Indlela izingane ezenziwa ngayo

Ezweni elithakazelisayo lokuzala kwabantu, inqubo yokuthi izingane zenziwa kanjani iyisihloko socwaningo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi esithakazelisa ngokwesayensi. Kusukela ekukhulelweni kuya ekuzalweni, zonke izinyathelo zingene le nqubo okuyisimangaliso kulandela uchungechunge lwezigaba zokucophelela ezibandakanya zombili ezingeni leselula njenge-hormonal, ekhuthaza ukukhula nokukhula komuntu omusha. Kulesi sihloko sezobuchwepheshe, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ukwakheka kwezingane kwenzeka kanjani, sidalule izimfihlakalo zokuzala komuntu ngombono ongathathi hlangothi nomgomo.

1. Isingeniso senqubo yokuzala komuntu

Ukuzala komuntu kuyinqubo abantu abazalana ngayo, okuholela ekudalweni kwezimpilo ezintsha. Le nqubo ibalulekile ukuze kuphile uhlobo lwabantu futhi sekungamakhulu eminyaka kucwaningwa futhi kufundwe ngayo.

Inqubo yokuzala komuntu inezigaba eziningana, okuhlanganisa i-gametogenesis, ukuvundiswa, ukufakelwa, nokuthuthukiswa kombungu. Phakathi ne-gametogenesis, amangqamuzana amagciwane ahlukana futhi ahlukanise ukuze akhe ama-gametes, okungukuthi, isidoda emadodeni namaqanda kwabesifazane. Ukuvundisa kwenzeka lapho isidoda sihlangana neqanda, kwakheka i-zygote bese ihlukana bese ikhula ibe umbungu. Ekugcineni, umbungu ufakwa esibelethweni sikamama bese uqala ukukhula nokukhula.

Inqubo yokuzala komuntu iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ilawulwa uchungechunge lwezici zamahomoni, zofuzo kanye nezemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezici ezithile ezingathinta ukuzala komuntu, njengezifo, ukuphazamiseka kwe-hormonal noma izinkinga zempilo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda nokubheka zonke lezi zici lapho ufunda inqubo yokuzala komuntu, ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa impilo yokuzala kanye nokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yezizukulwane ezizayo.

2. Umjikelezo wokuzala wesifazane: kusukela ekuphumeni kweqanda kuya ekuvundiseni

Umjikelezo wokuzala wabesifazane Kuyinqubo okuyinkimbinkimbi okubandakanya izinguquko eziningana ze-hormonal nezokuphila emzimbeni wesifazane. Kusukela ekuphumeni kwe-ovulation kuya ekukhulelweni, uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezibalulekile zenzeka ezivumela ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhulelwa.

Phakathi nomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini, ama-ovari akhulula iqanda elivuthiwe ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-ovulation. Lesi senzakalo senzeka cishe phakathi nomjikelezo, cishe ngosuku lwe-14 emjikelezweni wezinsuku ezingama-28. Ukukhululwa kweqanda kwenzeka ekuphenduleni ukwanda kwe-hormone ye-luteinizing emzimbeni. Uma selikhululiwe, iqanda liya ngasethunjini le-fallopian, lapho lingahlangana khona nesidoda esizovundiswa.

Uma ukuvundiswa kungenzeki, iqanda elingavundile liyahlakazeka futhi lilahlwe ngokuhamba kokuya esikhathini. Nokho, uma isidoda sikwazi ukuvundisa iqanda, kwakheka inyunyana ebizwa ngokuthi i-zygote. I-zygote iqala ukuhlukana bese ikhula ibe umbungu, ogxilile olwelweni lwesibeletho bese uqala ukukhulelwa.

Ngamafuphi, umjikelezo wokuzala wesifazane usuka ekuphumeni kweqanda ukuya ekuvundiseni, lapho ukukhululwa kweqanda elivuthiwe kwenzeka futhi kungenzeka ukuthi lihlangane nesidoda ukuze lihlangane. Kusukela kulo mzuzu, ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kanye nokuqala kokukhulelwa kungaqala. Kubalulekile ukuqonda izenzakalo nezimpawu zomjikelezo wokuzala ukuze uhlele kahle ukukhulelwa noma uthathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela inzalo.

3. Ukukhiqizwa nokuvuthwa kwesidoda

Kuyinqubo eyisisekelo ku uhlelo lokuzala owesilisa. Iqala kuma- seminiferous tubules, okuyizakhiwo ezikhona emasendeni. Lamashubhu afaka amaseli egciwane, ahlukanisayo futhi ahlukanise enze isidoda.

Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwesidoda, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-spermatogenesis, inezigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, amangqamuzana amagciwane ahlukana nge-mitosis ukuze akhe amangqamuzana abizwa ngokuthi i-spermatogonia. La mangqamuzana aphinde ahlukane ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-meiosis, okubangela amangqamuzana abizwa ngokuthi ama-spermatid. Ama-spermatid, wona, abhekana nezinguquko ku-morphology kanye nokuhleleka kwangaphakathi ukuze abe yi-spermatozoa evuthiwe.

Phakathi nenqubo yokuvuthwa, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-spermiogenesis, ama-spermatid abhekana nochungechunge lwezinguquko ukuze athole ukwakheka nokwakheka kwesidoda. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwe-acrosome, isakhiwo esisekhanda lesidoda esiqukethe ama-enzyme adingekayo ekuvundiseni, nokuthuthukiswa kwe-flagellum, okuzovumela isidoda ukuba sihambe. Lapho ukuvuthwa sekuqediwe, isidoda sidedelwa emiseleni ye-seminiferous bese sihamba siye ku-epididymis, lapho sithola khona amandla okuhamba kahle nokuvundisa iqanda.

Kafushane, kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebandakanya ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nochungechunge lwezinguquko ze-morphological. Kuzo zonke lezi zigaba, amangqamuzana amagciwane ashintsha abe isidoda esivuthiwe esikwazi ukuvundisa iqanda. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuzaleni kwabesilisa futhi inomthelela ekuzaleni kwabantu.

4. Ukubaluleka kokuvundisa: ukuhlangana kwama-gametes ukuze kwakhiwe isidalwa esisha

Ukuvundisa kuyinqubo eyisisekelo ekuzaleni ngokocansi kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Iqukethe ukuhlangana kwama-gametes abesilisa nabesifazane ukudala isidalwa esisha. Ukubaluleka kwale nqubo kulele eqinisweni lokuthi iyisiqalo sokwakheka kombungu futhi, ekugcineni, umzimba ophelele. Kuyo yonke le nqubo, uchungechunge lwezenzakalo zenzeka ezivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwama-gametes, inhlanganisela yezinto zawo zofuzo kanye nokwakheka komuntu omusha.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuvundiseni ukukhululwa nokuvuthwa kwama-gametes. Kubantu, ama-gametes yi-sperm namaqanda. Isidoda sikhiqizwa kumasende futhi sivuthiwe kuma-vas deferens. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqanda akhiqizwa kuma-ovari futhi avuthwe kumashubhu e-fallopian. Uma ama-gamete esekhulile, alungele ukukhululwa futhi atholakale.

Isinyathelo sesibili ukuhlangana kwama-gametes. Lokhu kwenzeka kumashubhu e-fallopian, lapho isidoda sikwazi ukuwela izingqimba zeqanda futhi singene ngaphakathi kwaso. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclei yesidoda neqanda kwenzeka, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanganiswe izinto zabo zofuzo. Lo mcimbi uphawula ukuqala kwenqubo yokuthuthukiswa kombungu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isidoda esisodwa kuphela esikwazi ukuvundisa iqanda, ngaleyo ndlela sigweme ukwakheka kwe-embryo engaphezu kweyodwa.

Kafushane, ukuvundisa kuyisigaba esibalulekile ekuzalweni kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Ngokuhlangana kwama-gametes abesilisa nabesifazane, ukudalwa komuntu omusha kufinyelelwa. Le nqubo ihilela uchungechunge lwezenzakalo, njengokuvuthwa kwama-gamete, ukukhululwa kwawo, futhi ekugcineni, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-nuclei awo. Ukuvundisa kuphawula ukuqala kokukhula kombungu futhi kunquma izici zofuzo zesidalwa esisha.

5. Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu: izigaba zokuqala zokubunjwa komuntu omusha

Ukukhula kombungu kuyinqubo lapho kwakheka khona umuntu omusha ngokuhlangana kweqanda nesidoda. Ezigabeni zokuqala zalokhu kukhula, kwenzeka uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezibalulekile ezizoholela ekwakhekeni kwezicubu nezitho ezihlukahlukene ze-fetus.

Esigabeni sokuhlukaniswa, i-zygote ihlukana ibe amaseli amancane amaningana abizwa ngokuthi ama-blastomere. Le nqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho kwakheka isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuthi i-morula. Kamuva, inqubo yokuhlanganisa iyenzeka edala ukwakheka kwe-blastocyst.

Esigabeni sokufakelwa, i-blastocyst inamathela futhi ingene ku-endometrium yesibeletho sikamama. Uma i-blastocyst isimisiwe, amaseli ahlukana abe izingqimba ezimbili: i-embryoblast kanye ne-trophoblast. I-embryoblast izoveza umbungu ngokwawo, kuyilapho i-trophoblast izokwakha izakhiwo ezibhekele ukondleka nokuvikela umbungu.

6. Indima ye-DNA ekunqumeni ifa lofuzo

I-DNA noma i-deoxyribonucleic acid idlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ifa lofuzo. Le molecule ikhona ku-nucleus yawo wonke amangqamuzana emzimbeni futhi iqukethe ulwazi lofuzo lomuntu.

Okokuqala, i-DNA yakhiwa amaketanga amabili e-helical ama-nucleotide, ahlanganiswe ndawonye ngamabhondi e-hydrogen. Lawa ma-nucleotide akhiwe isisekelo se-nitrogenous, ushukela obizwa ngokuthi i-deoxyribose, neqembu le-phosphate. Kunezisekelo ezine ze-nitrogen: i-adenine, i-thymine, i-cytosine ne-guanine, futhi ukulandelana kwalezi zisekelo yikho okunquma izici zofuzo zomuntu.

I-DNA iyikhodi equkethe zonke iziqondiso ezidingekayo ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwento ephilayo. Lezi ziqondiso zitholakala ezakhini zofuzo, okuyizingxenye ezithile ze-DNA ezifaka ikhodi yokwakheka kwamaprotheni. Amaprotheni angamangqamuzana ayisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni nasekusebenzeni kwezidalwa eziphilayo, ngakho ulwazi lofuzo oluqukethwe ku-DNA lubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe ifa lezimpawu zomzimba nezebhayoloji.

Ngamafuphi, kubalulekile. Le ngqamuzana ihlanganisa ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo ngokulandelana kwezisekelo ze-nitrogenous kanye nofuzo, okunquma izici zomzimba nezebhayoloji zomuntu. Ukuqonda ukuthi i-DNA isebenza kanjani nokuthi izuzwa kanjani kubalulekile kwisayensi yezakhi zofuzo futhi kuvula iminyango yokuqonda okwengeziwe kokusebenza kwezidalwa eziphilayo.

7. Izici ezithonya ukukhiqizwa kwabantu: iminyaka, indlela yokuphila kanye nempilo evamile

Ukuzala komuntu kuthonywa yizici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa iminyaka, indlela yokuphila kanye nempilo evamile. Lezi zici zingathinta kokubili amadoda nabesifazane, futhi kubalulekile ukuqonda umthelela wazo ekukhiqizeni okuphumelelayo.

Ubudala: Iminyaka yobudala iyisici esinqumayo ekuzaleni komuntu. Abesifazane bavundile kakhulu phakathi nesigaba sokuphila sabo esaziwa ngokuthi “inkathi yabo yokuzala,” ngokuvamile eba phakathi kweminyaka engu-20 kuya kwengu-35 ubudala. Njengoba abesifazane bekhula, izinga kanye nenani lamaqanda abo liyehla, okwenza ukukhulelwa kube nzima kakhulu. Abesilisa bangase futhi bezwe ukwehla kwekhwalithi yesidoda njengoba bekhula.

Indlela yokuphila kanye nempilo ejwayelekile: Indlela yokuphila kanye nempilo ejwayelekile nakho kunendima ebalulekile ekuzaleni kwabantu. Ugwayi, utshwala, nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa zokungcebeleka kungaba nomthelela omubi ukuzala kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane. Ukwengeza, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ukukhuluphala kungenza ukukhulelwa kube nzima futhi kwandise ingozi yezinkinga ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ukugcina ukudla okulinganiselayo, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo, nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kungathuthukisa amathuba akho okukhulelwa.

8. Izindlela zokuzala ezisizwayo: ezinye izindlela zalabo abanobunzima bokukhulelwa

Izindlela zokukhiqiza ezisizwayo ziyizindlela ezihlukile zalabo bantu noma imibhangqwana ebhekana nobunzima ekukhulelweni. ngokwemvelo. Lezi zindlela zihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisizayo superar problemas lokuzala kanye nokuzuza ukukhulelwa okufunayo.

Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu i-in vitro fertilization (IVF), lapho amaqanda nesidoda kuhlanganiswa ngaphandle komzimba bese sidluliselwa esibelethweni. Le nqubo ingase ibe inketho esebenzayo kwabesifazane abanezinkinga zamashubhu e-fallopian noma amadoda anekhwalithi ephansi yesidoda.

Enye indlela iwukufakelwa isidoda, lapho isidoda sifakwa khona ngqo esibelethweni sowesifazane. Le nqubo iwusizo emibhangqwaneni ene-sperm motility noma izinkinga zobuningi. Kukhona futhi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa isidoda noma abanikela ngeqanda ezimeni lapho kudingekile.

9. Ukubaluleka kokudla okunomsoco kanye nokunakekelwa ngaphambi kokubeletha ukuze uthole ukukhulelwa okunempilo

Ukudla okunomsoco kanye nokunakekelwa ngaphambi kokubeletha kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ukukhulelwa okunempilo. Ngalesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yabo bobabili umama nengane, ngokudla okunomsoco kanye nokwamukela imikhuba enempilo.

Ukudla okwanele ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kunikeza izakhi ezidingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwengane, kanye nokugcina impilo kamama. Kubalulekile ukufaka ukudla okunothe ngensimbi, i-calcium, i-folic acid, amaprotheni namavithamini. Lezi zakhi zisiza ekuvimbeleni izinkinga zokukhulelwa, njenge-anemia, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, nokukhubazeka kwe-neural tube.

Ukunakekelwa ngaphambi kokubeletha kuhlanganisa nokuphila impilo enempilo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, ugwayi nezidakamizwa, kanye nokuzama ukugcina isisindo esinempilo. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuvakashela udokotela onguchwepheshe ukuze ahlole futhi ahlole ukukhula kwengane, kanye nokuthola isiqondiso esidingekayo mayelana nokondliwa nokunakekelwa kulesi sigaba esibalulekile.

10. Izinguquko ezingokomzimba nezingokomzwelo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa: ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezidingekayo ekukhuleni komntwana

Ukukhulelwa yisigaba soshintsho olukhulu ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo empilweni yowesifazane. Ngalesi sikhathi, umzimba uthola uchungechunge lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezidingekayo ekukhuleni okufanele kwengane. Lezi zinguquko zingazibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene kowesifazane ngamunye, kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinguquko ohlelweni amahomoni, ukukhula kwesibeletho, ukukhuluphala kanye nokuvela kwezimpawu ezinjengokucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukukhathala nokushintsha kwemizwelo.

Enye yezinguquko eziphawulekayo zomzimba ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ukukhula kwesibeletho. Njengoba umntwana ekhula, isibeletho siyakhula ukuze umntwana athole indawo. Lokhu kungabangela ukungakhululeki njengokucindezela esinyeni kanye nomuzwa wokuthi "usinda." Ukwengeza, ukuzuza isisindo kuyingxenye yemvelo yokukhulelwa futhi kungenxa yokukhula kwengane, i-placenta, nokwanda kwevolumu yegazi. Kubalulekile ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe badle ukudla okunomsoco futhi bazivocavoce ngokuphephile ukulawula ukukhuluphala ngendlela efanele.

Ngaphezu kwezinguquko ezingokomzimba, ukukhulelwa kungaletha nochungechunge lwezinguquko ezingokomzwelo. Ukushintshashintsha kwamahomoni kungase kuthinte isimo somuntu wesifazane, kumenze akwazi ukushintsha ngokushesha imizwelo, futhi kubangele imizwa yokukhathazeka noma yokudabuka. Kuvamile ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe babe nengxubevange yemizwa, kusukela ekujabuleni nasekulindeleni ukuzalwa komntwana, kuya ekukhathazekeni nokwesaba ngokubeletha kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo omusha ohambisana nokuba ngumama. Kubalulekile ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe bafune ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kungaba ngabalingani babo, umndeni noma abangani, noma ngokubonisana nochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo.

11. Ukubeletha: inqubo yokugcina yokwakheka kwengane

Ukubeletha kuyinqubo yokugcina yokwakheka komntwana, lapho umntwana eshiya isibeletho sikanina aye ezweni langaphandle. Kuwumcimbi oyingqopha-mlando kubo bobabili umama nosana olusanda kuzalwa, futhi ngokuvamile kubhekwa isikhathi lapho ukukhulelwa kuphela futhi nesigaba sokuba umzali siqala.

Le nqubo ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukunwetshwa, ukuxoshwa nokulethwa kwe-placenta. Ngesikhathi sokunwebeka, umlomo wesibeletho uyavuleka kancane kancane ukuze umntwana adlule emgudwini wokuzalwa. Ngesikhathi sokubeletha, umama uba nokufinyela okushubile okumsiza ukuba aphushele ngaphandle. Ekugcineni, lapho umntwana esezelwe, i-placenta iyahlukana futhi ikhishwe esibelethweni.

Ukubeletha kungenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene, kungaba ngesitho sangasese sowesifazane noma ngokuhlinzwa. En el parto Esithweni sangasese sowesifazane, umntwana udlula emgudwini wokuzalwa futhi uzalwe ngesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Endabeni yokuhlinzwa, kuyasikwa esiswini nasesibelethweni ukuze kukhishwe umntwana. Zombili izindlela zinezinkomba kanye nezingozi ezihambisana nazo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba neseluleko sezokwelapha esifanele ukuze kunqunywe indlela engcono kakhulu esimweni ngasinye.

12. Isikhathi sokuncelisa: ukubaluleka kokudla kukamama ekukhuleni kwengane

Isikhathi sokuncelisa siyisigaba esibalulekile ekuphileni komntwana, njengoba ukondliwa kukamama kunendima ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwayo. Ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila, ubisi lwebele lunikeza zonke izakhi ezidingekayo ukuze umntwana akhule enempilo futhi aqinise amasosha omzimba.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukondliwa komama akunikezeli nje kuphela izakhi ezidingekayo kumntwana, kodwa futhi kudlulisela amasosha omzimba nokuvikelwa ezifweni. Ubisi lwebele luqukethe izakhi eziningi eziwusizo enganeni, njengamaprotheni, amavithamini, amaminerali kanye nama-acids abalulekile.

Ukondliwa okwanele komama ngesikhathi sokuncelisa kuhlanganisa ukulandela ukudla okunomsoco nokuhlukahlukene. Kunconywa ukuthi udle ukudla okucebile ngezakhi, njengezithelo, imifino, amaprotheni kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi. Kubalulekile futhi ukugcina i-hydration enhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kokudla okugayiwe, ukudla okunongwe kakhulu noma okubabayo, nophuzo oludakayo.

13. Ukukhula nokukhula kwengane: kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya ebusheni

14. Ukucabangisisa kokugcina ngenqubo yokudala impilo yomuntu

Lapho sifinyelela leli phuzu lokuhlaziya mayelana nenqubo yokudalwa kwempilo yomuntu, kubalulekile ukwenza uchungechunge lokuzindla okusivumela ukuba siqonde inkimbinkimbi kanye nokumangalisa kwalesi simo. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi ukukhula nokukhula komuntu kusukela ekukhulelweni kuya ekuzalweni kuhilela ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ezimangalisayo, ezilawulwa inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinqubo nezinqubo.

Omunye wemibono egqama kakhulu ukuthi umzimba wonke ukwakheka kanjani ngengqamuzana elilodwa. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-embryogenesis, iyi-ballet yangempela yamaselula, lapho izigidi zama-elementi zihlanganyela khona ngendlela enembile nehlelekile ukuze kudale izinhlelo ezahlukene nezitho ze umzimba womuntu. Kuyathakazelisa ukucabanga ngokuhlukana kwamaseli amaningi, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, nokwakheka kwezicubu nezitho ezenzeka phakathi nalesi sikhathi.

Esinye isici esifanele okufanele sicatshangelwe indima ye-epigenetics ekudaleni ukuphila komuntu. Lesi sifundo sifunda ukuthi izici zangaphandle, njengendawo ezungezile kanye nokudla komama, zingathonya kanjani ukuvezwa kofuzo, ngakho-ke, ukukhula kombungu. Lokhu kusebenzisana phakathi kwe-genome nendawo ezungezile kuvula izinga elisha lenkimbinkimbi enqubweni yokudala ukuphila komuntu, futhi kusiholela ekucabangeni ngomthelela omkhulu izinga lempilo likamama nendawo ahlala kuyo elingaba nawo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Kafushane, inqubo yokuzala komuntu iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyamangalisa. Ngokuhlangana kweqanda nesidoda, kwakheka umbungu otshalwa esibelethweni sikamama, ngaleyo ndlela uqale ukukhula komuntu omusha.

Phakathi nale nqubo, izici eziningi, kokubili zofuzo kanye nemvelo, zingathonya ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kanye ne-fetus. Kusukela ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes kuya ekuzalweni, isigaba ngasinye sokukhulelwa nokubeletha sibalulekile futhi sidinga ukungenelela kwezinhlelo nezinqubo zebhayoloji ehlukahlukene.

Ukuvundisa, ukufakelwa, ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kanye nengane, kanye nendima yama-hormone nokulawulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, kuyizici eziyisisekelo zokuzala komuntu ososayensi nodokotela abaqhubeka nokuziphenya ukuze bathole izimpendulo eziphelele nezinembayo.

Ngokufanayo, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi, naphezu kwentuthuko yesayensi nezokwelapha, izinkinga zokuzala zingathinta abantu abathile nemibhangqwana, okungase kubangele isidingo sokuphendukela ezindleleni zosizo zokuzala. Lezi zindlela, njengokufakwa kwe-in vitro fertilization, zingase zibe inketho kulabo abafuna ukuthola abantwana kodwa ababhekana nobunzima bokuzala.

Sengiphetha, ukuqonda ukuthi izingane zenziwa kanjani kuhilela ukuhlolisisa imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuzala kwabantu. Ngokuhlanganisa izici ezihlukahlukene, kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwebhayoloji, isimangaliso sokuphila siyavela. Ucwaningo lwale nqubo luyaqhubeka nokwandisa ulwazi lwethu futhi lwandise amathuba emkhakheni wokusiza ukuzala.