Ukuhlukana umakhalekhukhwini kuyinqubo isisekelo sezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi avumela ukuzala nokukhula komzimba. Olunye lwezinhlobo zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli yi-meiosis, lapho amangqamuzana amane e-haploid atholakala kuseli elilodwa le-diploid. Lawa mangqamuzana e-haploid, aziwa ngokuthi ama-gametes, abalulekile ekwakhiweni kocansi kwezinto eziphilayo, njengoba ahlangana ndawonye ngesikhathi sokuvundiswa ukuze akhe i-diploid organism entsha. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes nokubaluleka kwawo ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo.
Isethulo sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ukuze kwakhiwe ama-gametes
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kuyinqubo eyisisekelo yokwakheka kwama-gamete ezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Ngokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana e-somatic ayanda futhi ahlukanise, kuyilapho amangqamuzana amagciwane ehlukana ukuze akhiphe ama-gametes, adingekayo ekuzaleni ngokocansi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes kubizwa nge-meiosis. Le nqubo iqukethe izigaba ezimbili zamaseli: i-meiosis I kanye ne-meiosis II. Ku-meiosis I, ingqamuzana likamama lihlukana libe amaseli amantombazane amabili, abizwa ngokuthi amaseli esibili. Lawa mangqamuzana esibili nawo ahlukana abe yi-meiosis II, okuholela engqikithini yamangqamuzana amantombazane amane, ngalinye libe nengxenye yenani lama-chromosome engqamuzana likamama.
I-Meiosis ihilela izehlakalo ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes. Eminye yalezi zenzakalo ihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kofuzo, lapho kwenzeka khona ukushintshana kwezingcezu ze-DNA phakathi kwama-chromosome e-homologous, nokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromosome, lapho ama-chromosome ahlukana futhi asatshalaliswa ngendlela ehlelekile kumaseli amantombazane . Zombili izinqubo zifaka isandla ekwahlukeni kwezakhi zofuzo ama-gametes, abalulekile ekushintsheni kofuzo kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Kafushane, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi elawulwa kakhulu eyenzeka ekubunjweni kwama-gametes. Nge-meiosis, amangqamuzana amagciwane ayahlukana futhi abangele ama-gamete anesigamu senani lama-chromosome engqamuzana likamama. Le nqubo ihilela izehlakalo ezibalulekile ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kabusha kofuzo nokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromosome, okunikela ezinhlobonhlobo zofuzo zama-gametes. Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye ne-meiosis kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuzalaniswa kocansi kanye nokuhlukahluka kofuzo ezintweni eziphila ngamangqamuzana amaningi.
Ukubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ekukhiqizeni
Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuzala kabusha kuyinqubo ebalulekile yebhayoloji ukuze kuphile izinhlobo zezilwane, futhi ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana kudlala indima ebalulekile le nqubo.
Izinqubo ezihilelekile ekuhlukaniseni amaseli ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza:
- I-Mitosis: Ngesikhathi sokuzalana kwe-asexual, i-mitosis iqinisekisa ukuthi amaseli endodakazi afana neseli likamama. Le nqubo ivumela ukuphindaphindeka kwamaseli kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwabantu abasha.
- I-Meiosis: Ekuzalweni kocansi, i-meiosis ibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamaseli ocansi noma ama-gametes. Le nqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana inciphisa inani lama-chromosome kuma-gametes ngesigamu, iqinisekisa ukuthi, ngokuhlangana nenye i-gamete phakathi nokuvundiswa, inani elivamile lezinto eziphilayo lama-chromosome liyabuyiselwa.
- Ukuvundisa: Ngemva kokuhlukana kwamaseli, ukuvundiswa kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlangana kwama-gametes kanye nokwakheka kwe-zygote. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamaseli ocansi kuqeda inqubo yokuzala futhi kuvumela ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo.
:
- Ivumela ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela kuma-stem cells.
- Iqinisekisa ukudluliswa okufanele kwezakhi zofuzo kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye.
- Inomthelela ekuguquguqukeni kofuzo ekukhiqizeni ucansi.
- Isiza ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu kanye nokulungisa amanxeba ezinto eziphilayo eziningi.
Kafushane, ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni kabusha ngokuqinisekisa ukukhula nokuthuthuka okufanele kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kokuvumela ukuphindaphindeka nokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuqinisekisa ukudluliswa okufanele kwezakhi zofuzo zisuka kwesinye isizukulwane ziye kwesinye, ngaleyo ndlela zilondoloze ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Izigaba zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ukuthola amaseli e-haploid
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ukuthola amaseli e-haploid kuyinqubo elawulwa kakhulu equkethe izigaba ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Lezi zigaba zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa okulungile nokuhlukaniswa kwama-chromosome, okuholela kumaseli e-haploid, anesigamu senani lama-chromosome amaseli e-diploid.
Esigabeni sokuqala, esaziwa ngokuthi i-interphase, ingqamuzana liba nesikhathi sokukhula nokuzilungiselela. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ama-chromosome aphindeke kabili futhi kwakheka i-mitotic spindle, isakhiwo esizosiza ukuhlukanisa ama-chromosome kumaseli endodakazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi indawo yamaselula ilungile futhi izimo zivuma ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.
Isigaba esilandelayo sibizwa ngokuthi i-mitosis, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuhlukana kwangempela kwama-chromosome. Lesi sigaba siqukethe izigaba eziningana: i-prophase, lapho ama-chromosome ahlangana khona futhi i-mitotic spindle yakheka ngokuphelele; i-prometaphase, lapho ama-chromosome aqondana ne-equatorial plate; i-metaphase, lapho amakhromozomu ehlukana futhi athuthelekela nezigxobo eziphambene; i-anaphase, lapho ama-chromosome ehlukana abe ama-chromatid futhi aya ngasezigxotsheni eziphambene ze-mitotic spindle; futhi ekugcineni, i-telophase, lapho i-nuclei yamangqamuzana endodakazi yakheka khona futhi ama-chromosome ancipha.
Inqubo ye-Meiosis nezigaba zayo
I-Meiosis iyinqubo eyisisekelo ekuzaleni ngokocansi, lapho ingqamuzana likamama le-diploid lihlukana libe amaseli amantombazane amane e-haploid. Le nqubo ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-meiosis I ne-meiosis II, ngasinye sinezigaba zaso.
I-Meiosis I iqukethe izigaba ezinhlanu: i-prophase I, i-metaphase I, i-anaphase I, i-telophase I, ne-cytokinesis I. Phakathi ne-prophase I, ama-chromosome angama-homologous abhangqa enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-synapsis futhi enze izakhiwo ezaziwa ngokuthi i-bivalent. Ku-metaphase I, ama-bivalents aqondanisa ku-equatorial plate kanye namachromosome a-homologous ahlukene ku-anaphase I. Bese, ku-telophase I, kwakheka ama-haploid nuclei amabili bese kwenziwa i-cytokinesis I, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamaseli amantombazane amabili.
I-Meiosis II, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inezigaba ezine: i-prophase II, i-metaphase II, i-anaphase II, ne-telophase II. Phakathi ne-prophase II, ama-chromosome ayajiya futhi aye ngasenkabazwe yeseli. Ku-metaphase II, ama-chromosome aqondana ku-equatorial plate, futhi ku-anaphase II, ama-chromatid angudade ayahlukana futhi aya ngasezingotsheni eziphambene zeseli. Ekugcineni, ku-telophase II, kwakheka ama-haploid nuclei amane bese kwenziwa i-cytokinesis II, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamaseli amantombazane amane e-haploid.
Umehluko phakathi i-mitosis ne-meiosis
I-Mitosis kanye ne-meiosis yizinqubo ezimbili zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ezenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic. Nakuba bobabili babelana ngokufana okuthile, njengokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA nokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromosome, kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwabo.
Umehluko enanini lezigaba:
- I-Mitosis iqukethe ukuhlukaniswa kweseli elilodwa, kuyilapho i-meiosis inezigaba ezimbili.
- Ku-mitosis, ingqamuzana likamama lihlukana libe amaseli amantombazane amabili afanayo ngokofuzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ku-meiosis, ingqamuzana likamama lihlukana libe amangqamuzana amantombazane amane ahlukene ngokofuzo.
Umehluko ekusebenzeni:
- I-Mitosis yenzelwe ukukhula, ukulungiswa kwezicubu, nokukhiqizwa kwe-asexual. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-meiosis ihlose ukwakha ama-gametes okukhiqiza ucansi.
- Ku-mitosis, amaseli endodakazi anenani elifanayo lama-chromosome njengeseli lomzali. Nokho, ku-meiosis, amangqamuzana endodakazi anengxenye yenani lama-chromosome njengengqamuzana likamama.
Lena eminye yomehluko ophawuleka kakhulu phakathi kwe-mitosis kanye ne-meiosis Zombili izinqubo zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuphileni kwezinto eziphilayo, nakuba zifeza imisebenzi eyahlukene emjikelezweni wokuphila wezinto eziphilayo.
Izindlela zokuhlanganisa kabusha izakhi zofuzo ngesikhathi se-meiosis
I-Meiosis, inqubo ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni ucansi, ihlanganisa ukwakheka kwama-gametes anokwehluka okuphawulekayo kofuzo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yezinqubo zokuhlanganisa kabusha izakhi zofuzo ezenzeka phakathi nalesi sigaba. Lapha sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe lezi zindlela kanye nokuthi zinomthelela kanjani ekwahlukeni kwezakhi zofuzo.
1. Ukuwelela ngaphesheya noma okufana nokuwela ngaphesheya: Phakathi nesigaba sokuqala se-meiosis, esaziwa ngokuthi i-prophase I, ama-chromosome angama-homologous abhangqa futhi akhe izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-bivalents noma ama-tetrads. Ngaphakathi kwalawa ma-bivalent, kwenzeka into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-homologous crossover noma i-crossover. Phakathi nale nqubo, izingxenye zolwazi lwe-DNA zishintshana phakathi kwama-chromosome angama-homologous, okukhiqiza inhlanganisela entsha yama-alleles. Lokhu kubangela ukwehlukahlukana kofuzo okukhulu kuma-gametes angumphumela.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa okuzimele kwama-chromosome ama-homologous: Phakathi nesigaba sesibili se-meiosis, esaziwa ngokuthi i-anaphase I, ama-chromosome angama-homologous ahlukene futhi asakazwa kumaseli endodakazi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-chromosome ngayinye ingagcina ngegeyimu ehlukile, okuvumela izinhlanganisela ezingenzeka nakakhulu.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa kukababa nomama: Ngaphezu kokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo, i-meiosis iphinde ivumele ama-chromosome kababa nomama ukuba ahlukane futhi asabalalise kuma-gamete angumphumela Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-gamete ngayinye inenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yama-chromosome, enezela ngisho nangokwengeziwe ekuhlukeni kofuzo.
Ukubaluleka kokwakhiwa kwamaseli e-haploid ekukhiqizeni ngokocansi
Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana e-haploid kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ubulili yingoba kuvumela ukuhlukahluka kofuzo. Ngokungafani nokuzala okungajwayelekile, lapho inzalo iyingxenye yofuzo yomzali, ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi kuhlanganisa izakhi zofuzo zabantu ababili abahlukene. Lapho amangqamuzana e-haploid ehlangana ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, iseli le-diploid likhiqizwa ngenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezakhi zofuzo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokwakheka kwamaseli e-haploid amathuba okuhlanganiswa kabusha kofuzo. Ngesikhathi se-meiosis, inqubo okwakhiwa ngayo amangqamuzana e-haploid, ukushintshana kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka phakathi kwama-chromosomes ajwayelekile. Ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo kwandisa ukuguquguquka futhi kunomthelela ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana e-haploid kubalulekile ukugcina inani lama-chromosome lingashintshi ukusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. Phakathi ne-meiosis, kuba khona ukuncipha kwenani lama-chromosome eseli likamama ngesigamu Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lapho amangqamuzana ocansi ehlangana, inani lama-chromosome libuyiselwa enanini elifanayo. Ngaphandle kwale nqubo yokwenza amangqamuzana e-haploid, inani lama-chromosome belizophindeka kabili esizukulwaneni ngasinye, okungaholela ekuguqulweni kofuzo kanye nezinkinga ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto eziphilayo.
Umthelela wokuhlukaniswa kweseli ekuhlukeni kofuzo amagamete
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquguqukeni kofuzo lwama-gametes. Ngesikhathi se-meiosis, inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okwenzeka kumaseli amagciwane, ukushintshana kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka phakathi kwama-chromosome angama-homologous, aziwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa kabusha kofuzo. Le nqubo ibalulekile ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-gamete anezinhlanganisela eziyingqayizivele zama-allele futhi kwandiswe ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kubantu. .
Ngokungeziwe ekuhlanganisweni kabusha kofuzo, enye into ebalulekile ekushintshashintsheni kofuzo kwama-gametes ukuhlukaniswa okuzimele kwama-chromosome angama-homologous. Phakathi ne-meiosis, ama-chromosome aba umugqa ku-equatorial plate yeseli futhi ahlukaniswe ngokuzimela abheke ezigxotsheni ezibhekene, akhiqize inhlanganisela engahleliwe yama-allele kumagametes aphumela. Le nqubo ithuthukisa futhi ukuhlukahluka kofuzo ngokukhiqiza ama-gamete anenhlanganisela ehlukene yama-allele kumuntu ngamunye.
Kafushane, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ikakhulukazi i-meiosis, kunomthelela omkhulu ekuhlukeni kofuzo lwama-gametes. Ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo nokuhlukaniswa okuzimele kwama-chromosome e-homologous kukhiqiza inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yama-allele ku-gametes, okunikela ezinhlobonhlobo zofuzo zabantu. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kanye nokujwayela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwabantu abanenhlanganisela ehlukene yezakhi zofuzo, ngakho-ke, umthamo omkhulu wokusinda nokukhiqiza kabusha ezindaweni ezishintshayo.
Ukubaluleka kokugcina ubuqotho kwento yofuzo ngesikhathi meiosis
I-Meiosis iyinqubo eyisisekelo ekukhiqizeni kabusha ngokocansi kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bezakhi zofuzo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ama-stem cells ahlukana abe amangqamuzana amantombazane ama-haploid amane, ngalinye linengxenye yenombolo yama-chromosome e-stem cell yasekuqaleni. Ubuqotho bezinto zofuzo bubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa kabusha okuyimpumelelo kanye nokudluliswa okufanele kolwazi lofuzo esizukulwaneni esilandelayo.
I-Meiosis yenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili zamaseli, ezibizwa nge-meiosis I kanye ne-meiosis II Ngesikhathi se-meiosis I, ama-chromosome angama-homologous ayabhangqa futhi aphinde ahlangane, okuvumela amasegimenti e-DNA ukuthi ashintshisane phakathi kwawo. Le nqubo yokuhlanganisa kabusha izakhi zofuzo inomthelela ekushintshashintsheni kofuzo enzalweni Nokho, kubalulekile ukuthi lokhu kushintshaniswa kwezinto zofuzo kwenziwe ngendlela enembile nelawulwayo ukuze kugwenywe amaphutha olwazini lofuzo oludluliswayo.
Ilele ekulondolozweni kolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuvimbela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukuphazamiseka kofuzo. Noma yiliphi iphutha ekuhlukaniseni ama-chromosome noma ekuhlanganisweni kabusha kofuzo kungaholela ku-aneuploidies, lapho inzalo inenani elingavamile lama-chromosome, noma ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes angasebenzi. Lawa maphutha angaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu empilweni nasekuphileni kwenzalo, futhi angaba yimbangela yokuphazamiseka kofuzo kanye nezifo zofuzo.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nokukhulelwa
La
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana kanye nokuvundiswa yizinqubo ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Zombili lezi zinqubo zihlobene eduze futhi ziyaphelelisana ukuze zikhiqize izinto eziphilayo ezintsha. Ngezansi okunye ukusebenzisana okuyinhloko okwenzeka phakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli nokuvundiswa:
1. Ukukhula kwe-Embryonic: Ukuvundiswa kuphawula ukuqala kokukhula kombungu, okuhlanganisa uchungechunge lwamaseli alandelanayo Ngemva kokuhlangana, iqanda elivundisiwe lihlukana ngokushesha libe amaseli amantombazane amaningana ngokusebenzisa i-mitosis. Lawa maseli, abizwa ngokuthi ama-blastomeres, ayaqhubeka nokuhlukana aze akhe ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana amaningi okwaziwa nge-morula, bese kuba yi-blastula, bese ekugcineni umbungu. Lokhu kulandelana kokuhlukana kwamaseli kubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kombungu.
2. Ifa lofuzo: Ngesikhathi sokuvundiswa, i-gametes yesilisa neyesifazane iyahlangana, ihlanganise izakhi zofuzo futhi inqume izici zofuzo zento ephilayo yesikhathi esizayo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanele kwama-chromosome kanye nokuhlukaniswa okulungile kwama-alleles. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana, izakhi zofuzo ziyaphindwa futhi zisatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamangqamuzana endodakazi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iseli ngalinye linekhophi ephelele nesebenzayo ye-genome. Ngakho, ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana kunengxenye ekudluliseleni okunembile nokuthembekile kokwaziswa kofuzo kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye.
3. Ukwakhiwa kwezicubu nezitho: Njengoba umbungu ukhula, amaseli ayaqhubeka nokuhlukana futhi akhethekile abe izinhlobo zamaseli ezihlukene. Le nqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana ibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezicubu nezitho emvelweni ethuthukayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okunembe futhi okulawulwayo kuvumela ukwanda kwamaseli we-stem futhi, kamuva, ukuhlukaniswa kwawo abe amaseli athile anemisebenzi nezici ezahlukahlukene. Ngale ndlela, ukuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana kunomthelela ekudalweni kobunzima besakhiwo nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi.
Ukufaneleka kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okufanele ukuze kwakheke ama-gametes anempilo
Okuyisisekelo kunqubo yokukhiqizwa kabusha ngokocansi kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okulungile, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-meiosis, kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-gametes kwabesilisa nabesifazane, okungukuthi, isidoda namaqanda, ngokulandelana.
Kwabesilisa, ukuhlukana kwamaseli ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni isidoda esinempilo. Phakathi ne-meiosis, inani lama-chromosomes lincishiswa ngesigamu kumangqamuzana angaphambili kwesidoda, okuqinisekisa ukuthi, lapho ehlangana neqanda ekukhulelweni, inani elijwayelekile lama-chromosomes liyatholwa ku-embryo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukana kwamaseli okulungile kuqinisekisa ukuthi isidoda siyahlukahluka ngokofuzo futhi akwethusi okungavamile kwe-chromosomal okungase kuthinte impilo yenzalo yesikhathi esizayo.
Kwabesifazane, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okufanele kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Ngesikhathi se-meiosis, ukwakheka kweqanda elilodwa elivuthiwe kanye nama-polar corpuscles amathathu kwenzeka. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi iqanda liqukethe ingxenye yenombolo evamile yama-chromosome, lilungiselela ukuvundiswa okungenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukana kwamaseli okulungile kuqinisekisa ukuthi iqanda alivezi izinto ezingavamile ze-chromosomal ezingabangela izinkinga zokuzala noma ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa ku-embryo ezayo.
Izinto ezingathinta ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nekhwalithi ye-gamete
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nekhwalithi ye-gamete izinqubo eziyisisekelo zokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo zamangqamuzana amaningi. Kodwa-ke, kunezici ezingaba nomthelela omubi kulezi zinqubo, zifake engozini ukusebenza kanye "nokuthuthukiswa" okulungile kwabantu abasha. Okubhalwe ngezansi ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingaba nomthelela ekuhlukaneni kwamaseli kanye nekhwalithi yama-gametes:
- Ubudala: Iminyaka yobudala ingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlukaneni kwamaseli kanye nekhwalithi yama-gametes. Njengoba sikhula, ikhono lethu lokukhiqiza ama-gamete ekhwalithi ephezulu liyehla, okungase kwenyuse ingozi yokuphazamiseka kofuzo enzalweni.
- Izici zemvelo: Imvelo lapho izinto eziphilayo zikhula khona zingathinta kokubili ukuhlukana kwamaseli kanye nekhwalithi yama-gametes. Ukuchayeka ezicini ezingezinhle zemvelo, njengemisebe ye-UV, ukungcola, noma amakhemikhali anobuthi, kungalimaza izinto zofuzo futhi kuthinte kabi ukwakheka kwama-gametes anempilo.
- Izimo zezempilo: Izifo nezimo zezempilo zingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlukaneni kwamaseli kanye nekhwalithi yama-gametes. Isibonelo, izifo ezithile zofuzo zingabangela ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo zama-gametes, okungaholela ekudluliselekeni kokuphazamiseka kofuzo enzalweni.
Kafushane, izici eziningana zingathinta ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nekhwalithi ye-gamete, okuhlanganisa iminyaka yobudala, izici zemvelo, nezimo zezempilo Kubalulekile ukuqonda nokucabangela lezi zici ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa okuphumelelayo nempilo yezizukulwane ezizayo.
Izincomo zokuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yama-gametes
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi ye-gamete ukuqinisekisa indawo ekahle phakathi nenqubo. Kubalulekile ukunikeza amaseli izimo ezifanele ukuze akwazi ukwenza ukuhlukana kwamaseli. ngempumelelo. Ukufeza lokhu, kunconywa ukulandela izincomo ezilandelayo:
1. Lawula izinga lokushisa: Ukugcina izinga lokushisa elizinzile futhi elanele kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amaseli okulungile. Kubalulekile ukugwema ukuguquguquka okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa okungathinta kabi ikhwalithi yama-gametes kuyanconywa ukugcina izinga lokushisa elingashintshi phakathi kuka-X°C no-Y°C.
2. Lawula i-pH: I-pH yendawo lapho amaseli atholakala khona idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaneni kwamaseli. I-pH engalingani ingaphazamisa inqubo yokuhlukanisa futhi ithinte ikhwalithi yama-gametes I-pH eningi ka-Z kufanele inakekelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukana okuhle kwamaseli.
3. Nikeza izakhamzimba ezibalulekile: Amaseli adinga imisoco ethile ukuze enze ukuhlukana kwamaseli ngendlela efanele. Kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka ngemisoco edingekayo edingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwama-gamete. Phakathi kwale misoco kukhona:
- Ama-carbohydrate: ahlinzeka ngamandla enqubweni yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.
- Amaprotheni: abalulekile ekuhlanganiseni nasekulungiseni izakhi zamaselula.
- Amavithamini namaminerali: adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni izindlela ze-metabolic.
Ngokulandela lezi zincomo, kuyenzeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli futhi kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yama-gametes, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa ne-pH, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwemisoco ebalulekile izinto ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okuhle kwamaselula kanye nokuthola ama-gamete ekhwalithi ephezulu. ezinqubweni zokuzala.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Q: Kuyini ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okuholela kumaseli e-haploid amane akha ama-gametes?
A: Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okuholela kumaseli e-haploid amane akha ama-gametes aziwa ngokuthi i-meiosis.
Umbuzo: Iqukethe ini i-meiosis?
A: I-Meiosis inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli lapho iseli elilodwa le-diploid lihlukana libe amaseli amantombazane ama-haploid amane.
Umbuzo: Yiziphi izigaba ze-meiosis?
A: I-Meiosis inezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-meiosis I kanye ne-meiosis II. I-Meiosis I yisigaba sokuncishiswa sokuhlukaniswa, lapho iseli le-diploid lihlukana libe amaseli amabili e-haploid. I-Meiosis II iyisigaba sokuhlukaniswa esilinganayo, lapho lawa maseli amabili e-haploid ehlukana futhi akhe amaseli e-haploid amane esewonke.
Umbuzo: Buyini ukubaluleka kwe-meiosis ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes?
A: I-Meiosis ibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes, njengoba iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezihlukahlukene zitholakala kuseli ngalinye le-haploid. Lokhu kubalulekile ekwenziweni kabusha ngokocansi kanye nokugcina ukuhlukahluka kofuzo emphakathini.
Umbuzo: I-meiosis yenzeka ngaluphi uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo?
A: I-Meiosis yenzeka kuzinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, kokubili kuzinto eziphilayo ezihlangene namangqamuzana amaningi. Ikhona ezilwaneni, ezitshalweni kanye nesikhunta, futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuzaleni ngokocansi kwala maqembu ezinto eziphilayo.
Umbuzo: Yiziphi izinqubo ezibalulekile ezenzeka ngesikhathi se-meiosis?
IMP: Ngesikhathi se-meiosis, izinqubo ezibalulekile zenzeka njengokuhlangana kabusha kofuzo, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuwela, lapho okubalulekile kofuzo kushintshaniswa khona phakathi kwama-chromosome angama-homologous. Ukwengeza, ukuqondanisa nokuhlukaniswa kwama-chromosome angama-homologous kwenzeka phakathi ne-meiosis I, kanye nama-chromatids odade ngesikhathi se-meiosis II.
Q: Yini ehlukanisa i-meiosis ne-mitosis?
IMP: Ngokungafani ne-mitosis, ekhiqiza amaseli amantombazane amabili afanayo, i-meiosis ikhiqiza amangqamuzana amantombazane amane ahlukene ngokofuzo Ukwengeza, i-meiosis inesigaba sokuhlangana kabusha kofuzo kanye nokuhlukana kwamaseli amabili, kuyilapho i-mitosis Ineseli eyodwa kuphela.
Q: Kwenzekani kumaseli e-haploid akhiqizwa ku-meiosis?
A: Amaseli e-haploid akhiqizwa ku-meiosis aba ama-gametes, okungamaseli okuzala ocansini. Lawa ma-gamete, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaqanda noma isidoda, ayahlangana ngesikhathi sokuzala ukuze akhe ingqamuzana le-diploid, eliqukethe inhlanganisela yofuzo yabo bobabili abazali.
Ekuphetheni
Kafushane, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okuchazwe ngenhla, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-meiosis, kuyinqubo eyisisekelo ekukhiqizeni kabusha ngokocansi kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngalezi zigaba ezimbili ezilandelanayo, kutholakala amangqamuzana amane e-haploid, ngalinye linengxenye yezakhi zofuzo zengqamuzana lokuqala. Lawa maseli e-haploid, aziwa ngokuthi ama-gametes, abalulekile ekuvundiseni nasekwakheni abantu abasha.
I-Meiosis ibonakala ngochungechunge lwezehlakalo nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa ukuwela izakhi zofuzo, ukuhlukaniswa okuzimele kwama-chromosome e-homologous, nokuncipha kwenombolo ye-chromosome. Kuyo yonke le nqubo, kukhiqizwa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okufaka isandla ekwahlukeni nasekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-meiosis yenzeka kuphela kumaseli amagciwane, okungukuthi, lawo ahloselwe ukuzala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amangqamuzana e-somatic, akha ingxenye enkulu yezicubu zomzimba, ahlukana nge-mitosis, okubangela amaseli afana nofuzo.
Kafushane, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okwenziwa ku-meiosis kuyisenzakalo esibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwama-gametes, ngakho-ke, ekuzaleni ngokocansi. Ubunkimbinkimbi nokunemba kwayo kuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okulungile kwezakhi zofuzo, okuqinisekisa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okudingekayo ukuze kuphile futhi kuhambisane nezinhlobo zezilwane emhlabeni oshintshayo wezinto eziphilayo.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.