asidi. Izibonelo ezaziwayo i-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ebanga isifo sofuba, kanye ne-Mycobacterium leprae, ebangela uchoko.
- Amagciwane angenayo i-asidi: Ngokungafani namabhaktheriya ane-asidi esheshayo, lawa mabhaktheriya awawugcini udayi ngemva kokuphuma kwe-asidi. Isibonelo esimele leli qembu i-Escherichia coli, igciwane elivamile ohlelweni lwamathumbu lwezilwane ezincelisayo.
Amagciwane e-Gram-positive: izici nokuhlukaniswa
Amagciwane e-Gram-positive iqembu lamabhaktheriya abonakala ngokuba nodonga oluwugqinsi lweseli olwakhiwe ungqimba lwe peptidoglycan. Lesi singqimba sibanika ukumelana okuphezulu futhi sibenza bamelane nokushintsha umbala ngendlela yeGram. Okulandelayo, ezinye izici kanye nezigaba zalawa magciwane zizokwethulwa.
Izimpawu zebhaktheriya e-gram-positive:
- I-Spherical noma i-bacillary shape.
- Udonga lweseli olunongqimba olujiyile lwe-peptidoglycan olubanika ukumelana.
- Abanalo ulwelwesi lwangaphandle.
- Bangaveza ama-spores (izinhlobo zokumelana ezivumela ukuthi ziphile ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezingezinhle).
- Ezinye izinhlobo zikhiqiza ubuthi obuyingozi kubantu.
- Ziyi-heterotrophic, okungukuthi, zithola ukudla kwazo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya e-gram-positive:
- Ama-Firmicutes: Ihlanganisa amagciwane afana ne-staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci kanye ne-clostridia.
- I-Actinobacteria: kuhlanganisa amagciwane ohlobo lwe-Corynebacterium, i-Mycobacterium ne-Nocardia.
- I-Tenericutes: Kuhlanganisa amagciwane afana ne-mycoplasmas, engenalo udonga lwamaseli.
Sengiphetha, amabhaktheriya e-Gram-positive abonakala ngodonga lwamaseli awo aminyene kanye nokumelana kwawo nokukhishwa kombala ngendlela ye-Gram. Ziza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi zingase zibe nezici ezifana nekhono lokwakha izinhlamvu noma ukukhiqiza ubuthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ahlukene, njenge-Firmicutes, i-Actinobacteria, ne-Tenericutes, ehlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zamabhaktheriya.
Amagciwane angenayo i-Gram-negative: izici nokuhlukaniswa
Amagciwane ane-Gram-negative akha iqembu elikhulu lama-microorganisms anezici ezihlukile eziwahlukanisa kubhaktheriya wegram-positive. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zamabhaktheriya e-Gram-negative isakhiwo samangqamuzana awo odonga, olwakhiwe ulwelwesi olungaphandle kanye nongqimba oluncane lwe-peptidoglycan. Lesi sakhiwo sibanikeza ukumelana nama-antibiotic athile, okungenza ukwelashwa kwabo kube nzima.
Ngaphezu kodonga lwamaseli oluhlukile, amabhaktheriya e-Gram-negative ahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ku-morphology yawo nokuziphatha kwawo. Amanye amaqembu avame kakhulu amabhaktheriya e-gram-negative ahlanganisa:
- I-Enterobacteriaceae: Lo mndeni wamabhaktheriya ane-gram-negative uhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-Escherichia coli, i-Salmonella, ne-Klebsiella. Amangqamuzana e-bacillary ahlala ikakhulukazi emgudwini wokugaya ukudla kwabantu nezilwane.
- I-Pseudomonas: Lolu hlobo lwebhaktheriya e-gram-negative lwaziwa ngokumelana namagciwane amaningi kanye nekhono lawo lokuhlanganisa izindawo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezibhedlela. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-Pseudomonas zingabangela izifo ezimbi ezigulini ezingenawo amandla omzimba.
- I-Neisseria: Amagciwane ohlobo lwe-Neisseria ayi-gram-negative diplococci ehlanganisa amagciwane abalulekile abantu afana ne-Neisseria gonorrhoeae (ebangela isipatsholo) kanye ne-Neisseria meningitidis (edala i-meningitis).
Kafushane, amabhaktheriya ane-gram-negative anezici eziyingqayizivele odongeni lwamaseli awo futhi ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ahlukene ngokuya nge-morphology yawo kanye ne-metabolism. Lawa ma-microorganisms angaba yinzuzo futhi abe yingozi kubantu, futhi ukutadisha kwawo kubalulekile ukuqonda indima yawo empilweni yabantu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okwelapha asebenzayo.
Amagciwane ane-Acid-fast: izici nokuhlukaniswa
Amabhaktheriya ane-asidi ayiqembu lama-microorganisms anamandla okumelana nezimo ezine-acidic ngokweqile ezivimbela ukukhula nokuphila kwamanye amagciwane amaningi. Ukumelana kwabo kungenxa yochungechunge lokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nezindlela zokuphila ezibavumela ukuba bahlanganise izindawo ezine-acidic ezifana nesisu somuntu noma inhlabathi ethile ecebile ngama-asidi. Lawa magciwane abaluleke kakhulu embonini yokudla, kwezokwelapha kanye ne-microbiology.
Ngokuvamile, amabhaktheriya ane-asidi esheshayo ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ahlukene ngokusekelwe ekubekezeleleni kwawo ama-acids kanye nekhono lawo lokusinda ezimweni ze-pH ezihlukene. Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile zamabhaktheriya ane-acid-fast zihlanganisa:
- I-Corynebacterium: uhlobo lwebhaktheriya e-gram-positive etholakala emhlabathini futhi imelana ne-pH ene-asidi.
- I-Helicobacter pylori: uhlobo lwe-microaerophilic olutholakala esiswini somuntu futhi oluhlotshaniswa nezifo zesisu ezifana ne-peptic ulcer.
- I-Lactobacillus: uhlobo lwamabhaktheriya asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukudla okuvutshiwe, okufana neyogathi, akwazi ukuphila endaweni ene-asidi ngenxa yekhono lawo lokukhiqiza i-lactic acid.
Ukumelana ne-asidi kwalawa magciwane kuhilela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezingeni le-membrane yeseli, njengokuba khona kwama-lipids akhethekile anciphisa ukungena futhi avikele ulwelwesi lwamaseli. isakhiwo seseli ngokumelene ne-acidity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaningi alawa mabhaktheriya akhiqiza ama-enzyme athile avumela ukuthi anciphise noma ahlukanise ama-asidi, okuwanika inzuzo yokuncintisana ezindaweni ezine-asidi ezimbi.
Amagciwane angenabo udonga lweseli: izici nokuhlukaniswa
Amagciwane angenalo udonga lwamaseli, aziwa nangokuthi ama-mycoplasmas noma amabhaktheriya angenawo udonga lweseli, ama-microorganisms aneseli elilodwa abonakala ngokuntula isakhiwo esiqinile esinikeza ukusekela nokuvikela. Ngokungafani namanye ama-bacterium, ulwelwesi lwawo lwe-plasma luthintana ngokuqondile nendawo ezungezile yangaphandle, okubenza babe lula ekushintsheni kwemvelo.
Lawa magciwane anochungechunge lwezimpawu ezihlukile eziwahlukanisa kwamanye amaqembu e-taxonomic. Ezinye zazo yilezi:
- Tamaño reducido: Amagciwane angenalo udonga lwamaseli mancane kakhulu, mancane kunamagciwane amaningi.
- Ifomu eliguquguqukayo: ngokungafani namagciwane ngodonga lwamaseli, lawa magciwane awanawo umumo ochaziwe, okuwenza abe nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-morphological.
- Ukuncika kwezinye izinhlangano: Ngenxa yokuntula kwawo udonga lwamaseli, amabhaktheriya angenabonda ayizimuncagazi ezibophezelayo, okusho ukuthi adinga ababungazi ukuze aphile futhi azalane.
Ngokombono we-taxonomic, ama-mycoplasmas ahlukaniswa phakathi kombuso we-Bacteria, i-phylum Tenericutes kanye ne-class Mollicutes. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba, i-genera ehlukene nezinhlobo zamabhaktheriya ngaphandle kwezindonga zamaseli zihlukaniswa, ngalinye linezici zalo kanye ne-pathogenicity. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-mycoplasmas zaziwa njengama-causative agents of izifo zokuphefumula, i-genitourinary kanye nezifo ezihlangene kubantu nasezilwaneni.
Izindlela zokumelana nebhaktheriya ezihlobene nodonga lweseli
Ukumelana namagciwane kuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu kwezokwelapha yesimanje. Izindlela zokumelana namaseli ezihlobene nodonga zingenye yezindlela eziyinhloko amabhaktheriya athola ngayo ikhono lokumelana nama-antibiotic. Lezi zindlela zisekelwe ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza yodonga lwamaseli okwenza ama-antibiotic angasebenzi kahle.
Enye yezindlela zokumelana ezihlobene nodonga lwamaseli ukuguqulwa kwezingxenye zalesi sakhiwo. Amagciwane angakhiqiza ama-enzyme aguqula amaprotheni nama-carbohydrate odongeni lweseli, avimbele ama-antibiotics ukuthi angawabopheli futhi awavimbe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagciwane angakha amaphampu e-efflux asebenza njengabathuthi futhi akhiphe ama-antibiotics ngaphakathi kweseli ngaphambi kokuthi enze isenzo sawo.
Enye indlela yokumelana ehlobene nodonga lwamaseli ukwakheka kwama-biofilms. Ama-Biofilms imiphakathi yamagciwane enamathela endaweni futhi esongwe nge-matrix engaphandle kwamaseli. Le matrix inikeza umgoqo ongokomzimba owenza kube nzima ukuthi ama-antibiotics angene kumaseli ebhaktheriya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-biofilms avumela ukushintshaniswa kwezinto zofuzo phakathi kwamagciwane, okwenza kube lula ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo futhi kube nomthelela ekusabalaleni kwamagciwane amelana.
Ukubaluleka komtholampilo kokuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya ngokodonga lwamaseli awo
Izinhlobo zamabhaktheriya ngokuya ngodonga lwamaseli awo kanye nokubaluleka kwawo emtholampilo
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya ngokodonga lwamangqamuzana awo kubaluleke kakhulu esimweni somtholampilo, ngoba kusivumela ukuthi sibone futhi selaphe ngempumelelo izifo ezihlukahlukene. Ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli kuyisici esihlukile samaqembu amagciwane ahlukene futhi singathonya ukumelana kwawo nama-antibiotic kanye nekhono lawo lokubangela izifo.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamabhaktheriya asekelwe odongeni lwamaseli awo:
- Amagciwane e-Gram-positive: Lawa magciwane anodonga oluwugqinsi lweseli olwakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-peptidoglycan Azwela ama-antibiotics asebenza ekuhlanganiseni kwalesi sakhiwo futhi angabangela izifo ezifana nenyumoniya nokutheleleka kwesikhumba.
- Bacterias gramnegativas: Lawa mabhaktheriya anodonga lweseli oluncanyana oluqukethe ama-lipopolysaccharides, angaba yingozi emzimbeni womuntu. Azikwazi ukumelana nemithi eminingi elwa namagciwane futhi zingadala izifo ezimbi njenge-meningitis kanye ne-septicemia.
- I-Mycobacteria: Leli qembu lamagciwane linodonga lwamaseli oluyingqayizivele oluqukethe ingxenye ephezulu ye-lipids. Kunzima ukuyelapha ngenxa yokumelana kwabo nama-antibiotic ajwayelekile futhi kungabangela izifo ezifana nesifo sofuba.
Ukuhlonzwa okunembile kwamagciwane ngokusho kodonga lwamaseli awo kusivumela ukuthi sikhethe ukwelashwa okufanele, sigweme ukusetshenziswa okungadingekile kwama-antibiotic kanye nokuthuthukisa imiphumela yomtholampilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sigaba siphinde sisinikeze ulwazi mayelana ne-pathogenicity yezinhlobo zebhaktheriya kanye nekhono labo lokubangela izifo ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka komtholampilo kokuhlukaniswa kodonga lwamaseli kubalulekile ekuxilongweni nasekuvimbeleni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane
Ukuxilongwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane:
Ukuze uthole ukutholakala okunembile kokutheleleka kwebhaktheriya, kubalulekile ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele komtholampilo futhi usebenzise ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri ehlukahlukene. Ezinye zezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuxilonga zihlanganisa:
- Ukuhlaziywa kwamasampula egazi: Lokhu kuhlola kusivumela ukuthi sibone ukuba khona kwamagciwane egazini, okungase kubonise ukutheleleka kwesistimu.
- Isiko kanye ne-antibiogram: Ngokuthatha amasampula endaweni ethelelekile bese kamuva ewatshala emithonjeni ethile yezamasiko, amagciwane angabonakala futhi kutholakale ukuthi asengozini yokuthola ama-antibiotic ahlukahlukene.
- Ukuhlolwa kokuzwela okusheshayo: Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kokuxilonga kwamangqamuzana, lokhu kuhlola kusebenzisa amasu okukhulisa i-nucleic acid ukuze kutholwe futhi kubonise ubukhona bebhaktheriya kumasampuli omtholampilo.
Ukwelashwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane:
Ukwelashwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni okufanele kwama-antibiotic. Kubalulekile ukukhetha isibulala-magciwane esifanele ngokusekelwe kubhaktheriya anesibopho kanye nokuba sengozini kwemithi etholakalayo. Ezinye izinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzikhumbule zihlanganisa:
- I-spectrum yesenzo: Ama-antibiotic ahlukaniswa njenge-spectrum ebanzi (esebenza ngokumelene nezinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane) noma i-spectrum encane (isebenza ngokumelene neqembu elithile lebhaktheriya). Ukukhetha okufanele kwe-antibiotic kuzoncika ohlotsheni lokutheleleka kanye nokuzwela kwebhaktheriya.
- Vía de administración: Izinketho zifaka ukuphathwa ngomlomo, nge-intramuscular, noma ngokufakwa emthanjeni. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuphatha kuzoncika ekuqineni kokutheleleka kanye nekhono lesiguli lokuthatha imithi ngomlomo.
- Ubude besikhathi sokwelashwa: Ubude besikhathi sokwelashwa ngama-antibiotic bungase buhluke kuye ngokuthi uhlobo nobukhulu besifo. Kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo kadokotela futhi uqedele yonke inkambo yokwelashwa ukuze ugweme ukubonakala kokumelana namagciwane.
Ngokuxilonga okufanele kanye nokwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi nangempumelelo, ukwelashwa kwezifo eziningi ezibangelwa amagciwane kungafinyelelwa. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi icala ngalinye lingase lihluke futhi lidinga indlela yomuntu ngamunye. Kuhlale kuhle ukuthi uxhumane nochwepheshe bezempilo ukuze uthole ukuxilongwa okunembile futhi uthole ukwelashwa okufanele.
Umthelela wokuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya ekuthuthukiseni ama-antibiotics kanye nemigomo
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ama-antibiotics kanye nemigomo, ngoba kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukwakheka kwawo kanye nezici ezithile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe ezimisweni ezihlukene, njengokuma kwebhaktheriya, ukusabela kwawo odayi abahlukene, ikhono lawo lokwakha izinhlamvu, phakathi kwezinye izici.
Ukuhlukanisa amabhaktheriya ngamaqembu ahlukene kusivumela ukuthi sihlonze amaphethini awo okumelana nama-antibiotic, okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemithi emisha. Ukwengeza, kusisiza siqonde ukuthi amagciwane asakazeka kanjani nokuthi abathinta kanjani abantu, okusivumela ukuba sakhe imithi yokugoma esebenza kangcono.
Ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya, ososayensi bangakwazi ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezahlukene ezingabangela izifo futhi bakhiqize imigomo ethile yokulwa nazo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa futhi kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi ama-antibiotic asebenzisana kanjani namaqembu amagciwane ahlukene nokuthi angathuthukiswa kanjani ukuze asebenze kangcono. Kafushane, ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya kubalulekile emkhakheni wokucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa kwama-antibiotics kanye nemigomo, okuvumela intuthuko ebalulekile ekulweni nezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Iziphetho kanye nezincomo
Sengiphetha, ngemva kokuhlaziya ngokugcwele idatha etholiwe nokuhlola imiphumela, kungafinyelelwa iziphetho ezilandelayo:
- Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwemodeli entsha ehlongozwayo yokuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza.
- Idatha eqoqiwe isekela i-hypothesis evezwe ekuqaleni kocwaningo, ekhombisa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe obuphazamisayo kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuncintisana emakethe yomhlaba wonke.
- Ukuthuthukiswa okwenziwe ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza kube negalelo elikhulu ekwehliseni izikhathi zokulethwa kanye nokunciphisa amaphutha, okubangele ukwaneliseka okukhulu kwamakhasimende kanye nenzuzo enkulu yenkampani.
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yalolu cwaningo, kwethulwa izincomo ezilandelayo ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kanye nokusebenza emkhakheni wokukhiqiza:
- Faka phakathi ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko zenzuzo okunemininingwane eminingi ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza komnotho kokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphazamisayo ezinkampanini ezincane.
- Hlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini usungule imifelandawonye yamasu nabahlinzeki bezobuchwepheshe ukuze uhlale unolwazi lwakamuva nokuqanjwa kwakamuva komkhakha wokukhiqiza.
- Ukwenza ukuqapha kwesikhathi eside kwezinkomba zokusebenza kanye nokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende ukuze kuhlolwe ukusimama kwentuthuko eyenziwe.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Q: Kuyini ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya ngokodonga lwamaseli awo?
A: Amagciwane ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu ngokodonga lwamaseli awo: Amagciwane e-Gram positive kanye ne-Gram negative bacteria.
Q: Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko ze-Gram-positive bacteria?
A: Amagciwane e-Gram-positive anodonga oluwugqinsi lweseli olwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ungqimba lwe-peptidoglycan. Lesi singqimba sizungezwe ulwelwesi lwe-cytoplasmic. Lawa mabhaktheriya agcina udayi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka osuka endleleni ye-Gram stain, ewanikeza igama lawo.
Q: Yiziphi izici ezisemqoka ze-Gram negative bacteria?
A: Amagciwane angenayo igram-negative anodonga lweseli oluncanyana olwakhiwe ungqimba lwe-peptidoglycan kanye nolwelwesi lwangaphandle olungeziwe oluhlanganiswe nama-lipopolysaccharides. Phakathi kwalezi zingqimba ezimbili kunesikhala se-periplasmic. Lawa mabhaktheriya awawugcini udayi onsomi-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wendlela ye-Gram stain, ngakho abonakala ebomvana uma enamabala.
Q: Zihluke kanjani izakhiwo zamagciwane e-Gram positive kanye ne-Gram negative?
IMP: Ngaphezu komehluko wokujiya kodonga lweseli, amagciwane e-Gram-negative nawo anolwelwesi lwangaphandle olungekho kubhaktheriya e-Gram-positive. Le membrane eyengeziwe kubhaktheriya e-Gram-negative ibanika izici ezithile, njengokumelana nama-antibiotic athile.
Q: Ahlukaniswa kanjani amagciwane e-Gram positive?
A: Amabhaktheriya e-Gram-positive ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ngokusekelwe kuzici ezifana ne-morphology yamangqamuzana awo, amandla awo okwenza izinhlamvu noma cha, i-physiology yawo, kanye nokusabela kwawo kudayi nemibala ehlukene.
Q: Ahlukaniswa kanjani amagciwane e-Gram negative?
IMP: Njengebhaktheriya e-Gram-positive, amagciwane e-Gram-negative ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ngokusekelwe kuzici ezifana ne-morphology yamaselula, ikhono lawo lokwakha izinhlamvu noma cha, i-physiology yawo, kanye nokusabela kwawo odayi abahlukene nemibala.
Q: Kungani kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa amagciwane ngokusekelwe odongeni lwamaseli awo?
A: Ukuhlukanisa amabhaktheriya ngokodonga lwamaseli wawo kubalulekile ngoba umehluko wesakhiwo sodonga lwamaseli kunemithelela ekuphenduleni kwawo kuma-antibiotic ahlukene, ubungozi bawo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo. nohlelo amasosha omzimba. Ukwengeza, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyasiza ekuhlonzeni nasekwelapheni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. ngempumelelo.
Ekuphetheni
Kafushane, ucwaningo lokuhlukaniswa kwamabhaktheriya ngokodonga lwamaseli awo lubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni we-microbiology. Ngale nqubo, ososayensi bangakwazi ukubona futhi bahlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhaktheriya, okubalulekile ekuqondeni i-pathogenicity yawo, ukumelana nama-antibiotic, kanye nendima yawo ku-ecosystem. Ngokwazi izici zodonga lweseli, ukwakheka kanye nokwakheka kwalawa magciwane kunganqunywa, okuhlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile lokuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic kanye nokutadisha ekugcineni. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi lokuhlukaniswa kwebhaktheriya ngokusho kodonga lwamangqamuzana alo lubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuxilonga kanye nokwelapha asebenzayo, ngaleyo ndlela kusivumela ukuthi sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo nezifo ezibangelwa yilawa ma-microorganisms. Njengoba ucwaningo kulo mkhakha luqhubeka nokukhula, ukuqonda kwethu ukwehlukahlukana kwamagciwane kanye nemithelela yokwakheka kwamangqamuzana awo ezicini ezihlukahlukene zesayensi nempilo yomphakathi iyaqhubeka nokukhula. Njengomphumela, ucwaningo lokuhlukaniswa kwebhaktheriya luhlala luyinkambu ethembisayo nehlala ivela, okusinika umbono ocacile futhi onembe kakhudlwana wempilo yamagciwane.
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