Imvume inqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux

Isibuyekezo sokugcina: 29/06/2023
Author: Sebastian Vidal

Isingeniso: Iphutha Lenqatshelwe Imvume ku-Linux

Emhlabeni othakazelisayo we uhlelo lokusebenza I-Linux, ukuphathwa kwezimvume kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi nezinhlelo ezahlukene. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi abasebenzisi bangase bahlangabezane nesivimbamgwaqo esikhungathekisayo esaziwa ngokuthi “Iphutha Lenqatshelwe Imvume.” Lo mlayezo wephutha, impendulo evamile yesistimu ye-Linux, ubonisa ukuthi umsebenzisi akanazo izimvume ezidingekayo zokufinyelela kufayela noma enze umyalo othile. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokucophelela uhlobo lwaleli phutha futhi sinikeze nezixazululo ezisebenzayo zokubhekana nalo. kahle. Uma ufuna ukungena emhlabeni othokozisayo wezimvume ku-Linux futhi uvule amathuba esistimu yakho, qhubeka ufunda!

1. Isingeniso semvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux

Uma usebenza ne-Linux, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangabezane nephutha elithi "inqatshelwe imvume" ngesikhathi esithile. Leli phutha lenzeka uma uzama ukufinyelela noma ukuguqula ifayela noma uhla lwemibhalo ongenazo izimvume ezifanele zalo. Ngenhlanhla, le nkinga ingalungiswa ngokulandela izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezilula.

Ukuze ulungise imvume enqatshelwe iphutha, kufanele uqale uhlole izimvume zefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo okukhulunywa ngalo. Ungakwenza usebenzisa umyalo ls -l, elizobonisa uhlu lwamafayela nezinkomba ezinezimvume zazo. Qaphela ukuthi funda (r), bhala (w), bese ukhiphe (x) amakholomu omsebenzisi, iqembu, nabanye.

Uma usuhlonze ifayela noma umkhombandlela onezimvume ezingalungile, ungasebenzisa umyalo chmod ukuguqula izimvume. Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukunika umsebenzisi izimvume zokubhala, ungasebenzisa umyalo chmod u+w archivo. Khumbula ukuthi ungasebenzisa futhi izinketho g okweqembu kanye o kwabanye abasebenzisi. Ukwengeza, ungakwazi ukwengeza imvume yokufunda nge r, ukubulawa nge x noma uyisuse nge -.

2. Izimbangela Ezivamile Zephutha Lokunqatshelwa Kwemvume ku-Linux

Iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume ku-Linux inkinga evamile engenzeka ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Ngezansi ezinye zezimbangela ezivame kakhulu nokuthi ungazilungisa kanjani:

1. Izimvume ezingalungile kufayela noma uhla lwemibhalo: Qiniseka ukuthi ifayela noma izimvume zohla lwemibhalo zilungile. Ungasebenzisa umyalo othi “ls -l” ukuze ubuke izimvume zamanje kanye nomnikazi wefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Uma izimvume zingafaneleki, ungazishintsha usebenzisa umyalo othi “chmod”. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze unikeze umnikazi wefayela izimvume zokufunda, ukubhala, nokusebenzisa umyalo othi “chmod u+rwx file”.

2. Ifayela noma uhla lwemibhalo olusetshenziswa enye inqubo: Uma uthola imvume enqatshelwe iphutha uma uzama ukufinyelela ifayela noma uhla lwemibhalo, lungahle lusetshenziswe enye inqubo. Ungasebenzisa umyalo othi "lsof" ukuze ubone ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezisebenzisa ifayela elithile noma uhla lwemibhalo bese uvala lezo zinqubo. Isibonelo, uma ifayela lisetshenziswa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "myprocess", ungasebenzisa umyalo "killall myprocess" ukulibulala.

3. Izinkinga ze-SELinux: I-SELinux iyindlela yokuphepha ye-Linux engasebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokuphepha ezengeziwe kumafayela nezinkomba. Uma i-SELinux inikwe amandla, ingabangela izinkinga zezimvume. Ungahlola ukuthi i-SELinux inikwe amandla yini usebenzisa umyalo othi “sestatus” futhi uyikhubaze okwesikhashana usebenzisa umyalo othi “setenforce 0”. Nokho, khumbula ukuthi ukukhubaza i-SELinux kungase kube nomthelela ekuvikelekeni kwesistimu yakho, ngakho-ke kuhle ukuthi uphenye umsuka wenkinga futhi ulungise izinqubomgomo ze-SELinux ngokufanele.

3. Ukuhlonza kanye Nokulungisa Imvume Enqatshelwe Amaphutha ku-Linux

Amaphutha enqatshelwe imvume avame kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-Linux futhi angenzeka uma uzama ukufinyelela noma ukuguqula amafayela nezinkomba. Lezi zinhlobo zamaphutha ziyinkomba yokuthi umsebenzisi noma iqembu alinazo izimvume ezidingekayo zokwenza isenzo esifiswayo.

Ukuze uhlonze futhi ulungise lawa maphutha, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingalandelwa:

  • Hlola izimvume zefayela noma umkhombandlela: Sebenzisa umyalo ls -l ukufaka kuhlu okuqukethwe nezimvume zakho. Qinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzisi odingekayo noma iqembu linezimvume ezifanele.
  • Lungisa izimvume: Uma kunesidingo, sebenzisa umyalo chmod ukushintsha izimvume zefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, chmod u+rwx archivo.txt izonikeza umsebenzisi ukuthi afunde, abhale futhi asebenzise izimvume kufayela.
  • Hlola izimvume zenkomba yomzali: Qiniseka ukuthi uhla lwemibhalo lomzali nalo lunezimvume ezifanele zokuvumela izenzo ezidingekayo.
  • Qalisa njengomsebenzisi omkhulu: Uma zingekho izixazululo ezingenhla ezisebenzayo, zama ukusebenzisa umyalo njengomsebenzisi omkhulu usebenzisa isiqalo sudo.

Khumbula ukuthi ukushintsha izimvume ngokungalungile kungonakalisa ukuphepha kwesistimu. Kuhlale kuhle ukuthi ube nesipele samafayela abalulekile ngaphambi kokwenza izinguquko ezibalulekile kuzimvume. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amanye amafayela wesistimu nezinkomba zidinga amalungelo akhethekile ukuziguqula.

4. Amathuluzi Okuxilonga Emvume Yephutha Elinqatshelwe Iphutha ku-Linux

Ukuze ulungise imvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux, kunamathuluzi amaningana okuxilonga angasiza ukukhomba nokuxazulula inkinga. Ngezansi amanye amathuluzi avame kakhulu:

1. 'ls -l' umyalo: Lo myalo ubonisa izimvume kusuka kufayela noma uhla lwemibhalo ngendlela yochungechunge lombhalo. Izimvume zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu: umnikazi, iqembu nabanye. Uma iqembu lamanje noma umsebenzisi bengenazo izimvume ezifanele, ungazishintsha usebenzisa imiyalo ethi 'chmod' noma 'chown'.

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2. 'dmesg' umyalo: Lo myalo ubonisa ilogi yomlayezo we-kernel, lapho ungathola khona ulwazi olufanele mayelana namaphutha anqatshiwe wezimvume. Ungakwazi ukuhlunga imilayezo ehlobene nemvume usebenzisa umyalo olandelayo: 'dmesg | i-grep iphikile'.

3. umyalo 'westrace': Leli thuluzi likuvumela ukuthi ulandelele ukwenziwa kohlelo futhi ubonise ucingo lwesistimu ngayinye olulwenzayo. Kungaba usizo ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi ikholi yesistimu edala iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume. Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa umyalo 'we-strace ls' ukuze ulandele zonke izingcingo zesistimu ezenziwe ngomyalo 'ls'.

5. Ukusetha izimvume zefayela neziqondisi ku-Linux

Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokuphatha uhlelo olusebenzayo I-Linux iphethe ifayela nezimvume zohla lwemibhalo. Izimvume ziyindlela yokuvikela ekuvumela ukuthi ulawule ukuthi ubani ongafinyelela, afunde, abhale noma asebenzise amafayela nezinkomba ohlelweni. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho nokuphepha kwedatha. Okulandelayo, sizocacisa ukuthi ungamisa kanjani izimvume zefayela neziqondiso ku-Linux isinyathelo ngesinyathelo.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekulungiseni izimvume ukukhomba ifayela noma uhla lwemibhalo esifuna ukusebenzisa kulo izinguquko. Sizosebenzisa umyalo othi "ls" olandelwa indlela eya efayeleni noma uhla lwemibhalo ukuze sibhale okuqukethwe kulo futhi sibone izimvume zamanje. Bese, sizosebenzisa umyalo we-"chmod" ukulungisa izimvume. Izimvume zihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: umnikazi, iqembu kanye nabanye. Ukushintsha izimvume zefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo, sizosebenzisa amakhodi ezinombolo noma angokomfanekiso afanelekile ngemva komyalo we-"chmod". Isibonelo, ukuze sivumele ukufunda nokubhala kumnikazi, kodwa sifundele iqembu nabanye kuphela, sizosebenzisa ikhodi ethi “chmod 644 file.txt”.

Kwezinye izimo, kungase kudingeke ukuthi sishintshe umnikazi noma iqembu lefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Ukwenza lokhu, sizosebenzisa imiyalo ethi "chown" nethi "chgrp" ngokulandelana. Isibonelo, ukuze siguqule umnikazi wefayela elithi "file.txt" libe "umsebenzisi", sizosebenzisa umyalo othi "chown user file.txt". Ngokufanayo, ukuze siguqule iqembu lefayela libe “iqembu”, sizosebenzisa umyalo othi “chgrp group file.txt”. Le miyalo ingaba usizo lapho sidinga ukudlulisela ubunikazi befayela noma umkhombandlela komunye umsebenzisi noma iqembu.

6. Ukusebenzisa Imiyalo Ukulungisa Iphutha Elinqatshelwe Imvume ku-Linux

Ukulungisa imvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux, imiyalo ehlukene namasu angasetshenziswa. Ngezansi inkomba yesinyathelo nesinyathelo ukulungisa le nkinga:

  1. Hlola izimvume zefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo okukhulunywa ngalo. Lokhu Kungenziwa usebenzisa umyalo ls -l, elizobonisa uhlu olunemininingwane yezimvume zefayela ngalinye noma uhla lwemibhalo kuhla lwemibhalo lwamanje.
  2. Uma umsebenzisi wamanje engenazo izimvume ezidingekayo zokufinyelela noma ukuguqula ifayela noma uhla lwemibhalo, ungazama ukushintsha umnikazi usebenzisa umyalo. chown, kulandelwa igama lomsebenzisi kanye negama lefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, chown usuario archivo.
  3. Uma izimvume zokubhala zidingeka, ukufinyelela kunganikezwa kusetshenziswa umyalo chmod. Isibonelo chmod +w archivo izohlinzeka izimvume zokubhala kufayela lomsebenzisi wamanje.

Kuneminye imiyalo namasu angasetshenziswa ukulungisa leli phutha, njengomyalo sudo ukusebenzisa imiyalo ngamalungelo omsebenzisi omkhulu noma umyalo chgrp ukushintsha iqembu lobunikazi. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi imvume enqatshelwe iphutha ingahlotshaniswa nezilungiselelo zamaqembu nabasebenzisi abaku Uhlelo lokusebenza.

Ngamafuphi, ukulungisa imvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux kuhlanganisa ukuhlola nokulungisa izimvume zefayela neziqondisi kusetshenziswa imiyalo efana nayo ls -l, chown y chmod. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi eminye imiyalo ehlobene isebenza kanjani futhi ubuyekeze iqembu nezilungiselelo zomsebenzisi ohlelweni lokusebenza.

7. Faka Izimvume Eziqondile ku-Linux Ukuze Ugweme Iphutha Elinqatshelwe Imvume

Ukuze ugweme umlayezo ocasulayo "wenqatshelwe imvume" uma usebenza imiyalo ku-linux, udinga ukusebenzisa izimvume ezithile kumafayela ahambisanayo noma izinkomba. Ngezansi izinyathelo zokulungisa le nkinga:

  1. Hlola izimvume zamanje: Kubalulekile ukuhlola izimvume zamanje zefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo okukhulunywa ngalo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungasebenzisa umyalo ls -l Esigungwini.
  2. Guqula izimvume: ngomyalo chmod, kungenzeka ukuguqula izimvume zefayela noma umkhombandlela. Isibonelo, ukuze unikeze izimvume zokubhala nokwenza ifayela, ungasebenzisa umyalo chmod +wx archivo.
  3. Sebenzisa imiyalo yabasebenzisi abakhulu: Kwezinye izimo, udinga ukuba namalungelo omsebenzisi omkhulu ukuze usebenzise izinguquko zemvume. Ungasebenzisa umyalo sudo ngaphambi kwemiyalo engenhla yokuphakamisa amalungelo.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukunikeza izimvume zokubhala noma ukwenza kumafayela noma izinkomba kungamela ubungozi bokuphepha, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukwenza lokho ngokucophelela futhi kuphela lapho kudingekile ngempela. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zinguquko zithinta kuphela umsebenzisi wamanje hhayi abanye abasebenzisi noma amaqembu.

Ngamafuphi, ukusebenzisa izimvume ezithile ku-Linux kuyisixazululo esisebenzayo sokugwema iphutha "lokunqatshelwa kwemvume". Ngokulandela izinyathelo ezishiwo ngenhla, ungakwazi ukuxazulula le nkinga kalula. Hlala ukhumbula ukuhlola izimvume zamanje, uziguqule njengoba kudingeka, futhi usebenzise imiyalo yabasebenzisi abakhulu uma kudingeka.

8. Ukuvimbela nokunciphisa imvume kunqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux

Ku-Linux, imvume enqatshelwe iphutha ingaba inkinga evamile lapho uzama ukufinyelela amafayela athile noma uhla lwemibhalo. Ngenhlanhla, kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokuvimbela nokunciphisa leli phutha, futhi kulesi sigaba, sizokunikeza izixazululo zesinyathelo nesinyathelo.

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1. Hlola izimvume zefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo: Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlola izimvume zefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo ozama ukufinyelela kulo. Ungasebenzisa umyalo othi “ls -l” ukuze ubuke izimvume zamafayela nezinkomba kusistimu yakho. Qiniseka ukuthi unezimvume ezifanele zokufinyelela lelo fayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa umyalo "chmod" ukushintsha izimvume uma kunesidingo.

2. Shintsha abanikazi befayela namaqembu: Kwezinye izimo, iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume lingase lenzeke ngenxa yokuthi awuyena umnikazi wefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Ungasebenzisa umyalo othi "chown" ukushintsha umnikazi neqembu lefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Qiniseka ukuthi unamalungelo adingekayo ukuze wenze lolu shintsho.

3. Sebenzisa imiyalo enamalungelo omsebenzisi ophezulu: Uma kungekho nesisodwa sezinyathelo ezingenhla esisebenzayo, kungase kudingeke ukuthi usebenzise imiyalo enamalungelo omsebenzisi ophezulu. Ungasebenzisa umyalo othi "sudo" olandelwa umyalo ofuna ukuwusebenzisa ukuze uthole amalungelo omsebenzisi omkhulu okwesikhashana. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi wenze izenzo ezidinga izimvume eziphakeme. Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi kufanele uqaphele lapho usebenzisa imiyalo ye-superuser ukugwema ukwenza izinguquko ezingafuneki ohlelweni lwakho.

Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, kufanele ukwazi ukuvimbela nokunciphisa imvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux. Njalo khumbula ukuqaphela lapho wenza izinguquko zemvume noma usebenzisa imiyalo yabasebenzisi abakhulu, njengoba ingathinta ukuphepha nokuzinza kwesistimu yakho.

9. Sebenzisa ukuhlaziya icala lemvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux

Iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume ingenye yezinkinga ezivame kakhulu abasebenzisi be-Linux ababhekana nazo njalo. Kulesi sigaba, sizoxoxa ngezimo ezithile zokusebenzisa lapho leli phutha lenzeka khona futhi sinikeze izixazululo zesinyathelo ngesinyathelo zokulixazulula.

Ukuze siqale, sizokwethula uchungechunge lwezifundo ezigxile kuzimo ezivamile lapho iphutha elinqatshelwe khona lenzeka khona. Lezi zifundo zizohlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela onemininingwane wokuthi ungawubona kanjani umsuka wenkinga nokuthi ungayisingatha kanjani. ngempumelelo.

Ukwengeza, sizokwabelana ngamathiphu awusizo namathuluzi abasebenzisi be-Linux abangawasebenzisa ukulungisa iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume. Lawa mathuluzi angafaka imiyalo yetheminali, izinsiza zokuphatha izimvume, nezinye izixazululo eziwusizo ezenza inqubo yokuxazulula inkinga ibe lula.

10. Iphutha Lenqatshelwe Imvume ku-Linux - Imithelela Yokuphepha Kwesistimu

Iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume ku-Linux lingaba nemithelela emikhulu yokuphepha kwesistimu njengoba lingavumela ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kumafayela abucayi nezinkomba. Ngokuvamile, leli phutha lenzeka lapho umsebenzisi ezama ukufinyelela ifayela noma uhla lwemibhalo abangenazo izimvume ezifanele zalo.

Ukuxazulula le nkinga, kunezixazululo eziningana ezingenzeka. Enye inketho ukuhlola izimvume zefayela noma umkhombandlela okukhulunywa ngawo usebenzisa umyalo ls -l. Lokhu kuzobonisa izimvume ezinikezwe ifayela ngalinye nohla lwemibhalo ohlwini lwemiphumela. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzisi unezimvume ezifanele zokufinyelela ifayela noma uhla lwemibhalo oludala iphutha.

Uma inkinga iqhubeka, ungazama ukushintsha izimvume usebenzisa umyalo chmod. Isibonelo, ukuze unikeze izimvume zokufunda, ukubhala, nokwenza ifayela elithile, ungasebenzisa umyalo chmod u+rwx archivo. Lo myalo uzonikeza umnikazi wefayela izimvume ezifanele. Kungenzeka futhi ukwabela izimvume kumaqembu noma bonke abasebenzisi abasebenzisa izinketho g y o ngokulandelana.

11. Izibuyekezo Zakamuva Neziqephu zokulungisa Iphutha Lemvume Enqatshiwe ku-Linux

Izimvume zokwenqatshwa ku-Linux kungaba inkinga ekhungathekisayo, kodwa ngenhlanhla, kunezibuyekezo zakamuva ezimbalwa namapeshi atholakalayo ukulungisa leli phutha. Nazi ezinye izixazululo zesinyathelo nesinyathelo ezizokusiza ukuxazulula inkinga enqatshelwe imvume kusistimu yakho ye-Linux.

1. Buyekeza uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza: Qiniseka ukuthi unezibuyekezo zakamuva zokusabalalisa kwakho kwe-Linux. Ungakwenza lokhu ngokusebenzisa umyalo othi “sudo apt update” kulandele “sudo apt upgrade”. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi unokulungiswa kwakamuva kweziphazamisi namapeshi okuvikela afakwe kusistimu yakho.

2. Hlola izimvume zefayela: Qiniseka ukuthi izimvume zefayela zilungile. Ungakwenza lokhu ngokusebenzisa umyalo othi "ls -l" ohlwini lwemibhalo okukhulunywa ngalo ukuze ubone izimvume zefayela ngalinye. Uma ubona ukuthi izimvume azilungile, ungazishintsha usebenzisa umyalo "we-chmod". Isibonelo, ukuze unikeze izimvume zokubhala kumnikazi wefayela, ungasebenzisa okuthi "chmod u+w file."

3. Shintsha umnikazi neqembu lefayela: Uma izimvume ezifanele zefayela zingayixazululi inkinga, kungase kudingeke ushintshe umnikazi neqembu lamafayela. Ungakwenza lokhu ngomyalo othi “chown” olandelwa igama lomsebenzisi nefayela noma umkhombandlela. Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukushintsha umnikazi wefayela elinegama elithi "example.txt" libe umsebenzisi okuthiwa "umsebenzisi", sebenzisa okuthi "sudo chown user example.txt".

Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, kufanele ukwazi ukulungisa iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume kusistimu yakho ye-Linux. Uma inkinga iqhubeka, sincoma ukuthi useshe okokufundisa okuthile, usebenzisa amathuluzi okuxazulula inkinga, futhi ubheke izibonelo eziqondene nokusatshalaliswa kwakho kweLinux. Hlala ukhumbula ukusebenzisa ukuqapha lapho wenza izinguquko kuzimvume zefayela nabanikazi, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uyakwenza amakhophi wokulondoloza uma kukhona inkinga. Ngikufisela inhlanhla!

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12. Imvume Yokuxazulula Inkinga Ethuthukisiwe Inqatshelwe Iphutha ku-Linux

Ngezansi kuzochazwa izinyathelo zokuxazulula inkinga yephutha enqatshelwe imvume ku-Linux. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuhlola izimvume zefayela noma umkhombandlela okukhulunywa ngawo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungasebenzisa umyalo ls -l ukuze ufake kuhlu izimvume nabanikazi. Uma kunesidingo, ungashintsha umnikazi noma iqembu usebenzisa umyalo chown o chgrp.

Ukwengeza, kuyatuseka ukuthi ubuyekeze izimvume zomhlaba jikelele zesistimu usebenzisa umyalo umask ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi amafayela amasha anezimvume ezifanele. Kuyasiza futhi ukwazi ukuthi izimvume zisebenza kanjani ku-Linux, lapho ifayela ngalinye noma uhla lwemibhalo lufunde, lubhala, futhi lwakhipha izimvume zomnikazi, iqembu, nabanye abasebenzisi. Lokhu kuvumela imikhawulo ehlukene yokufinyelela ukuthi isetshenziswe.

Uma inkinga iqhubeka, ungasebenzisa umyalo chmod ukushintsha izimvume mathupha. Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukunikeza izimvume zokubhala kubo bonke abasebenzisi kufayela, ungasebenzisa chmod a+w archivo. Ukwengeza, izimvume eziqondile zingasetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa izinombolo ze-octal ukuze kusungulwe inhlanganisela yemvume. Kungenzeka futhi ukuguqula izimvume ngokuphindaphindiwe kuhla lwemibhalo usebenzisa ipharamitha -R ngomyalo chmod.

13. Amathuluzi Nezinsiza Zokufunda Kabanzi Ngephutha Elinqatshelwe Imvume ku-Linux

Uma kwenzeka uhlangabezana nephutha elinqatshelwe imvume ku-Linux, kunamathuluzi ambalwa nezisetshenziswa ongazisebenzisa ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngale nkinga futhi uyixazulule ngendlela efanele. indlela ephumelelayo. Ngezansi ezinye izinketho ezingakusiza kule nqubo:

  • Okokufundisa ku-inthanethi: Kunezifundo eziningi ezitholakalayo ku-inthanethi ezikunikeza imihlahlandlela yesinyathelo nesinyathelo ukulungisa imvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux. Lezi zifundo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izibonelo eziwusizo namathiphu okubhekana nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Amanye amawebhusayithi adumile anikezela ngezifundo ezinjalo yiLinux.com, Linuxize, kanye neTecmint.
  • Izinkundla nemiphakathi: Izinkundla ze-Linux nemiphakathi izindawo ezinhle zokufuna usizo nokufunda kabanzi mayelana nephutha elinqatshelwe imvume. Ungaphakamisa inkinga yakho ethile futhi uthole izimpendulo nezisombululo ezivela kwabanye abasebenzisi abanolwazi olunzulu. Ezinye izinkundla ezinconyiwe nemiphakathi zifaka i-AskUbuntu, i-LinuxQuestions, kanye ne-Reddit /r/linux.
  • Amathuluzi nemiyalo ye-Linux: Ngaphandle kwezinsiza eziku-inthanethi, kukhona namathuluzi nemiyalo eminingi ye-Linux engaba usizo ekuxazululeni iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume. Eminye yemiyalo evamile ihlanganisa i-chmod, i-chown, ne-chgrp, ekuvumela ukuthi uguqule izimvume nabanikazi bamafayela nezinkomba. Ngokufanayo, amathuluzi afana ne-AccessControlLists (ACLs) kanye ne-SELinux angasetshenziselwa ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana kwezimvume ku-Linux.

14. Iziphetho nokucatshangelwa kokugcina kwemvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux

Sengiphetha, imvume enqatshelwe iphutha ku-Linux ingaba yinselele, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukulungisa. Ngochungechunge lwe izinyathelo nokucatshangelwa, singabhekana nale nkinga futhi siphinde sithole ukufinyelela okudingekile. Ngezansi kunemicabango yokugcina ebalulekile yokuthi ulilungisa kanjani leli phutha.

1. Hlola Izimvume: Ngaphambi kokuthatha esinye isinyathelo, kubalulekile ukuhlola izimvume zefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo okukhulunywa ngalo. Sebenzisa umyalo othi “ls -l” ukuze ubonise izimvume zamanje. Uma kudingeka, sebenzisa umyalo "chmod" ukuze uguqule izimvume zibe amanani afanele.

2. Shintshela kumsebenzisi wezimpande: Kwezinye izimo, kungase kudingeke ukuthi sishintshele kumsebenzisi wezimpande ukuze silungise le nkinga. Sebenzisa umyalo othi "su root" ukuze ushintshele kumsebenzisi wempande, bese uzama ukwenza isenzo ebesidala iphutha elinqatshelwe imvume.

3. Sebenzisa umyalo othi “chown”: Uma inkinga iqhubeka, kungase kudingeke ukushintsha umnikazi wefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Sebenzisa umyalo othi "chown" ukuze unikeze umnikazi olungile kufayela noma uhla lwemibhalo okukhulunywa ngalo. Isibonelo, "umsebenzisi okhethiwe:ifayela leqembu". Lokhu kuzoshintsha umnikazi kumsebenzisi neqembu elishiwo.

Sengiphetha, iphutha elithi "inqatshelwe imvume" ku-Linux yisimo esivamile abasebenzisi abangase bahlangabezane naso lapho bezama ukufinyelela noma bakhiphe amafayela athile noma izinkomba. Lo mlayezo wephutha isilinganiso sokuvikela esivikela isistimu yokusebenza nedatha yomsebenzisi.

I-athikili inikeze ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zaleli phutha, okuhlanganisa izimvume, abanikazi, nezinkinga zamaqembu. Ukwengeza, izixazululo zesinyathelo nesinyathelo zinikiwe ukubhekana nalezi zimo, njengokusebenzisa umyalo we-chmod ukushintsha izimvume, noma u-chown ukuze ushintshe umnikazi wefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo.

Ukuze ugweme ukuhlangana naleli phutha ngokuzayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izimvume zisebenza kanjani ku-Linux, kanye nokugcina izinqubo ezinhle zokuphepha. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unikeza izimvume ezifanele kumafayela nezinkomba, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ubuyekeza izilungiselelo zakho zelungelo, kuzosiza ukuvimbela izinkinga "ezinqatshelwe imvume" futhi kuqinisekiswe indawo yesistimu ephephile. iphephile futhi inokwethenjelwa.

Ngamafuphi, nakuba iphutha elithi "inqatshelwe imvume" lingase likhungathekise, ngolwazi nezisombululo ezinikezwe kulesi sihloko, abasebenzisi be-Linux bangabhekana futhi baxazulule lezi zinkinga ngempumelelo. Masihlale sikhumbula ukubaluleka kokuvikeleka kanye nokuphathwa kwezimvume ezinhle endaweni ye-Linux, ukuze siqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu nokuvikela ubuqotho bedatha yethu.