Ukwakhiwa kwamaselula e-Kingdom Protista kuyisihloko esibalulekile ocwaningweni lwebhayoloji yamaselula. Leli qembu elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezi-unicellular kanye nama-multicellular libonakala ngokwethula ukwehlukahlukana okukhulu kwesakhiwo samangqamuzana alo kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Kusukela ocwaningweni oluhamba phambili olwenziwa ososayensi abafana no-Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, kuya ezifundweni zamanje ze-biotechnology, ukuqonda okujulile kokwakheka kwamaselula ku-Kingdom Protista kuzuziwe. Kulesi sihloko sobuchwepheshe, sizohlaziya ngokuningiliziwe izakhi zamaselula ezifanele kakhulu zabaculi, kusukela kulwelwesi kanye nama-organelles kuya ezintweni zabo zofuzo, ngenhloso yokucacisa ukuqonda okuphelele kokuyinkimbinkimbi kwamangqamuzana abo.
1. Isingeniso ekwakhiweni kwamaselula ombuso we-Protista
Umbuso we-Protista uwumbuso ohlukahlukene futhi othakazelisayo ohlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezinengqamuzana elilodwa ezinezakhiwo nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yamaselula. Kulesi sihloko, sizongena ekwakhekeni kwamaselula alo mbuso, sihlole izici ezihlukile ezichaza abaculi.
Amaseli ama-protists ngokuvamile ayi-eukaryotic, okungukuthi, ane-nucleus eboshwe ulwelwesi lwe-nuclear Nokho, abanye abaculi bangaveza izici ezithile ze-prokaryotic, okusho ukuthi abanayo i-nucleus yangempela. Nakuba kunokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo samaselula sabadwebi, ngokuvamile, izici ezilandelayo zingagqanyiswa:
- Membrana celular: Wonke amaseli ama-protists azungezwe ulwelwesi lwamaseli olulawula ukudlula kwezinto ukuya nokubuya endaweni yangaphandle.
- Núcleo: Abaculi abaningi bane-nucleus, lapho kutholakala khona ufuzo.
- Organelos: Ama-Protists afaka izinhlobonhlobo zama-organelles, njenge-mitochondria, ebhekele ukuphefumula kwamaselula, nama-chloroplasts, anesibopho se-photosynthesis kulawo baculi abakwazi ukuyenza.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zici eziyisisekelo, abadwebi bangabonisa izinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo nemisebenzi ekhethekile. Abanye abaculi bane-flagella noma i-cilia yokunyakaza, kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa izakhiwo zokubambelela noma ama-pseudopod. Mayelana nokuzala, abaculi babonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, ezifana nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-asexual noma ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi.
2. Izakhiwo zamaselula eziwuphawu kubaculi
Izimpawu zezakhiwo zamaselula kuma-protists zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuhlukahluka kwazo kanye nemisebenzi yebhayoloji. Lawa ma-microorganisms angama-unicellular anochungechunge lwezakhiwo ezikhethekile eziwavumela ukuthi enze izinqubo ezibalulekile Ngezansi, ezinye zezakhiwo eziphawuleka kakhulu kuma-protists zizoshiwo.
– I-Plasma membrane: iyisakhiwo esiyisisekelo esizungeza ingqamuzana labadwebi futhi silawule ukudlula kwezinto ukungena nokuphuma engqamuzaneni. Lo lwelwesi lwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ama-phospholipids namaprotheni, futhi ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwamangqamuzana nokuthuthwa kwezakhi.
I-Pseudopodia: izinhlobo eziningi zabalingisi zinamandla okunweba futhi zihoxise izandiso zesikhashana ze-cytoplasm yazo, ezaziwa nge-pseudopodia. Lezi zakhiwo zivumela ukuthi zihambe futhi zibambe ukudla ngenqubo ye-phagocytosis. I-Pseudopodia ingahluka ngokuma nangosayizi kuye ngezinhlobo ze-protist, okunomthelela ekuguquguqukeni nasekuhlukeni kwazo.
- Imishini ye-Golgi: lesi sakhiwo samaselula sikhona kwabanye abaculi futhi sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquleni, ekupakisheni nasekuthuthweni kwamaprotheni. I-Golgi apparatus iqukethe uchungechunge lwama-vesicles astakiwe, ayisicaba, aziwa ngokuthi i-cisternae, futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wokucubungula nokuthutha amaprotheni ahlanganiswe ku-endoplasmic reticulum.
Kafushane, abaculi babonisa izinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zamaselula ezibavumela ukuthi benze izinqubo zabo ezibalulekile. Lezi zakhiwo zifaka phakathi ulwelwesi lwe-plasma, i-pseudopodia, kanye ne-Golgi apparatus, phakathi kokunye. Ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lwalezi zakhiwo lusivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono ibhayoloji nokuvela kwabaculi, kanye nokubaluleka kwabo imvelo yasemanzini kanye nomhlaba.
3. Imisebenzi nokuhleleka kwe-nucleus kuma-protists
Ama-Protist ayiqembu lezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezitholakala embusweni we-Protista. Lezi zidalwa eziyingqayizivele zine-nucleus eyenza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekusindeni nasekuhleleni kwabo I-nucleus kuma-protists isebenza "njengengqondo" yeseli, ilawula yonke imisebenzi yeselula futhi igcina ulwazi oludingekayo lofuzo lokuzala nokukhula.
Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-nucleus kuma-protists ihlanganisa:
- Ukulawulwa kofuzo: I-nucleus ilawula ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezikhona ku-DNA, inquma ukuthi yimaphi amaprotheni ahlanganiswayo futhi nini.
- Reproducción celular: I-nucleus iqukethe izakhi zofuzo ezidingekayo ekuhlukaniseni amangqamuzana, okuvumela ukuzala nokukhula kwe-protist.
- Almacenamiento de información: I-nucleus igcina imininingwane yofuzo ngendlela yama-chromosome, iqinisekisa ukuthi izici zofuzo zidluliselwa enzalweni.
Inhlangano ye-nucleus kuma-protists ingahluka kuye ngohlobo lwento ephilayo. Abanye abaculi banenucleus ehlangene ezungezwe imvilophu yenuzi, kanti abanye bangase babe nama-nuclei amaningi ahlakazeke kulo lonke iseli.
4. Ucwaningo lwamangqamuzana olwelwesi lwamaseli nokubaluleka kwawo kuma-protists
Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana luyizakhiwo ezibalulekile kubaculi, njengoba benza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebalulekile. Lezi zingqimba ziwungqimba lwangaphandle oluzungeza amaseli, luwavikele futhi lulawule ukudlula kwezinto phakathi nokuphuma kuwo.
Omunye umsebenzi oyinhloko wolwelwesi lwamaseli kuma-protists ukugcina i-homeostasis yamaselula. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-lipid, lezi zingqimba ziyakwazi ukulawula ukudlula okukhethiwe kwama-molecule, okuvumela ukungena kwezakhi ezidingekayo kanye nokuxoshwa kwemfucuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zingqimba ziphinde zibambe iqhaza ekulinganiseni kwe-osmotic, ukuvimbela iseli ukuthi lingavuvukali noma linciphe ngenxa yomehluko ekugxiliseni phakathi kwengaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli.
Okunye okubalulekile kolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana kuma-protists kusekusebenzeni kwawo kokuqaphela amaseli. Kulezi zingqimba kukhona amaprotheni ama-receptor avumela ukuxhumana nokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli. Lokhu kuqashelwa kubalulekile ekubunjweni kwezicubu, ukusabela ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi ezintweni eziphilayo ezinama-multicellular. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwelwesi lwamaseli lungaphinda lube nama-lipids namaprotheni akhethekile emisebenzini ethile, njengokuthuthwa kwezinto noma ukukhiqizwa kwamandla. Ucwaningo olunemininingwane yolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana kuma-protists lusivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono ukwakheka nokusebenza kwawo, kanye nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-biotechnological noma zemithi ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwazo.
- Imisebenzi esemqoka yama-cell membranes:
- Ukuvikelwa kweseli.
- Ukulawulwa kokudlula kwezinto.
- Ukugcinwa kwe-homeostasis.
- Ukuqashelwa kweselula.
- Ukwakhiwa kwama-membrane eseli kuma-protists:
- Ama-lipids
- Amaprotheni.
- Ukubaluleka kolwelwesi lwamaseli kuma-protists:
- Ukugcinwa kwe-homeostasis yamaselula.
- Ukuqashelwa kweselula.
- Imisebenzi ekhethekile.
5. Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwama-organelle amaselula kanye nendima yawo yokusebenza kuma-protists
Ama-Protist ayizidalwa ezineseli elilodwa ezitholakala embusweni we-Protista. Zethula ukuhlukahluka okubanzi, okubonakala ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zama-organelle amaselula anazo kanye nendima yazo yokusebenza ngaphakathi kweseli. Okulandelayo, ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwamanye ama-organelle abaluleke kakhulu kuma-protists kuzokwenziwa.
Enye ye-organelles evelele kakhulu kuma-protists yi-nucleus, equkethe izinto zofuzo zeseli Ku-protists, i-nucleus ingaba yi-eukaryotic noma i-prokaryotic, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo. Ukwengeza, osomahlaya abaningi banenucleus enamakhophi amaningi DNA, ebizwa nge-polycentric nucleus. I-nucleus idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukusebenza kwamangqamuzana futhi idlulisele ulwazi lofuzo kumaseli endodakazi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Enye i-organelle ebalulekile kuma-protists i-Golgi apparatus. Le organelle inesibopho sokucubungula, ukupakisha kanye nokuthutha amaprotheni nama-lipids ngaphakathi kweseli. Kuma-protists, i-Golgi apparatus ingaba nenhlangano ehlukile kunezinye izinto eziphilayo, njengezitshalo nezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi abanye abadwebi banezakhiwo ze-Golgi ezimbalwa, eziphakamisa ukukhethekile okukhulu emsebenzini wokucubungula kanye nokuthuthwa kwama-molecule. I-Golgi apparatus idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezingaphandle kweseli, ukwakheka kwama-lysosomes, nokuvuselela ulwelwesi lwe-plasma.
6. Ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli emaqenjini ahlukene abadwebi
Udonga lwamaseli luyisici esihlukile sabaculi futhi ukwakheka kwalo kungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Okulandelayo, sizochaza izici eziyinhloko wodonga amaselula kwamanye amaqembu amele kakhulu ama-protists:
1. I-Amoebas:
Ama-Amoebae yiqembu labadwebi abangenalo udonga lweseli oluqinile. Esikhundleni salokho, banolwelwesi lwe-plasma oluguquguqukayo olubavumela ukuthi bashintshe ukuma futhi baqhubeke nokwakheka kwe-pseudopodia. Lo lwelwesi lwakhiwe ikakhulukazi ama-lipids, amaprotheni nama-carbohydrate, okuwunikeza ukuguquguquka nokunwebeka.
2. I-algae ye-Unicellular:
Ulwelwe oluyi-unicellular, njenge-diatom nama-dinoflagellate, lunodonga lwamaseli olungaphandle olubizwa ngokuthi i-frustule. I-frustule yenziwe nge-silica esimweni se-diatoms ne-cellulose esimweni sama-dinoflagellate. Lesi sakhiwo sihlinzeka isivikelo nokwesekwa kulawa algae futhi singabonisa amaphethini okuhlobisa ahlukile obuhle obuhle kakhulu.
3. Ama-Ciliates:
I-Ciliates, njengeParamecium, inodonga lwamaseli olubizwa ngokuthi ifilimu ye-arginine. Le filimu yakhiwe nge-matrix yamaprotheni enikeza ukuqina nokuvikelwa kweseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, efilimini ye-arginine kunezakhiwo ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-trichocysts, okuyimicu efana nezinwele ezisetshenziselwa ukunyakaza nokubanjwa kokudla.
Konke lokhu kuhlukahluka ekubunjweni kodonga lwamaseli kubonisa ukuhlukahluka kanye nokujwayela kwama-protists ezindaweni ezahlukene nezindlela zokuphila. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ukuze uqonde isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuvela kwalezi zinambuzane ezimangalisayo.
7. Ukubaluleka kwama-vacuoles nemisebenzi yawo kuma-protists
Ama-vacuoles ama-organelle abalulekile kuma-protists adlala indima ebalulekile ekusindeni nasekuzivumelaniseni kwawo nezimo. Lezi zakhiwo ze-intracellular zibonakala ngobukhulu bazo obuguquguqukayo kanye nekhono labo lokugcina nokuthutha izinto eziningi. Ngezansi, eminye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yama-vacuoles kuma-protists izokwethulwa:
1. Ukugcinwa kwezakhi zomzimba: Ama-vacuoles asebenza njengemithombo yezakhi, akwazi ukugcina ama-molecule afana noshukela, ama-amino acid nama-lipids. Lesi sitoreji sivumela abadwebi ukuba baphile ngaphansi kwezimo zokushoda kokudla, njengoba bekwazi ukusebenzisa lezi zindawo zokugcina amanzi ukuze bathole amandla adingekayo.
2. Ukulawulwa kwe-Osmotic: Ama-vacuoles kuma-protists adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-osmotic yengqamuzana ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuqoqa nokukhulula amanzi, lezi zakhiwo zingagcina i-homeostasis futhi zivimbele izinguquko ezingazelelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwama-ion namanye ama-molecule. i-cytoplasm. Ngale ndlela, ama-protists angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zasemanzini futhi amelane nokuhlukahluka kosawoti, izinga lokushisa nezinye izici zemvelo.
3. Ukususwa Kwemfucuza: Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile wama-vacuoles kuma-protists ukususwa kwemfucuza Lezi zakhiwo ziyakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinto ezinobuthi noma ezingafuneki, njengama-metabolites angcolile noma izinhlayiya zangaphandle, futhi zizithuthele kulwelwesi lwamaseli ukuze zixoshwe emvelweni. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-exocytosis, isiza ukugcina ubuqotho nempilo yeseli ye-protist.
Ekuphetheni, ama-vacuoles enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kuma-protists, kusukela ekugcinweni kwezakhi kuya ekulawuleni i-osmotic kanye nokukhishwa kwemfucuza. Lezi zakhiwo ze-intracellular zibalulekile ekusindeni nasekuzivumelaniseni nama-protists, okubavumela ukuthi baphile ezindaweni ezinobutha futhi baphendule ngokuphumelelayo izinguquko endaweni yabo. Ukubaluleka kwazo kusekundleni kwazo ukugcina i-homeostasis nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwala maseli aneseli elilodwa.
8. Umjikelezo wempilo wama-protists nokuhlukahluka kwamaselula
Ama-Protists ayiqembu elihlukahlukene lezinto eziphilayo ezinengqamuzana elilodwa elitholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni. Banomjikelezo wokuphila oyinkimbinkimbi ohilela izigaba ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuhlukahluka kwamaselula, okubavumela ukuthi bavumelane nezimo zemvelo nezinselele ezihlukahlukene.
Umjikelezo wempilo wama-protists ungahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana ezihlukene. Lezi zigaba ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwe-protist organism, kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izigaba zokukhiqiza ucansi kanye ne-asexual. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ucansi, abaculi bahlangana nabanye abantu ukuze bashintshisane ngezinto zofuzo futhi bakhiqize ukuhlukahluka kofuzo. Ngokuphambene, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual kuhilela ukuhlukaniswa kweseli likamama libe amangqamuzana amantombazane amabili noma ngaphezulu, afana nofuzo nengqamuzana likamama.
Ukuhlukahluka kwamaselula kuma-protists nakho kuyisici esibalulekile somjikelezo wempilo yabo. Abanye abadwebi bangashintsha ukuma noma usayizi ngokuphendula izici zemvelo, njengokutholakala kokudla noma ukuba khona kwezilwane ezidla ezinye. Abanye abadwebi bangenza izinhlaka ezikhethekile ukuze baphile ezimeni ezingezinhle, njengokwakheka kwama-cysts amelana. Lezi zimo zamangqamuzana ziwavumela ukuba aphile futhi achume ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi ayisibonelo sokuguquguquka kweqiniso kwama-protists.
9. Indima ye-flagella ne-cilia ekuhambeni kwama-protists
Ama-Protists, elinye lamaqembu ahluke kakhulu ezinto eziphilayo ezinengqamuzana eyodwa ye-eukaryotic, aguqule izindlela ezikhethekile zokuhamba endaweni yawo yasemanzini. Ngaphakathi kwalokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo, i-flagella kanye ne-cilia kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvumeleni ukuhamba kahle kwalezi zinambuzane.
I-Flagella ama-appendages amade, azacile asuka phezu kwamangqamuzana abaculi. Lezi zakhiwo zibonakala ngomthamo wazo wokunyakaza kwamagagasi noma inyoka, eqhutshwa umshini okhethekile wama-microtubules kanye amaprotheni emoto. I-Flagella inikeza abaculi ukuhamba ngokushesha nangempumelelo, okubavumela ukuthi baye ekukhanyeni, emithonjeni yokudla, noma kude nezindawo ezingezinhle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-cilia mifushane futhi miningi kune-flagella, ihlanganisa ubuso babaculi abaningi. Ukunyakaza kwawo kufana nesigwedlo, esishaya ngendlela ehlelekile futhi sikhiqize ukugeleza kwamanzi aye phambili. Lokhu akubavumeli kuphela ukuthi bahambe, kodwa futhi kubamba izinhlayiya zokudla ezimisiwe emanzini azungezile. Ukwengeza, i-cilia ingasetshenziswa njengezakhiwo zezinzwa, okuvumela abaculi ukuthi babone izinguquko endaweni yabo futhi baphendule ngendlela efanele.
10. Izici eziyingqayizivele zama-autotrophic and heterotrophic protists
Ama-Autotrophic protists ama-organisms aneseli elilodwa anamandla okukhiqiza ukudla kwawo nge-photosynthesis. Lesi sici esiyingqayizivele sibahlukanisa nama-heterotrophic protists, ancike emithonjeni yangaphandle yokudla ukuze baphile. Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile zama-autotrophic protists zihlanganisa i-algae eluhlaza, ama-diatoms, nama-dinoflagellate.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ezihlukanisayo zama-autotrophic protists ukuba khona kwama-chloroplast ku-cytoplasm yawo. Lezi zakhiwo, eziqukethe i-chlorophyll, zithatha amandla okukhanya kwelanga futhi ziguqule amandla amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo Ngenxa ye-photosynthesis, ochwepheshe be-autotrophic bayakwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwabo futhi bakhulule umoya-mpilo njenge-byproduct.
Ngaphezu komthamo wabo we-photosynthetic, abaculi be-autotrophic babuye babonise ukuhlukahluka kobumo nobukhulu. Zingaba yingqamuzana elilodwa noma zakha amakoloni ayinkimbinkimbi, futhi eziningi zazo zinezakhiwo ezikhethekile zokunyakaza, njenge-flagella noma i-cilia. Lezi zinambuzane zitholakala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zasemanzini, kusukela olwandle kuya emachibini nasemachibini. Ukuhlukahluka kwama-autotrophic protists kukhulu futhi badlala indima ebalulekile ku-ecosystem ngokuba yisisekelo weketanga ukudla kanye nokunikeza umoya-mpilo obalulekile kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
11. Ucwaningo lokukhiqizwa kwamaselula kuma-protists: i-mitosis ne-meiosis
Emkhakheni webhayoloji yamangqamuzana, ucwaningo lokuzalanisa amangqamuzana kuma-protists lubaluleke kakhulu ukuze siqonde izinqubo eziyisisekelo ezenzeka kulezi zidalwa eziphilayo ezihlanganisa i-unicellular kanye ne-meiosis, singakwazi ukuhlolisisa imininingwane yokuthi ukuphindaphinda nokuhlukaniswa Amaseli wenziwa kuma-protists.
Mitosis: La mitosis Kuyinqubo ukuhlukana kwamaseli okwenzeka kuma-protists, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana amantombazane amabili afana ngofuzo neseli likamama. Le nqubo Iqukethe izigaba eziningana, phakathi kwazo kukhona i-prophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase ne-telophase. Ngesikhathi i-prophase, ama-chromosome ayacinana futhi ne-mitotic spindle iqala ukwakheka. Ku-metaphase, ama-chromosome aqondana endizeni ye-equatorial yeseli. Phakathi ne-anaphase, ama-chromosome ahlukana futhi aya ngasezigxotsheni eziphambene zeseli Ekugcineni, ku-telophase, ingqamuzana lihlukana libe kabili, linikeze amangqamuzana amantombazane amabili.
Meiosis: I-Meiosis iwuhlelo olukhethekile lokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okwenzeka kuma-protists, ngenhloso yokwenza ama-gametes. Ngokungafani ne-mitosis, i-meiosis iqukethe dos divisiones amaseli alandelanayo, abizwa ngokuthi i-meiosis I kanye ne-meiosis II. Ngesikhathi se-meiosis I, ama-chromosome angama-homologous abhanqa futhi enze ama-bivalent. Khona-ke, kwenzeka into ebizwa ngokuthi ukweqa, ehlanganisa ukushintshaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwama-chromosome angama-homologous. Kamuva, ukuhlukaniswa kwama-chromosome e-homologous kwenzeka ku-anaphase I. Ku-meiosis II, ama-chromosome angudadewabo ayahlukana, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana amantombazane amane, ngalinye libe nengxenye yenani lama-chromosome eseli likamama.
12. Izici eziphathelene nokwakheka kofuzo kwabaculi
Ama-Protist ayizidalwa ze-eukaryotic ezineseli elilodwa ezakha iqembu elihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kombuso we-Protista. Izakhi zofuzo zabadwebi zinendima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwabo, ekusebenzeni, nasemandleni abo okuguquguquka. Okulandelayo, ezinye izici ezihlobene nalokhu kwakheka kofuzo kubadwebi bazokwethulwa.
1. I-nuclear DNA: Ama-Protists anezinto zofuzo eziqukethwe ku-nucleus echaziwe, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-nuclear DNA Le DNA ihlelwe ngendlela yama-chromosomes futhi iqukethe ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe amaprotheni kanye nokulawulwa kwezinqubo zeselula.
2. I-Mitochondrial DNA: Ngaphezu kwe-nuclear DNA, abaculi nabo bane-DNA equkethwe ku-mitochondria, ama-organelles abhekele ukukhiqizwa kwamandla eselula. I-DNA ye-mitochondrial yabalingisi ihlukile futhi itholwa njengefa ngendlela engeyona eye-Mendelian, evumela ukucwaningwa kobudlelwane be-phylogenetic phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukene.
3. Ukudluliswa kofuzo okuvundlile: Ama-Protists aziwa ngekhono lawo lokuthola izakhi zofuzo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ngokudluliswa kofuzo okuvundlile. Le nqubo ivumela ukutholwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezintsha kanye nokukhiqizwa kokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo, okunomthelela ekuguquleni nasekuguqukeni kwabadwebi.
13. Ukuhlaziywa kokujwayela kwamaselula ezindaweni ezihlukene zama-protists
Ama-Protists, iqembu elihlukahlukene le-eukaryotic microorganisms, likwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene ngenxa yekhono labo lokuguqula ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana abo okubavumela ukuba baphile futhi baphumelele ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu, njengezilwandle ezijulile nenhlabathi namaxhaphozi anobuthi.
Okunye okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuba khona kolwelwesi olukhethekile oluvumela abadwebi ukuthi bahlale ezindaweni zasemanzini. Isibonelo, i-plasmodesmata yizakhiwo ze-tubular ezixhuma amaseli aseduze kuma-protists asemanzini ahlanzekile, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana nokushintshana kwezakhi phakathi kwamaseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abaculi bane-flagella kanye ne-cilia ehambayo ebavumela ukuba bahambe emanzini futhi babambe izinhlayiya zokudla.
Okunye ukujwayela kwamaselula okubalulekile kuma-protists amandla okwenza izakhiwo zokumelana. Lapho ubhekene nezimo ezingezinhle, njengokuntuleka kwezakhi noma indawo eyomile, abaculi abaningi bangenza ama-cysts. Lezi zakhiwo ezivikelayo, ezakhiwe ungqimba oluphindwe kabili lolwelwesi, zizivumela ukuthi ziphile ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kuze kube yilapho imvelo isiba yinhle futhi. Lokhu kujwayela kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-protists ahlala emhlabathini owomile noma emanzini esikhashana.
14. Izincomo zocwaningo lwangomuso mayelana nokwakheka kwamaselula ombuso we-Protista
Ukuqhubekisela phambili ulwazi lwethu ngokwakhiwa kwamaselula ombuso we-Protista, kubalulekile ukubhekana nalezi zindawo zocwaningo ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Proteomic kanye ne-genomic: Ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwamaphrotheni nezakhi zofuzo ezikhona kumaseli amaqembu ahlukene osomahlaya kuyadingeka. Lokhu kuzovumela ukuhlonza amaprotheni athile kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezingase zihlobane nezici zamaselula ezihlukile.
2. Ucwaningo lokuhlukahluka kwamaselula: Kuyadingeka ukuphenya ukuhlukahluka kwamaselula ngaphakathi kombuso we-Protista ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuguquguquka kwamaselula kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kulezi zidalwa. I-microscopy ethuthukisiwe kanye namasu we-cytometry wokugeleza kufanele asetshenziselwe ukuhlaziya izakhiwo zamaselula nama-organelles emaqenjini ahlukene abadwebi.
3. Ukukhonjwa kwama-organelles amasha: Nakuba ama-organelles amaningana achazwe kuma-protists, kungenzeka ukuthi asekhona ama-organelles angaziwa. Ucwaningo kufanele lwenziwe ukuze kutholwe futhi kubonakale ama-organelles amasha emaqenjini ahlukene abaculi, okuzosikhanyisela ngebhayoloji yabo kanye nomsebenzi wamaselula.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Q: Kuyini ukwakheka kwamaselula oMbuso Protista?
A: Ukwakheka kwamaselula e-Kingdom Protista kubhekisela ezicini nezakhiwo zamaselula ezikhona ku-protista eziphilayo.Q: Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zamaseli womzimba?
A: Amaseli e-Protist ayi-eukaryotic, okusho ukuthi anenucleus echaziwe. Zingase futhi zibe unicellular noma ama-multicellular, nakuba iningi liyizinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa Ngaphezu kwalokho, banama-organelle amaselula njenge-mitochondria, ama-chloroplast, kanye ne-Golgi apparatus.Q: Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-organelles ezitholakala kuma-protist cells?
A: Ama-organelle akhona kumaseli e-protist ayahluka kuye ngohlobo lwe-protist organism. Ezinye izibonelo Ezivamile zihlanganisa i-mitochondria, enesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla amaselula; I-Chloroplasts, enesibopho se-photosynthesis ku-autotrophic organisms;Q: Ahluke kanjani amaseli e-protist kumaseli akweminye imibuso?
IMP: Amaseli wamaProtist “ahlukanisiwe kumaseli weminye imibuso” ikakhulukazi ngokuhleleka kwawo kanye nesakhiwo. Ngokungafani namaseli e-prokaryotic, amaseli e-protist ayi-eukaryotic futhi aqukethe i-nucleus echaziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani namaseli ombuso Wezilwane Nezitshalo, amaseli e-protist angakwazi ukuntula izicubu ezichaziwe futhi abe unicellular.Q: Ingabe kukhona umehluko ekubunjweni kwamaselula phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene abadwebi?
IMP: Yebo, kunomehluko ekwakhiweni kwamaselula phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene abaculi. Isibonelo, ama-protists abenza i-photosynthesis, njenge-algae, banama-chloroplast kumaseli abo ukuze benze le nqubo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abaculi abadla ezinye bangase babe nezakhiwo ezikhethekile zokubamba inyamazane.Umbuzo: Ngabe ukwakheka kwamaselula kuhlobene kanjani nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo zama-protist?
IMP: Ukwakheka kwamaselula wezinto eziphilayo ze-protist kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokusebenza kwazo. Isibonelo, ama-protist organisms enza i-photosynthesis anama-chloroplasts ukuze abambe amandla avela elangeni futhi akhiqize ukudla kwawo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwama-organelles anjenge-mitochondria kuvumela abadwebi ukuthi bakhiqize amandla okuqhuba. imisebenzi yayo okubalulekile.Q: Kuyini ukubaluleka kokuqonda ukwakheka kwamaselula e-Kingdom Protista?
IMP: Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwamaselula e-Kingdom Protista kubalulekile ekutadisheni nasekuhlukaniseni lezi zidalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi lokwakheka kwamaselula kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi abaculi bayenza kanjani imisebenzi yabo ehlukahlukene yebhayoloji, engahle ihambisane nocwaningo lwebhayoloji, imvelo, kanye nezokwelapha.El Camino a Seguir
Kafushane, ukwakheka kwamaselula ombuso we-protista kuveza ukuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo ezakhiweni zayo zangaphakathi nezinqubo. Ngokubheka okuningiliziwe kwalezi zinambuzane ezincane kakhulu, sikwazile ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi zihlela futhi zisebenze kanjani ezingeni lamaselula. Kusukela ezicini ezihlukile zolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana kuya ezinhlobonhlobo zama-organelles akhethekile, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana abaculi kusinikeza umbono othakazelisayo wokuvela kwempilo esimweni sayo sakudala.
Njengoba siqhubeka nokuphenya futhi sidalula izimfihlakalo zabalingisi, sizoqhubeka nokuthola izici ezintsha zokuqanjwa kwamaselula. Lokhu okutholakele akuthuthukisi ukuqonda kwethu lezi zinto eziphilayo kuphela, kodwa futhi kusinikeza nemininingwane ebalulekile ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo jikelele. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukucwaninga kokwakheka kwamangqamuzana ombuso wama-protist kumelela insimu ethokozisayo nebalulekile kwisayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
*Qaphela: Lesi sihloko sigxile ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwamaselula abadwebi, ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa izici ezibanzi zezici zabo nokuhlukaniswa. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe emaqenjini ahlukahlukene kanye namaqembu amancane omculi, sincoma ukuthi uxhumane nemithombo eyengeziwe eyisipesheli ngale ndaba.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.
