Amadayimane, aziwa ngobuhle bawo kanye nenani lawo, angenye yamagugu ayigugu kakhulu emhlabeni lobucwebe. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa abazi inqubo ngemuva kokwakheka kwalawa mamineral athakazelisayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi idayimane lakhiwa kanjani, kusukela kumsuka walo we-geological kuya ekukhanyeni kwayo kanye nokutholwa kwezimpawu zayo eziyingqayizivele. Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kokwenziwa kwamadayimane kuya kuvame kakhulu, ukuqonda inqubo yokwakheka kwemvelo kusivumela ukuba siqhubeke nokwazisa ubungqayizivele kanye nokungavamile kwalawa matshe ayigugu. Hlanganyela nathi kulolu hambo ngokusebenzisa i-geology kanye namakhemikhali ngemuva kokudalwa kwedayimane.
1. Isingeniso senqubo yokwenza idayimane
Idayimane, elaziwa ngobulukhuni balo kanye nokukhanya okukhazimulayo, lakhiwa ngenqubo yemvelo ethatha izigidi zeminyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ikhabhoni ingaphansi kwezingcindezi eziphezulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ekujuleni. komhlaba. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola inqubo ethakazelisayo yokwakheka kwedayimane kanye nezici ezithonya ukudalwa kwayo.
Okokuqala, ikhabhoni iyisici esibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Le carbon itholakala ngezindlela ezahlukene, njenge-graphite ne-amorphous carbon. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ikhabhoni ibhekana nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nesakhiwo ukuze ibe isakhiwo sekristalu esinezinhlangothi ezintathu, okuyisici esihlukanisayo sedayimane.
Okulandelayo, ukwakheka kwedayimane kwenzeka ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ngokuvamile okungenani amaphawundi angama-725,000 iyintshi yesikwele (psi). Lezi zingcindezi ezimbi kakhulu zifinyelelwa ekujuleni okungaba ngamamayela angama-90 kuya kwayi-120 ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwezingcindezi eziphezulu, amazinga okushisa nawo adlala indima ebalulekile. Inqubo yokwakheka kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-1,650 no-2,370 degrees Fahrenheit (900 kanye no-1,300 degrees Celsius). Lezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu zivumela ama-athomu e-carbon ukuthi axhume futhi ahlele abe isakhiwo se-crystalline, ngaleyo ndlela enze idayimane eliyingqayizivele nelibalulekile.
2. Ukwakheka kwedayimane: izimo ze-geological kanye nezingcindezi ezimbi kakhulu
Ukwakheka kwedayimane Kuyinqubo okuthakazelisayo okudinga izimo ze-geological kanye nezingcindezi ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuze uqonde kangcono lesi simo, kubalulekile ukwazi izici ezithonya ukwakheka kwayo.
Okokuqala, ukwakheka kwedayimane kuhlobene eduze nokuba khona kwekhabhoni eMhlabeni. Le khabhoni itholakala ekujuleni koqweqwe lomhlaba futhi isuka ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ingcindezi nezinga lokushisa kulezi zifunda kulungele ukuthi ama-athomu ekhabhoni acwebezele futhi akhe izakhiwo zedayimane.
Ukwengeza, amadayimane akha ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ze-geological, ikakhulukazi emadwaleni aziwa ngokuthi ama-kimberlites nama-lamproites. Lawa matshe atholakala ezindaweni ezithile, njengama-cratons kanye nezindawo ezincishisiwe, lapho izimo zejoloji zivumela ukwakheka kwedayimane. Lezi zindawo kuvame ukuba nzima ukufinyelela kuzo kanye nokuzihlola, okufaka isandla ekubeni yedwa kanye nenani lamadayimane.
Ukwakhiwa kwedayimane kudinga ukucindezela okukhulu, okungafinyelela kumaphawundi angu-725,000 ngeyintshi yesikwele (ama-atmospheres angu-50,000) kanye nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-1,200 degrees Celsius. Lezi zimo zenzeka endaweni engaphezulu ye-Earth, cishe amakhilomitha angu-150 ukushona. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ama-athomu ekhabhoni azihlela kabusha abe ukwakheka kwekristalu, okwenza kube namadayimane. Le nqubo Kungathatha izigidi zeminyaka, ukuletha amadayimane ebusweni boMhlaba ngokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo lapho atholwa futhi akhishwe khona.
Sengiphetha, ukwakheka kwedayimane kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izimo ze-geological kanye nokucindezela okukhulu. Ikhabhoni ekhona kuqweqwe loMhlaba icwebezela ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu nezingcindezi, yakhe amadayimane ekujuleni koMhlaba. Lamadayimane abe eselethwa phezulu ngokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, lapho atholakala khona futhi aziswa ngokuvela kwawo okungavamile nobuhle.
3. Izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe idayimane
Ukuze kwakhiwe idayimane, kudingeka izinto ezithile ezibalulekile kule nqubo. Ngezansi kukhona ama-elementi ahlukene adingekayo:
1. Ikhwalithi ephezulu yekhabhoni ehlanzekile:
Ikhabhoni iyingxenye eyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-high purity pure carbon ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu. Ingathengwa nge-powder noma ifomu le-granule.
2. Ingcindezi ephezulu:
Ukwakhiwa kwedayimane kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezingcindezi eziphezulu ukuze ikhabhoni ikwazi ukuhlangana esakhiweni sekristalu. Kubalulekile ukuba nesistimu ye-crimping engaletha izingcindezi ezidlulele, ngokuvamile ezinkulu kunophawundi oluyisigidi nge-intshi yesikwele (psi).
3. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu:
Ngaphezu kokucindezela, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu liyadingeka ukuze kumiswe idayimane. Ikhabhoni kufanele ibe ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa okungenani angu-2000 degrees Celsius ukuze ivumele ama-athomu ukuthi anyakaze futhi ahlangane ukuze akhe isakhiwo sedayimane.
4. Izigaba ze-carbon crystallization ekwakhekeni kwedayimane
I-Carbon crystallization iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izigaba eziningana okumelwe zenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile zokwakhiwa kwedayimane. Lezi zigaba zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanzeka kanye nekhwalithi yedayimane eliwumphumela. Izigaba ezahlukene ze-carbon crystallization zichazwe ngezansi:
1. Ukubola kwekhabhoni: Ikhabhoni kumele ibe sesimweni sekhabhoni emsulwa ukuze iqale inqubo yokucwebezela. Ngokuvamile, i-carbon precursor efana ne-methane noma i-acetylene isetshenziswa, echithwa ngokushisa esithandweni somlilo esikhethekile ukuze kutholwe ikhabhoni ngendlela yayo eyisisekelo.
2. I-Nucleation: Uma ikhabhoni isiphukile, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleation iyadingeka ukuze kuqalwe ukwakheka kwamakristalu edayimane. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izinhlayiya ezincane zezinye izinto, njenge-nickel, zithulwa, zisebenza njengembewu yedayimane. Lezi zinhlamvu zinikeza isiqalo sokukhula kwamakristalu edayimane.
3. Ukukhula Kwekristalu: Uma i-nucleation seyenzekile, isigaba sokukhula kwekristalu yedayimane siyaqala. Kulesi sigaba, ikhabhoni ifakwa embewini yedayimane futhi iqhubeke nokukhula ungqimba ngongqimba ngenqubo elawulwayo. Ukushisa okuphezulu kakhulu nokucindezela kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula kwekristalu okufanele, okuvame ukufezwa kusetshenziswa imishini yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ebizwa ngokuthi ukucindezela okuphezulu.
5. Izici zamakhemikhali kanye nokubaluleka kwekhabhoni ekwakhekeni kwedayimane
Ukwakheka kwedayimane kuyinqubo yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi edinga inhlanganisela yezinto eziningana. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kule nqubo ikhabhoni. Ikhabhoni iyisici esiyingqayizivele esinamandla okwenza amabhondi aqinile, azinzile namanye ama-athomu ekhabhoni, eyivumela ukuthi yakhe isakhiwo sekristalu esiqine ngokwedlulele.
Ukwakheka kwedayimane kwenzeka ekujuleni komhlaba, lapho amazinga okushisa aphezulu nezingcindezi kuthanda ukucwebezela kwekhabhoni. Le nqubo yenzeka phakathi kwezigidi zeminyaka, njengoba kudingeka isikhathi esiningi ukuze amabhondi amakhemikhali adingekayo ukuze akhe idayimane.
Ngaphezu kwekhabhoni, ezinye izici zamakhemikhali nazo zibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Ukuba khona kokungcola kungathonya umbala nokucaca kwedayimane, kuyilapho ukutholakala kwezinye izakhi, njenge-boron noma i-nitrogen, kungaholela kumadayimane anemibala ejulile. Kuyamangaza ukuthi isakhiwo samangqamuzana esilula njengekhabhoni singaveza kanjani elinye lamatshe ayigugu ayigugu nafiselekayo emhlabeni.
6. Ukuguqulwa kwekhabhoni ye-amorphous kuya ku-crystalline carbon ekwakhekeni kwedayimane
Ukuguqulwa kwekhabhoni ye-amorphous ibe yicrystalline carbon kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Le nqubo ibandakanya ukuguqulwa kwama-athomu ekhabhoni ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esihlelekile kunethiwekhi i-crystalline evamile kakhulu. Izinyathelo ezithintekayo kulolu shintsho zichazwe ngezansi:
1. Ukuchayeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi: Ukuze uguquko lwenzeke, ikhabhoni ye-amorphous kufanele ibe ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu zokushisa nokucindezela. Amasu ahlukahlukene angasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, njengokusetshenziswa komshini wokunyathelisa wedayimane noma indlela ye-chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
2. Ukunyakaza nokuhlelwa kabusha kwama-athomu: Ngesikhathi sokuchayeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nezingcindezi, ama-athomu ekhabhoni aqala ukunyakaza futhi ahlele kabusha. Lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni kwezibopho zamakhemikhali ezinamandla phakathi kwama-athomu, okukhiqiza ukwakheka kwekristalu e-ode kakhudlwana.
7. Izindlela zemvelo nezokwenziwa zokwenza idayimane
Kunezindlela ezehlukene, ezingokwemvelo nezokwenziwa, zokwakheka kwedayimane. Amadayimane emvelo akhiwa ngenqubo engathatha izigidi zeminyaka. Akhiqizwa ngokushintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela oqweqweni loMhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadayimane okwenziwa adalwa kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukene kumalabhorethri.
Enye yezindlela zemvelo zokwakheka kwedayimane i-crystallized carbon, lapho ikhabhoni ingaphansi kwamazinga okushisa ashubile kanye nezingcindezi emhlabeni. Lokhu kulandelwa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-kimberlite, lapho idayimane lihambela phezulu ngokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Uma esengaphezulu, amadayimane emvelo akhishwa ngezimayini.
Izindlela zokwenziwa zokwenza idayimane zihlanganisa i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme lomfutho ophezulu (HPHT). Enqubweni ye-CVD, ingxube yamagesi ingeniswa ekamelweni lokuphendula, elibe lishiselwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ama-athomu e-hydrogen engxube yegesi ayaphuka, ashiye ama-athomu e-carbon ahlangana ndawonye akhe idayimane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwinqubo ye-HPHT, izingcindezi eziphezulu namazinga okushisa asetshenziswa engxenyeni encane yekhabhoni, esiza ukukhishwa kwe-crystallization yedayimane.
8. Ithonya lesikhathi nezinga lokushisa ekwakhekeni kwedayimane
Ukwakheka kwedayimane kuthonywa kakhulu isikhathi nezinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwalo. Lezi zici zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekukhanyeni kwedayimane. Amaphuzu asemqoka okufanele acatshangelwe maqondana nalesi sihloko achazwe ngezansi:
1. Isikhathi sokwakheka: Isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe idayimane singahluka kakhulu, kusukela ezigidini kuya ezigidini zeminyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ze-geological zenzeka, njengokuchayeka ekucindezelweni okuphezulu namazinga okushisa, kanye ne-crystallization ye-carbon ehlanzekile. Lezi zikhathi ezinde zibalulekile ekudaleni amadayimane. ikhwalithi ephezulu.
2. Izinga lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa nalo lidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Amadayimane akhiwa ekujuleni okwedlulele eMhlabeni, lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela amanani aphezulu kakhulu. Ukuchayeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuyadingeka ukuze kuguqulwe ikhabhoni ibe yisimo sayo esicwebezelayo, okwenza kube nobuhle besici nokumelana namadayimane.
3. Ukucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa: Inhlanganisela yokucindezela okufanele kanye nezinga lokushisa kubalulekile ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Lezi zimo ngokuvamile zitholakala ekujuleni koqweqwe loMhlaba, lapho inqubo yokucwebezela kwekristalu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuchayeka isikhathi eside kungcindezi ephezulu namazinga okushisa. Ingcindezi inika amadayimane izimfanelo zawo zomzimba ezihlukile, njengokuqina kwawo okwedlulele kanye nekhono lokudlulisa ukukhanya okukhethekile.
Sengiphetha, isikhathi nezinga lokushisa kukhona izici ezimbili okhiye ekwakhiweni kwedayimane. Isikhathi eside esidingekayo ukuze izinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba zenzeke kanye ne-carbon crystallization, kuhlanganiswe nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nezingcindezi, kubangela amadayimane esiwaziyo namuhla. Lawa makristalu amahle awumphumela wezigidi zeminyaka yezinqubo zemvelo, ezidale ubucwebe obuyigugu nobufiselekayo emhlabeni.
9. Iqhaza lezimbiwa kanye nokufakwa ekwakhekeni kwedayimane
Idayimane, elaziwa njengetshe eliyigugu nelifiselekayo, lakhiwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu zokucindezela okukhulu nezinga lokushisa ekujuleni koMhlaba. Kule nqubo, amaminerali kanye nokufakwayo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwedayimane.
Amaminerali atholakala emadwaleni ane-carbon abalulekile ekudaleni amadayimane. Ikhabhoni ingaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu, ekujuleni okungenani okungamakhilomitha ayi-150 ngaphansi komhlaba. Phakathi nale nqubo, amaminerali afana ne-olivine, i-pyroxene ne-garnet asebenza njengendlela yokuthutha i-carbon phezulu, lapho amadayimane azokwakhiwa khona.
Ngaphezu kwamaminerali, ukufakwa nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Lezi zinto ezifakiwe ziyizinhlayiya ezincane ezivaleleke ngaphakathi kwekristalu yedayimane futhi zingavela emithonjeni ehlukene, njengamaminerali, amagesi noma uketshezi. Ama-inclusions asebenza "njengofakazi" bemvelo yendawo lapho idayimane lakhiwe khona, ihlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nomlando we-geological of the Earth. Ukufunda lokhu kuhlanganiswa kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi amadayimane akheka kanjani nokuthi izimo zivela kanjani ngaphakathi eMhlabeni.
Ngamafuphi, amaminerali nezinto ezifakiwe ziyizici ezibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Amaminerali athutha ikhabhoni phezulu kanye ne-inclusions inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nemvelo ye-geological lapho idayimane lakhiwe khona. Ukuqonda kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka kwakho nokwazisa ubuhle baleli tshe eliyigugu eliyingqayizivele.
10. Ubude benqubo yokwakheka kwedayimane ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo
Ukwakheka kwedayimane ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo kuyinqubo ethakazelisayo edinga inhlanganisela ethile yokushisa nokucindezela ekujuleni koMhlaba. Le nqubo ingathatha izigidi zeminyaka kusukela ngesikhathi ikhabhoni yakheka kuze kube yilapho igcina icwebezela ibe idayimane. Ngalesi sikhathi, ikhabhoni idlula uchungechunge lwezinguquko zamakhemikhali nezomzimba okwenza ibe ngelinye lamatshe ayigugu abaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ihlobene eduze nezinga lokukhula kwekristalu. Njengoba i-carbon ingaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi, ama-molecule e-carbon ahlangana ndawonye ukuze akhe isakhiwo se-crystalline. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo ingase ihambe kancane, njengoba izinga lokukhula kwekristalu ngokuvamile lincane, cishe ama-micrometer ambalwa ngonyaka.
Ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elifanele nokucindezela, ezinye izici zingathonya ubude benqubo yokwakheka kwedayimane. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kokungcola kukhabhoni kungabambezela ukukhula kwekristalu. Ngokufanayo, ukuntuleka kwemisoco endaweni ezungezile kungakhawulela ukutholakala kwekhabhoni, kubambezele nakakhulu inqubo. Nakuba le nqubo ihamba kancane ngokwedlulele ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ubuhle nenani lamadayimane kwenza ngalinye lihluke ngempela futhi likhethekile. [END
11. Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo nezici zedayimane elakheke ngokwemvelo
Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo nezici zedayimane elakheke ngokwemvelo kuhilela ukutadisha ngokucophelela ukwakheka kwalo kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo. Okulandelayo, i izinyathelo ezibalulekile ukulandela ukwenza lokhu kuhlaziya ngempumelelo:
Isinyathelo 1: Qoqa isampula elimele idayimane elizohlaziywa. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isampula likhulu ngokwanele ukwenza izivivinyo ezihlukene futhi ihlaziye ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ubuqotho bedayimane.
Isinyathelo 2: Yenza ukuhlola okubonakalayo futhi usebenzise amathuluzi okukhulisa ukuze ubone ukwakheka kwedayimane. Khomba ukuba khona kokufakwayo, ukungapheleli nezici ezihlukile, njengesistimu yayo yekristalu kanye nezici eziyakhayo.
Isinyathelo 3: Sebenzisa amasu okuhlaziya amakhemikhali ukuze uthole ukuhlanzeka nokwakheka kwedayimane. Lokhu kungase kuhilele ukusetshenziswa kwamasu e-spectroscopic, njenge-infrared spectroscopy noma i-absorption spectroscopy. I-X-ray, ukuhlonza izakhi ezikhona kudayimane nokuhlola ikhwalithi yalo.
12. Umehluko phakathi kokwakheka kwemvelo nokukhiqizwa kokwenziwa kwedayimane
Ukwakheka kwemvelo kanye nokukhiqizwa kokwenziwa kwedayimane kuyizinqubo ezihluke ngokuphelele eziholela ezicini ezihlukahlukene zohlobo ngalunye lwedayimane. Ngezansi sigqamisa omunye umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwazo zombili izindlela:
1. Umsuka: Amadayimane emvelo akheka eMhlabeni ekujuleni okukhulu ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi esikhathini esiyizigidi zeminyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadayimane okwenziwa adalwa ezindaweni zokucwaninga kusetshenziswa umfutho ophezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (HPHT) noma amasu okufakwa komhwamuko wamakhemikhali (CVD).
2. Ukwakheka: Amadayimane emvelo akhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngekhabhoni ehlanzekile, kuyilapho amadayimane okwenziwa angase abe nokuhlanganisa kwezinye izinto noma ukungcola kuye ngezinqubo ezisetshenziswa ekudalweni kwawo.
3. Ikhwalithi kanye nentengo: Amadayimane emvelo avamise ukuba yivelakancane ngakho-ke abaluleke kakhulu kunamadayimane okwenziwa. Ukwengeza, izici eziyingqayizivele kanye nokungapheleli kwemvelo kwamadayimane emvelo kuwenza afiseleke kakhulu embonini yobucwebe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadayimane okwenziwa anenani eliphansi kanye nekhwalithi engaguquki.
13. Izicelo zezimboni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamadayimane akhiwe ngokwemvelo
Amadayimane akhiwe ngokwemvelo anezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene embonini ngenxa yokuqina nokumelana kwawo. Enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu iwukwenza amathuluzi okusika nokupholisha.. Amadayimane emvelo asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-disc okusika wezinto eziqinile ezifana nengilazi, izitsha zobumba nezinsimbi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamasondo okupholisha ukuze kuqedwe ukunemba okuphezulu.
Omunye umkhakha lapho amadayimane emvelo athola khona ukusetshenziswa kusembonini yezogesi. Ngenxa ye-thermal conductivity enhle kakhulu, amadayimane asetshenziswa kumadivayisi we-semiconductor ukuze akhiphe ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza.. Ukwengeza, amandla abo aphezulu e-dielectric abenza balungele ukusetshenziswa kokufakwa kukagesi ezingxenyeni zamafrikhwensi aphezulu.
Ubucwebe bubuye bungumkhakha lapho amadayimane emvelo asetshenziswa kakhulu. Amadayimane ekhwalithi ephezulu nobumsulwa asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ubucwebe obufana namasongo, imigexo namasongo.. Ubuhle nokuhluka kwamadayimane emvelo kuwenza abe yinketho ethandwayo kulabo abafuna izingcezu ezihlala isikhathi eside zobucwebe benani eliphezulu lobuhle.
14. Iziphetho mayelana nenqubo ethakazelisayo yokwakheka kwedayimane
Inqubo yokwenza idayimane ijabulisa ngempela. Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sihlole ngokuningiliziwe isigaba ngasinye, kusukela ekudalweni kwekhabhoni emsulwa kuya ekucwebezeleni kokugcina. Ngenxa yalokho, siye sazuza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi leli tshe eliyigugu lakhiwa kanjani.
Okokuqala, safunda ukuthi ikhabhoni iyisici esiyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwedayimane. Ngengcindezi enkulu kanye nezinga lokushisa elikhona ekujuleni koMhlaba, ikhabhoni ingena inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-metamorphism, iguquka ibe yidayimane. Ukwengeza, ukufakwa kwezinye izakhi kungabangela imibala ehlukene nezici zamadayimane.
Okulandelayo, sihlola ukuthi amadayimane athuthwa kanjani emhlabeni ngokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Lokhu kuqhuma kukhiphela amadayimane phezulu kuma-kimberlites noma amanye amadwala avuthayo. Ngemva kwalolu hambo olunodlame, amadayimane angakhishwa futhi afakwe ngaphansi kwenqubo yokusika nokupholishwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuhle bawo kanye nokucwebezela.
Kafushane, inqubo yokwenza idayimane ihilela uchungechunge lwezimo ezimbi kakhulu kanye nezigaba ezithakazelisayo. Kusukela ekuguqulweni kwekhabhoni kuya ekuqhumeni kwayo kwentaba-mlilo kanye nokukhipha nokucwengisiswa kwayo okulandelayo, isinyathelo ngasinye sinomthelela ekwakhiweni kwaleli tshe eliyigugu eliyingqayizivele. Akungabazeki ukuthi idayimane liyigugu lemvelo elisinika ukuqonda okujulile ngezinqubo zokuma komhlaba ezilolonga umhlaba wethu. [END
Sengiphetha, inqubo yokwakheka kwedayimane iyinto ethokozisayo eye yavusa isasasa nelukuluku lososayensi nabashisekeli ngokufanayo. Ngokuhlangana kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi ezidlulele ekujuleni koMhlaba, amakhabhoni angawodwana ahlangana ndawonye ukudala isakhiwo sekristalu esiyingqayizivele nesimelana kakhulu.
Ulwazi mayelana nendlela idayimane elakheka ngayo alusiniki nje kuphela ukuqonda okujulile kokuma komhlaba kweplanethi yethu, kodwa luphinde lube nemithelela ebalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zesayensi nezimboni, kusukela ekuhloleni amaminerali kuya ekusikeni okunembayo okuphezulu.
Nakuba amadayimane amaningi akheka ngokwemvelo phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ivumele ukuhlanganiswa kwamadayimane ngokwenziwa ezindaweni zokucwaninga, okuvula amathuba amasha embonini yobucwebe futhi kuholele ekuqondeni okukhulu isayensi engemuva kwala makristalu amahle.
Kafushane, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwedayimane iyisibonelo esimangalisayo sendlela izakhi eziyisisekelo zemvelo ezingaguqulwa zibe elinye lamagugu ayigugu kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengoba ucwaningo olusha luqhubeka nokuvela kanye namasu amasha okuhlanganiswa athuthukiswa, ngokungangabazeki sizoqhubeka nokwandisa ulwazi lwethu lwalesi simangaliso se-crystalline kanye nomthelela waso emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Amadayimane, futhi ayoba njalo, uphawu lwaphakade lobuhle nokuqina, umsuka walo udlula ekujuleni koMhlaba ngokwawo.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.