Uyini umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula.

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuphila kwezinto eziphilayo. Idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla adingekayo ukuze kwenziwe yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile. Kusukela esizukulwaneni se-ATP kuya ekuqedweni kwemfucuza, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kunomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina ibhalansi ye-metabolic kumaseli. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi uyini umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula nokuthi kunomthelela kanjani ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinto eziphilayo.

Isingeniso somsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula

Umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula ⁤ubalulekile ⁢ukusinda kwezinto eziphilayo. Ku Le nqubo, amangqamuzana aguqula izakhi zibe amandla asebenzisekayo ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi okwenzeka ku-mitochondria Ngokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana athola amandla adingekayo ukuze afeze imisebenzi yayo kubalulekile futhi ugcine i-homeostasis.

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation. Ku-glycolysis, ama-molecule e-glucose ahlukaniswa abe yi-pyruvate, akhiphe inani elincane lamandla futhi akhiqize ama-molecule e-ATP. I-Pyruvate bese ingena kumjikelezo we-Krebs, lapho i-oxidized ngokuphelele futhi ama-molecule e-NADH ne-FADH2 akhiqizwa. Lawa ma-molecule aphethe ama-electron abalulekile esigabeni sokugcina senqubo, i-oxidative phosphorylation.

Ku-phosphorylation ye-oxidative, ama-molecule aphethe ama-electron akhiqizwa ezigabeni ezedlule asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu le-ATP. Le nqubo yenzeka kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondria, lapho ama-electron ethuthwa ngochungechunge lwezakhiwo zamaprotheni ezimpompa ama-proton endaweni ye-intermembrane. Le electrochemical proton gradient ibe isisetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-ATP nge-enzyme ATP synthase. Ngamafuphi, ukuphefumula umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo ⁢okuyinkimbinkimbi kodwa okuyisisekelo okuvumela amaseli ukuthi athole amandla okwenza yonke imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile.

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nokuphefumula kwamaselula

Umqondo oyisisekelo⁢ wokuphefumula kwamaselula

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ukuze kuphile izinto eziphilayo. Kubhekiselwa ochungechungeni lokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwamaseli ukuguqula imisoco ibe amandla asebenzisekayo. Ngale nqubo, amangqamuzana athola amandla ngendlela ye-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), edingekayo ukuze enze yonke imisebenzi ye-metabolic yomzimba.

Izigaba eziyinhloko zokuphefumula kwamaselula

• I-Glycolysis: Lesi isigaba sokuqala sokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana futhi senzeka ku-cytoplasm.​ Kulesi sigaba, i-molecule ye-glucose eyodwa ihlukana ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate, ikhiphe amandla kule nqubo.
• Umjikelezo we-Krebs: Ngemuva kwe-glycolysis, i-pyruvate ingena ku-matrix ye-mitochondrial lapho ukubola kwayo kuqedwa khona. Phakathi nomjikelezo we-Krebs, i-pyruvate iguqulelwa ku-acetyl CoA futhi ifakwe i-oxidized, ikhiphe amandla engeziwe ngesimo se-ATP, i-carbon dioxide (CO).₂) nama-electron athuthwa ngama-coenzymes.
• I-phosphorylation ye-oxidative⁢: Kulesi sigaba sokugcina, ama-electron athuthwa ngama-coenzymes i-NADH ne-FADH₂ Bangena ochungechungeni lokuphefumula lwe-membrane ye-mitochondrial yangaphakathi, ekhiqiza inani elikhulu le-ATP ngenqubo ye-oxidative phosphorylation.

Ukubaluleka kwebhayoloji yokuphefumula kwamaselula

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe i-homeostasis ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngale nqubo, amandla adingekayo ukuze enze imisebenzi ebalulekile ayatholakala, njengokukhula, ukukhiqiza, ukugcinwa kwezinga lokushisa lomzimba kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo. Ukwengeza, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kunikeza i-CO₂, okudingekayo ye-photosynthesis ezitshalweni futhi isiza ekulawuleni i-pH ezintweni eziphilayo. Kafushane, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyindlela ye-metabolic ibalulekile empilweni yethu ⁢planethi.

Inqubo yokuphefumula kwamaselula: izigaba nezigaba

Inqubo yokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana iqoqo lokusabela kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo⁢ okwenzeka kumaseli⁤ ukuze kutholwe amandla kushukela nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo. Ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-glycolysis, umjikelezo we-Krebs kanye ne-oxidative phosphorylation.

Isigaba se-Glycolysis: Kulesi sigaba sokuqala, i-glucose ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate. Le nqubo yenzeka ku-cytoplasm futhi ayidingi umoya-mpilo. I-Glycolysis ikhiqiza amandla ngendlela ye-ATP ne-NADH, azosetshenziswa ezigabeni ezilandelayo.

Umjikelezo we-Krebs: Eyaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo we-citric acid, lesi sigaba senzeka ku-matrix ye-mitochondrial. I-Pyruvate yenziwe i-metabolized ngokuphelele, ikhiqiza ama-molecule amathathu e-NADH, eyodwa ye-FADH2 neyodwa ye-ATP ku-molecule ngayinye ye-pyruvate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CO2 ikhishwa njenge-byproduct.

Incazelo enemininingwane ye-glycolysis ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula

I-Glycolysis ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula:

I-Glycolysis iyindlela ye-metabolic eyenzeka ku-cytoplasm yeseli futhi ibalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula. Phakathi nale nqubo, i-molecule eyodwa ye-glucose, i-carbohydrate-carbon 6, ihlukaniswa ibe ama-molecule amabili e-pyruvate, isakhi sekhabhoni emithathu. I-Glycolysis iqukethe uchungechunge lokusabela kwe-enzymatic okwenzeka ngezinyathelo eziyishumi ezahlukene.

Ngezansi kunencazelo enemininingwane⁢ ngayinye yalezi izinyathelo ezibalulekile I-glycolysis ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula:

• I-glucose phosphorylation: Kulesi sinyathelo sokuqala, i-molecule ye-glucose i-phosphorylated isebenzisa ama-molecule amabili e-ATP. I-enzyme i-glucokinase igqugquzela lokhu kusabela, yakhe i-glucose-6-phosphate.
• Isomerization: I-molecule ye-glucose-6-phosphate idlula i-isomerization, iguqulwa ibe i-fructose-6-phosphate, ngenxa yesenzo se-enzyme phosphohexose isomerase.
• I-Fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylation: Kulesi sinyathelo sesithathu, i-fructose-6-phosphate i-phosphorylated isebenzisa i-molecule ye-ATP futhi iguqulwa ibe i-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, ngenxa yesenzo se-enzyme phosphofructokinase.

I-Glycolysis iyaqhubeka nezinyathelo ezengeziwe, njengokuqhekeka kwe-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate kanye nokwakheka kwe-pyruvate. Ngalokhu kusabela, kukhululwa ama-molecule e-ATP ne-NADH, azosetshenziswa kamuva ekukhiqizeni amandla. I-Glycolysis iyinqubo eyisisekelo ekukhiqizeni amandla ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula futhi ukuqonda kwayo okuningiliziwe kubalulekile ocwaningweni lwe-biochemistry yamaselula.

Indima eyisisekelo yomjikelezo we-Krebs ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula

Umjikelezo we-Krebs, owaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo we-citric acid noma umjikelezo we-tricarboxylic acid, uchungechunge lokusabela okwenzeka ku-mitochondria futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula ukuwohloka kwe-oxidative yamafutha acid nama-carbohydrate.

Umjikelezo we-Krebs uqala nge-oxidation ye-molecule ye-pyruvate, isuka ku-glycolysis, ngokusebenzisa i-oxidative decarboxylation ukuze yakhe i-acetyl-CoA. Lokhu kusabela⁢ kukhiqiza i-CO2 ne-NADH. I-Acetyl-CoA ⁢ihlanganisa ne-molecule ye-oxaloacetate yakhe i-citrate, ebese ithola uchungechunge⁤ lokusabela ⁣lapho kukhishwa khona i-CO2 bese kukhiqizwa i-NADH, i-FADH2 ne-GTP. Lezi zinhlanganisela ezinamandla zisetshenziswa uchungechunge lokuphefumula ukukhiqiza i-ATP, umthombo oyinhloko wamandla amangqamuzana.

Ngaphezu kwendima yawo ekukhiqizeni amandla, umjikelezo we-Krebs nawo ubalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwezandulela ze-metabolic, njengama-amino acid nama-porphyrins asetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwe-hemoglobin namanye ama-molecule ahlobene nokusebenza kwamaselula. Ngokunjalo, lo mjikelezo ubuye ungenelele ekulawulweni kokugxilwa kwezinqubo ezithile ze-metabolic, njengoba uhlinzeka ngomzila wokuphuma wamandla eqile atholakala ngendlela yama-fatty acids noma ama-carbohydrate.

Iqhaza lochungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula

Uchungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron luyisigaba esibalulekile enqubweni yokuphefumula kwamaselula. Kwenzeka kulwelwesi olungaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial futhi lwakhiwe uchungechunge lwamaprotheni okuthiwa ama-complexes. Lezi zakhiwo zisebenza ndawonye ukudlulisa ama-electron anamandla amakhulu yeketanga, ikhiqiza i-ATP, umthombo oyinhloko wamandla eselula. Ngezansi eminye yemisebenzi esemqoka yochungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron:

I-Oxidation ye-NADH ne-FADH2: Ama-electron anamandla aphezulu asuka ku-NADH kanye ne-FADH2 adluliselwa ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwama-electron Le nqubo ye-oxidation ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-ATP futhi iyisiteji esibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla amaselula.

Ezokuthutha nge-electron: Uchungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron lunesibopho sokuthutha ama-electron ngama-protein complexes ahlukene. Inkimbinkimbi ngayinye yenza uchungechunge⁤ lokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvumela ukudluliswa kwama-electron nokudalwa kwe-proton gradient kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondrial.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP: Enye yezindima ezibaluleke kakhulu zochungechunge lwezokuthutha nge-electron ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP. Phakathi nenqubo, ama-protein complexes ampompa ama-protons esikhaleni se-intermembrane, enza i-electrochemical gradient eshayela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP nge-enzyme ATP synthase. ⁢Lokhu⁢ ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP kwaziwa njenge-oxidative ⁢phosphorylation futhi kuyindlela eyinhloko ⁤ yokukhiqiza amandla ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula.

Ukubaluleka kokuphefumula kwamaselula ekukhiqizeni amandla

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla emangqamuzaneni ezinto eziphilayo. Ngochungechunge lokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical, ama-molecule e-organic, njenge-glucose, ayaphulwa ukuze akhiphe amandla asebenzisekayo ngesimo se-adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Le nhlanganisela iwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla okwenza imisebenzi yeselula, njengokuthuthwa kwama-molecule, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni kanye nokufinyela kwemisipha.

Ukubaluleka kokuphefumula kwamaselula kusezicini eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, le nqubo i-aerobic, okusho ukuthi idinga ukuba khona komoyampilo. Umoya-mpilo ubamba iqhaza njengomamukeli we-electron wokugcina ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwama-electron, isigaba esibalulekile sokwenziwa kwe-ATP. Ngaphandle kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana ngeke akwazi ukuthola amandla anele ukuze aphile futhi asebenze kahle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphefumula kwamaselula nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umzimba weselula. Njengoba amangqamuzana ekhiqiza amandla avela kuma- molecule ezinto eziphilayo, izinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-carbon dioxide namanzi nazo ziyakhiqizwa. Le mikhiqizo kufanele isuswe kuseli ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi efanele endaweni yangaphakathi. Ngale ndlela, ukuphefumula kwamaselula akubalulekile kuphela ekukhiqizeni i-ATP, kodwa futhi nokugcina i-homeostasis yamaselula.

• Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ye-aerobic.
• Umoya-mpilo uyadingeka njengomamukeli wokugcina we-electron ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha lwe-electron.
• Ukuphefumula kweselula kusivumela ukuthi sithole amandla ngendlela ye-ATP.
• Ikhipha imikhiqizo efana ne-carbon dioxide namanzi kumaseli.
• Igcina i-homeostasis yeselula ngokulawula imetabolism.

Kafushane, ukuphefumula kwamaselula kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamandla ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kokuba nesibopho sokukhiqiza i-ATP, iphinde ibambe iqhaza ekulawulweni kwe-metabolism kanye nokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis yamaselula. Ngaphandle kwale nqubo, amaseli ngeke akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile, egcizelela ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kokuphefumula kwamaselula⁤ ekuphileni.

Ukulawulwa kokuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nobudlelwano bayo ne-metabolism

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-biochemical eyenzeka emangqamuzaneni ezinto eziphilayo ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla kushukela nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Lo msebenzi obalulekile ubalulekile ekugcinweni kwempilo futhi udinga ukulawulwa okuqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kahle kwama-molecule kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla aphelele.

Enye yezindlela ezibalulekile ekulawuleni ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana i-oxidative phosphorylation, eyenzeka kulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondria. Le nqubo iqukethe ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP kusukela ekudlulisweni kwama-electron eduze kweketanga lokuphefumula Umsebenzi wama-enzyme ahilelekile kule ndlela ye-metabolic ilawulwa kahle yizinqubo ezihlukahlukene, njengempendulo engalungile nenhle ye-ADP ⁢ kanye namazinga e-ATP kanye nokulawulwa kwe-allosteric ngama-metabolic intermediates.

Ngokufanayo, ukulawulwa kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kuhlobene eduze ne-metabolism jikelele yeseli. Ukutholakala kwama-substrates, njengama-carbohydrate noma ama-fatty acids, kungathonya izinga nokusebenza kahle kokuphefumula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izidingo zamandla omzimba kanye nesimo sokudla okunempilo nakho kuthinta ukulawulwa kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana. Le nethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana kwe-metabolic ivumela amangqamuzana ukuthi aphendule ngokuguquguqukayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba futhi iqinisekisa ibhalansi yamandla eyanele yokusebenza kwamaselula.

Ukusebenzisana kokuphefumula kwamaselula nezinye izinqubo zamaselula

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo eyisisekelo kumaseli enikeza amandla ezinqubo eziningi futhi ivumela ukusinda nokusebenza okufanele kwalawa magciwane. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisana kokuphefumula kwamaselula akugcini nje ekukhiqizeni amandla kuphela, kodwa futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile kweminye imisebenzi ebalulekile yamaselula.

Okunye ukusebenzelana okuphawuleka kakhulu kwenzeka nge-photosynthesis, inqubo lapho izitshalo namanye ama-microorganisms aguqula amandla elanga abe amandla amakhemikhali. Ukuphefumula kweselula kuhambisana nale nqubo ngokuguqula imikhiqizo ye-photosynthesis, njengeglucose, ibe amandla asebenzisekayo ngesimo se-ATP. Ngokulandelayo, i-photosynthesis ikhiqiza umoya-mpilo, obalulekile ekusebenzeni kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kumangqamuzana e-eukaryotic. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuqinisekisa ukugeleza okungaguquki kwamandla nezinto zokusebenza phakathi kwezinqubo zombili, kudala ibhalansi ebalulekile yobukhona bezinto eziphilayo.

Ngaphezu kwe-photosynthesis, ukuphefumula kwamaselula nakho kusebenzisana nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA. Ngesikhathi sesigaba S umjikelezo weselula, lapho i-DNA ihlanganiswa khona, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kunikeza amandla adingekayo kule nqubo. ⁣I-ATP ekhiqizwa ukuphefumula kwe-mitochondrial isetshenziswa ama-enzyme kanye nezici zokuphindaphinda ⁤ukuze bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ngendlela efanele. Ngale ndlela, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kunomthelela ngokuqondile ekuphindaphindeni okuthembekile kwezinto zofuzo futhi, ngalokho, ekugcineni ubuqotho nokuzinza kwe-genome yeselula.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphefumula kwamaselula kanye nezifo

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokusebenza kwamaseli ethu nezinto eziphilayo. Kungale nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-biochemical lapho amangqamuzana ethu ethola amandla ngendlela ye-ATP ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo eyisisekelo. Nokho, lapho ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kuguqulwa, kungase kubangele uchungechunge lwezifo nokuphazamiseka emzimbeni.

Ezinye izifo zihlobene ngokuqondile nokukhubazeka kokuphefumula kwamaselula, njengezifo ze-mitochondrial. Lezi zifo zibangelwa ukuguqulwa kwezakhi ze-mitochondrial DNA, enesibopho sokukhiqiza amaprotheni abalulekile enqubweni yokuphefumula kwamaselula. Lezi zinkinga ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana zingaholela ezimpawini ezinjengobuthakathaka bemisipha, ukukhathala okungapheli, ukuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo kanye nezinkinga zezinzwa.

Ngaphandle kwezifo ze-mitochondrial, kunezinye izifo ezingase zihlotshaniswe nezinkinga zokuphefumula kwamaselula. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic okunjengohlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, iziyaluyalu ze-neurodegenerative ezifana ne-Alzheimer's ne-Parkinson's, ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Lezi zifo zingaba umphumela woshintsho kumetabolism yamandla amaseli, okuthinta ngqo ukuphefumula kwamaselula nokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP.

Amasu okugcina noma ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula

Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuphila kwawo wonke amangqamuzana, njengoba inesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla adingekayo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yamaselula Ukugcina noma ukuthuthukisa lo msebenzi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okwanele kwe-metabolic nokukhuthaza impilo ngokujwayelekile. Ngezansi amanye amasu angasiza ukufeza lo mgomo:

- Yidla ukudla okunomsoco okunomsoco: Ukudla okwanele kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokuphefumula kwamaselula. Qiniseka ukuthi ufaka phakathi ukudla okuyimithombo yamacarbohydrates, amafutha anempilo, namaprotheni ekudleni kwakho kwansuku zonke. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukudla amavithamini namaminerali anele, njengamavithamini B no-C, i-selenium ne-zinc, adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamandla amaselula.

- Yenza ukuvivinya umzimba okuvamile: Ukuzivocavoca umzimba okuvamile akugcini nje ukufaka isandla ekugcineni isisindo esinempilo, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ngesikhathi sokuvivinya umzimba, umzimba udinga ukunikezwa okukhulu komoya-mpilo, okukhuthaza ukujwayela nokuqiniswa kwezinhlelo zokujikeleza kanye nokuphefumula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-mitochondria, izakhiwo zamaselula ezibhekene nokuphefumula nokukhiqizwa kwamandla.

Izincomo zokudla okunempilo okukhuthaza ukuphefumula kwamaselula

Ukudla okunempilo kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana nokugcina imizimba yethu isesimweni esifanele. Ngezansi, sethula izincomo ezizokusiza ukuthi ukufeze:

1. Ukusetshenziswa okwanele kwamaprotheni: Amaprotheni abalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-ATP, i-molecule eyisisekelo ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana. Faka phakathi ukudla okunamaprotheni amaningi njengenyama engenawo amandla, inhlanzi, amaqanda, okusanhlamvu nemikhiqizo yobisi ekudleni kwakho. Khumbula ukuthi⁢ukudla okunephrotheni okunokulinganisela kuzokunikeza ama-amino acid adingekayo ⁢ukunakekela nokukhiqizwa kwamaseli amasha.

2. Beka kuqala ukudla okunothe ngama-antioxidants: Ama-Antioxidants ayisihluthulelo sokuvikela amangqamuzana ethu ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative, okungalimaza inqubo yokuphefumula kwamaselula. Faka izithelo nemifino ekudleni kwakho okufana namajikijolo aluhlaza, isipinashi, i-broccoli, utamatisi kanye nezaqathi, ezinothe ngama-antioxidants afana novithamini C, uvithamini E kanye ne-beta-carotenes. Lezi zakhi zizoqinisa amangqamuzana akho futhi zibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwawo okuhle.

3. Gwema ukudla ngokweqile ushukela namafutha agcwele: Ushukela ocolisisiwe kanye namafutha agcwele kungathinta kabi ukuphefumula kwamaselula ngokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-radicals mahhala futhi kukhuthaze ukuvuvukala. Nciphisa noma gwema ukusetshenziswa kokudla okugayiwe, amakhekhe, iziphuzo ezibandayo nokudla okuthosiwe. Khetha imithombo enempilo yamafutha njengokwatapheya, amantongomane, imbewu nezinhlanzi ezinamafutha. Futhi, khetha ama-sweeteners emvelo njengoju noma i-stevia esikhundleni sikashukela owengeziwe.

Ukuzivocavoca umzimba kanye nomthelela wakho emsebenzini wokuphefumula kwamaselula

Ukuvivinya umzimba kudlala indima ebalulekile emsebenzini wokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana. Lapho sizivocavoca, amangqamuzana emisipha yethu adinga amandla engeziwe ukuze akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yawo. Lokhu kubangela ukwenyuka kwezinga lokugayeka kokudla bese ngenxa yalokho, isidingo esikhulu somoya-mpilo kanye nezakhamzimba ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla.⁢ Ukuphefumula kweselula kuyinqubo amangqamuzana ethu athola ngayo lawo mandla kushukela nomoya-mpilo,⁣ futhi Ukuvivinya umzimba kukhuthaza le ndlela yokukhiqiza amandla.

Omunye wemithelela eyinhloko yokuzivocavoca umzimba emsebenzini wokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ukwanda komthamo wamaphaphu. Ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca, amaphaphu ethu aphoqeleka ukuthi asebenze kanzima ukuze anikeze umoya-mpilo odingekayo kumaseli ethu. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kuqinisa imisipha yokuphefumula futhi kuthuthukisa amandla amaphaphu okumunca umoya-mpilo nokuqeda isikhutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzivocavoca umzimba kwandisa i-pulmonary vascularization, eyenza kube lula ukuthuthwa komoya-mpilo ngegazi.

Omunye umthelela obalulekile wokuvivinya umzimba emsebenzini wokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ukukhiqizwa kwe-mitochondria eyengeziwe kumaseli ethu emisipha. I-Mitochondria "yimithombo yamandla" yamaseli ethu, futhi inesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla amaningi adingekayo ekusebenzeni kwamaselula. Ngokuzivocavoca njalo, sikhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-mitochondria entsha emisipha yethu, okwandisa amandla abo okukhiqiza amandla. kahle.

Q&A

Umbuzo: Uyini umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamaselula?
Impendulo: Umsebenzi wokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana inqubo ye-biochemical evumela amaseli ukuthi athole amandla ezakhi.

Ukuqeda

Sengiphetha, ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla ezinto eziphilayo. Ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-biochemical, amaseli aguqula izakhi zibe i-ATP, i-molecule yamandla esetshenziselwa ukwenza yonke imisebenzi yeselula. Le nqubo, ngaphezu kokunikeza amandla, iphinde ikhiphe i-carbon dioxide, imfucumfucu ye-metabolic ekhishwa ngokuphefumula kwamaphaphu. ⁤Ukuphefumula kweselula kuyinqubo elawulwa kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo evumela ukusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwazo nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Ukuqonda kwayo kanye nocwaningo oluqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha nokwelashwa. Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kuyisibonelo sobunzima obumangalisayo nokunemba kwezinqubo zebhayoloji ezisekela ukuphila emhlabeni wethu.