Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ezilwaneni, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-cell typology, kuyinkambu yocwaningo ethakazelisayo esivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuhlukahluka nobunkimbinkimbi bezinto eziphilayo ku-biosphere yethu. Kulesi sihloko sobuchwepheshe, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuhlelwa kwamangqamuzana ezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlukene, sihlaziye izici zazo ezihlukile futhi sembule izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi eyisisekelo echaza uhlobo lweseli ngalunye. Ngale ndlela engathathi hlangothi neqinile, sizofuna ukujula emhlabeni othakazelisayo we-cell typology embusweni wezilwane. Gxila kulo mkhakha wocwaningo othokozisayo futhi uthole izimfihlo zamaselula ezingaphansi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zokuphila ezihlala emhlabeni wethu!
Izinhlobo Zamaseli Akhona Embusweni Wezilwane
Ezilwaneni, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli enza izindima ezithile emvelweni. Lawa maseli ayisisekelo ekusebenzeni nasekuphileni kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Ngezansi ezinye zezinhlobo zamaseli ezivame kakhulu embusweni wezilwane:
- Amaseli emizwa: Aziwa nangokuthi ama-neurons, lawa maseli anesibopho sokudlulisa amasignali kagesi ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Zivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene zomzimba futhi zibalulekile ekucubunguleni nasekudluliseni ulwazi.
- Amaseli emisipha: Lawa maseli anesibopho sokufinyela nokunyakaza kwezicubu ezihlukene zemisipha entweni ephilayo yesilwane. Angaba amaseli emisipha e-striated, akhona emisipha yamathambo; amangqamuzana emisipha abushelelezi, akhona ezithweni zangaphakathi; namaseli emisipha yenhliziyo, akhona enhliziyweni.
- Amaseli egazi: Amangqamuzana egazi ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, njengamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi nama- platelet. Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthutha umoya-mpilo ngegazi, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ayingxenye yamasosha omzimba futhi anesibopho sokuvikela umzimba ezifweni, futhi ama-platelet anesibopho sokujiya kwegazi uma kwenzeka ukulimala.
Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje zezinhlobo zamaseli atholakala ezilwaneni. Uhlobo lweseli ngalunye ludlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini nasezinqubweni zebhayoloji, luyivumela ukuthi isebenze kahle futhi ivumelane nendawo yayo. Ngokukhethekile kanye nokubambisana kwala maseli, izilwane ziyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwamaseli e-Eukaryotic kanye ne-Prokaryotic
Amaseli e-Eukaryotic kanye ne-prokaryotic ayizinhlobo ezimbili ezibalulekile zamaseli atholakala ezintweni eziphilayo. Naphezu kokuba nezici ezifanayo, la maseli abonisa umehluko obalulekile ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwawo. Eminye yale mehluko ichazwe ngezansi:
- Núcleo celular: Kumaseli e-eukaryotic, izakhi zofuzo ziqukethwe ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus echaziwe. Ngokuphambene, kumaseli e-prokaryotic, izinto zofuzo zihlakazeka ku-cytoplasm ngaphandle kwe-nucleus echazwe ngokucacile.
- Ama-Organelle: Amaseli e-Eukaryotic anezinhlobonhlobo zama-organelles abophe ulwelwesi, njenge-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, ne-mitochondria, enza imisebenzi ethile ngaphakathi kweseli. Amaseli e-Prokaryotic, ngakolunye uhlangothi, awanawo ama-organelles aboshwe ulwelwesi futhi anezakhiwo ezilula, njengama-ribosomes nama-plasmids.
Ngaphandle kwalo mehluko, womabili amaseli e-eukaryotic kanye ne-prokaryotic ayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yokuphila. Zombili izinhlobo zamaseli ziyakwazi ukuphindaphinda i-DNA, ukulotshwa kwe-RNA nokuhumusha, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni. Ngokufanayo, womabili amangqamuzana anolwelwesi lwamaseli oluhlukanisa ingaphakathi lawo nendawo yangaphandle futhi lulawule ukushintshana kwezinto.
Kafushane, amaseli e-eukaryotic kanye ne-prokaryotic amelela izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zezakhiwo zamaseli ezintweni eziphilayo. Amaseli e-Eukaryotic abonakala ngokuba ne-nucleus echaziwe kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zama-organelles aboshwe ulwelwesi, kuyilapho amangqamuzana e-prokaryotic engenayo i-nucleus futhi ane-organelles elula. Naphezu kokuhlukana kwazo, zombili izinhlobo zamangqamuzana zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo.
Amaseli Ezilwane: Izimpawu kanye Nemisebenzi Eyinhloko
Amangqamuzana ezilwane ayizakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezidalwa eziphilayo eziyingxenye yazo reino animaliaNgokungafani namangqamuzana ezitshalo, amangqamuzana ezilwane awanalo udonga lwamangqamuzana oluqinile, oluwavumela ukuba abe nokuguquguquka okukhulu nekhono lokuhamba. Lawa maseli akhiwe ama-organelles ahlukene enza imisebenzi ethile futhi ebalulekile yokugcina impilo.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zamangqamuzana ezilwane ukuba khona kolwelwesi lwe-plasma, umgoqo ongakwazi ukungena ngaphakathi olawula ukudlula kwezinto ukungena nokuphuma engqamuzaneni. Le ngxenye ibalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yangaphakathi nokulawula ukushintshaniswa kwemisoco kanye nemikhiqizo engcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nucleus ingenye i-organelle ebalulekile ekhona emangqamuzaneni ezilwane, njengoba iqukethe izinto zofuzo ezihlanganisa imiyalelo ye-protein synthesis kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamaseli.
Amaseli ezilwane nawo abonakala ngokuba khona kwe-mitochondria, enesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla eselula ngokuphefumula kwe-aerobic. Lawa ma-organelle aguqula i-glucose ibe yi-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), i-molecule yamandla esetshenziswa ingqamuzana ukwenza imisebenzi yayo. imisebenzi yayo ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana ezilwane anesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi se-endometrines, okuhlanganisa i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus kanye ne-lysosomes, ebhekele ukuhlanganiswa, ukucubungula nokuthuthwa kwamaprotheni nama-lipids, kanye nokuwohloka kwemfucuza yamaselula.
Umehluko phakathi kwamangqamuzana ezilwane namaseli ezitshalo
Amaseli ezilwane namaseli ezitshalo ayizinhlobo ezimbili zamangqamuzana atholakala ezintweni eziphilayo, kodwa anomehluko omkhulu ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwawo. Ngezansi eminye yomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zamaseli ezimbili:
- Amaseli ezilwane anesimo esingajwayelekile futhi awanawo a udonga lweseli eqinile njengamaseli ezitshalo.
- Amaseli ezitshalo anomumo ojwayelekile futhi azungezwe udonga lwamaseli olwakhiwe ikakhulukazi nge-cellulose.
Inhlangano ye-organelles:
- Amaseli ezilwane anenhlangano yangaphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ama-organelles ahlakazekile ku-cytoplasm.
- Amaseli ezitshalo anenhlangano yangaphakathi ehlelekile futhi ama-organelles, njengama-chloroplast nama-vacuoles amakhulu, atholakala ezindaweni ezithile.
Imisebenzi yeselula:
- Amangqamuzana ezilwane akhethekile ekwenzeni imisebenzi efana nokufinyela kwemisipha, ukudluliswa kwemizwa, kanye nokukhishwa kwezinto.
- Amaseli ezitshalo akhethekile ku-photosynthesis, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi.
Lena eminye yomehluko phakathi kwamangqamuzana ezilwane namaseli ezitshalo. Naphezu kwalomehluko, zombili izinhlobo zamangqamuzana zinezici eziyisisekelo futhi zinendima ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo.
Ukubaluleka Kwamaseli E-Stem Embusweni Wezilwane
Ama-stem cell abalulekile ekuthuthukisweni, ekugcinweni nasekulungisweni kwezicubu embusweni wezilwane. Lawa maseli, akhona ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, anekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuzihlukanisa abe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamangqamuzana akhethekile, okuwenza abe insiza ebalulekile emkhakheni wezokwelapha ezivuselelayo.
Ukubaluleka kwama-stem cell kusezandleni zabo zokuzivuselela, okubavumela ukuthi bahlukanise unomphela futhi bagcine inani labo emzimbeni impilo yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamandla okuhlukanisa amangqamuzana akhethekile, njenge-neurons, i-cardiomyocytes, i-hepatocytes, nabanye abaningi, okubenza babe ithuluzi elinamandla lokushintsha amangqamuzana awonakele noma alahlekile ezithweni ezahlukene kanye nezicubu.
Ezilwaneni, ama-stem cells nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuseleleni izicubu nokuphola kwesilonda. Isibonelo, kuma-salamanders nama-planarians, lawa maseli avumela ukuvuselelwa okuphelele kwezicubu ezilahlekile, kuhlanganise nezitho nezitho. Lokhu kuphambene nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingenawo amandla afanayo okuvuselela, njengezilwane ezincelisayo, lapho ama-stem cells ekhona ngamanani amancane futhi amandla azo okuvuselela elinganiselwe kakhulu.
Amaseli Epithelial: Isakhiwo kanye Nemisebenzi Ethize
Amangqamuzana e-Epithelial awuhlobo lweseli elitholakala ezicutshini ze-epithelial, ezihambisana kokubili ngaphandle nangaphakathi komzimba. Lawa maseli abonakala ngesakhiwo sawo esikhethekile, esiwavumela ukuthi enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebalulekile.
Ukwakheka kwamaseli e-epithelial yakhelwe ukufeza imisebenzi yawo ethile ngempumeleloLawa maseli ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa ndawonye ngama-junctions aqinile, aziwa ngokuthi ama-adherens junctions, ahlinzeka ngokuhlangana namandla kungqimba lwe-epithelial. Futhi banolwelwesi olukhethekile lwe-apical, olungase lube ne-microvilli noma i-cilia, okwandisa indawo engaphezulu ukuze lumunce noma lube lula ukuhamba koketshezi nezinhlayiya, ngokulandelana.
Ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi yawo, amangqamuzana e-epithelial adlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikelweni nasekuvinjweni komzimba. La mangqamuzana ahilelekile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinjengesikhumba, izitho zangaphakathi, nolwelwesi lwesimiso sokugaya ukudla, ukuphefumula, nomchamo. Baphinde benze imisebenzi yokumuncwa kanye nokuthutha izinto, ukukhishwa kwamafinyila nama-enzyme, futhi babambe iqhaza ekuxhumaneni nasekutholeni izinzwa zezinzwa.
Amaseli Emisipha: Izinhlobo Nezindlela Zokufinyela
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamaseli emisipha emzimbeni womuntuamangqamuzana emisipha yamathambo, amangqamuzana emisipha yenhliziyo, namaseli emisipha abushelelezi. Uhlobo ngalunye lwengqamuzana lomsipha lunezici ezihlukile futhi lenza imisebenzi ethile emzimbeni.
Amangqamuzana emisipha yamathambo aziwa njengemicu yemisipha futhi anamathele emathanjeni. Lawa maseli anesibopho sokukhiqiza ukunyakaza nokulawula ukuma komzimba. Ukufinyela kwazo kwenzeka ngomshini wokushelela phakathi kwe-actin namaphrotheni e-myosin atholakala ngaphakathi kwawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amangqamuzana emisipha yenhliziyo ayingxenye yezicubu zemisipha yenhliziyo. Ngokungafani namaseli emisipha yamathambo, amangqamuzana enhliziyo axhunywe komunye nomunye ngezakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-intercalated discs, okuvumela ukufinyela okuhlelekile nokusebenza kahle. Lawa maseli afinyela ngesigqi futhi aqhubeke enza kanjalo kukho konke ukuphila.
Amaseli Emizwa: Indima Yawo Ekudluliselweni Kwesiginali
Amaseli ezinzwa, aziwa nangokuthi ama-neurons, angamaseli akhethekile ekudluliseni amasignali kagesi namakhemikhali ku- uhlelo lwezinzwaUkwakheka nokusebenza kwazo kuvumelana kakhulu ukuze kwamukele, kusetshenzwe, futhi kudluliselwe ulwazi kuwo wonke umzimba nobuchopho. Ngezansi ezinye izici ezibalulekile zendima yamaseli ezinzwa ekudluliselweni kwesignali:
Isakhiwo: Ama-Neurons akhiwe izingxenye ezikhethekile ezihlukene ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekudlulisweni kwesignali. Lezi zingxenye zihlanganisa:
- Ama-Dendrites: thola amasignali kwamanye ama-neurons noma amaseli.
- Umzimba weselula: iqukethe i-nucleus nama-organelles adingekayo ekusebenzeni kweseli.
- I-Axon: idlulisa amasignali kagesi endleleni yayo ende.
- I-Axon terminal: ikhipha ama-neurotransmitters, izinto zamakhemikhali ezivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons.
Ukudluliswa kwesignali: Inqubo yokudluliselwa kwesignali kumaseli ezinzwa ibalulekile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zomzimba nobuchopho. Le nqubo ibandakanya ukulandelana kwezehlakalo ezihlanganisa:
- Ukwamukela isignali: ama-dendrite athola amasignali kusuka kwamanye ama-neurons noma amaseli ezinzwa.
- Isizukulwane samandla esenzo: Uma isignali iqine ngokwanele, umzimba weseli ukhiqiza isignali kagesi eyaziwa ngokuthi amandla esenzo.
- Ukudluliswa kwamandla esenzo: Amandla esenzo ahamba ku-axon ngesivinini esikhulu, ngenxa yokwembozwa kwayo ngento ebizwa ngokuthi i-myelin.
- Ukukhululwa kwe-Neurotransmitter: Lapho efika ekupheleni kwe-axon, ama-neurotransmitters akhululwa ku-synapse, iphuzu lokuxhumana ne-neuron elandelayo noma iseli.
Ukubaluleka: Amangqamuzana ezinzwa ayisisekelo ekusebenzeni kahle kwesimiso sezinzwa kanye nokusebenza kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuqonda nokusebenza kwemizwa. Ikhono labo lokudlulisa amasignali ngokushesha livumela umbono wendawo ezungezile, ukulawula ukunyakaza, inkumbulo, imizwelo, namanye amakhono abalulekile omuntu. Ukuqonda indima yamaseli ezinzwa ekudluliselweni kwesignali kubalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi yezinzwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa okuhlobene. nohlelo eqinile kakhulu.
Amaseli Egazi: Izinhlobo kanye Nemisebenzi Ebalulekile Emzimbeni
Amangqamuzana egazi adlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle komzimba womuntu. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamangqamuzana egazi, ahlukene ngesakhiwo nokusebenza kwawo. Lezi izi:
- Ama-erythrocyte: Aziwa nangokuthi amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, angamangqamuzana egazi amaningi kakhulu emzimbeni wethu. Ukuma kwazo okuyindilinga, okuyi-biconcave kuzivumela ukuba zihambise umoya-mpilo usuka emaphashini uwuyise ezicutshini futhi zikhiphe isikhutha ngokuphefumula.
- Ama-leukocyte: La mangqamuzana, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, abalulekile emasosheni ethu omzimba. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-leukocyte, ngayinye inomsebenzi othize ekulweni nezifo nezifo. Amanye ama-leukocyte aqeda amagciwane ngokuqondile, kanti amanye akhiqiza amasosha omzimba ukuze anciphise izinsongo zangaphandle.
- Ama-thrombocyte: Abizwa nangokuthi ama-platelet, ama-thrombocyte ayizingcezu zamangqamuzana ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlulekeni kwegazi. Uma kukhona ukulimala noma ukulimala emithanjeni yegazi, ama-platelet anamathela endaweni ethintekile futhi enze ihlule ukuze amise ukopha futhi kube lula ukuphulukiswa.
Ukulingana okufanele phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zamangqamuzana egazi kubalulekile ekugcineni i-homeostasis kanye nokusebenza kahle komzimba womuntu. Noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kwenani noma ukusebenza kwawo kungaba nemiphumela engemihle empilweni yethu. Isibonelo, ukuntuleka kwe-erythrocyte kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwegazi, kuyilapho ukweqisa kwama-leukocyte kungabonisa ukuthi kukhona ukutheleleka.
Kafushane, amangqamuzana egazi enza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emzimbeni wethu. Kusukela ekuhambiseni umoya-mpilo kuya ekuvikeleni ezifweni, la mangqamuzana aqinisekisa ukuthi imizimba yethu isebenza kahle. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana egazi nemisebenzi yawo ebalulekile kusisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi sazise ukubaluleka kokugcina amazinga e-hemoglobin alinganiselayo.
Amaseli Okuzala: Ama-Gamete Nokubaluleka Kwawo Ekukhiqizeni
Amaseli okuzala, aziwa nangokuthi ama-gametes, ayizici ezibalulekile enqubweni yokuzala. Lawa mangqamuzana akhethekile atholakala ezintweni eziphilayo zesilisa nezinsikazi, futhi umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko uwukuhlangana ngesikhathi sokuvundiswa ukuze kuvele isidalwa esisha. Ama-gametes abesilisa, abizwa ngokuthi isidoda, akhiqizwa kuma-testes, kuyilapho ama-gametes abesifazane, aziwa ngokuthi ama-ova (amaqanda), akhiqizwa kuma-ovari.
Ukubaluleka kwama-gamete ekukhiqizeni kabusha kusemandleni awo okudlulisela ulwazi lofuzo lomzali ngamunye kumuntu omusha. I-gamete ngayinye iqukethe uhhafu wezakhi zofuzo zabazali bayo abafanele, okuvumela inhlanganisela ebanzi yofuzo enzalweni. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuvumelana nezimo zezilwane ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
Ngaphezu komsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ekukhiqizeni, ama-gamete nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ubulili bomuntu ngamunye. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-gametes wesilisa noma abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuvundiswa kuzoholela kumbungu wesilisa noma wesifazane, ngokulandelana. Lesi sici esibalulekile siqinisekisa ukulingana kanye nokuqhubekela phambili kwenani labantu.
Amangqamuzana Ohlelo Lwamasosha omzimba: Ukuvikela Nokuvikelwa Komzimba
Amangqamuzana amasosha omzimba ayizingxenye eziyisisekelo zokuzivikela komzimba kuma-pathogens nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Ngayinye lala mangqamuzana akhethekile asebenza ndawonye ukuze asigcine sivikelekile ezifweni nasezifweni.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana amasosha omzimba, ngalinye linemisebenzi ethile. Lokhu kubandakanya:
- T lymphocytes: Lamangqamuzana egazi amhlophe anomthwalo wemfanelo wokubona nokubhubhisa amangqamuzana angenwe yileli gciwane noma alimele, kanye nokulawula amanye amangqamuzana amasosha omzimba. Bangukhiye ekuphenduleni kokuzivikela komzimba okuguquguqukayo.
- Ama-lymphocyte B: Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza amasosha omzimba, amaprotheni aqaphela futhi anciphise ama-antigen, okungukuthi, izakhi ezingaphandle kwemvelo ezifana namagciwane, amagciwane noma ubuthi.
- Ama-Macrophages: Lawa maseli abhubhisa futhi aqede ama-microorganisms ahlaselayo, amangqamuzana afile kanye nezinye imfucumfucu, okunomthelela ekuhlanzeni nasekulungiseni izicubu ezilimele.
Ngaphezu kwalawa maseli, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni sihlanganisa nezinye izakhi ezifana nama-neutrophils, ama-eosinophil, nama-basophil, ngalinye lidlala indima ethile ekuphenduleni kokuzivikela komzimba. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwawo wonke lawa maseli nezingxenye kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi efanele kanye nempendulo efanele yokuzivikela komzimba ezinsongweni zangaphandle.
Amangqamuzana Ohlelo Lokugaya: Ukumuncwa kanye Nokucubungula Izakhamzimba
Amangqamuzana ohlelo lokugaya ukudla adlala indima ebalulekile ekumunceni nasekusebenzeni imisoco. Lamangqamuzana atholakala ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zesimiso sokugaya ukudla, njengethumbu elincane nesisu.
Elinye lamaseli abaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokumunca izakhi amangqamuzana e-epithelial amathumbu amancane. Lawa mangqamuzana akhethekile ekumunceni izakhamzimba ezifana nama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni namafutha. Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana abo lunezithuthi ezihlukahlukene kanye nemigudu evumela izakhi ukuba zingene engqamuzaneni.
Olunye uhlobo lwengqamuzana olubalulekile ekumunceni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezakhamzimba amangqamuzana e-parietal esiswini. Lawa maseli anesibopho sokukhiqiza i-hydrochloric acid, esiza ukudiliza ukudla futhi enze kube lula ukumuncwa kwezakhi ezithile ezifana nensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana e-parietal akhiqiza i-intrinsic factor, iphrotheni edingekayo ukuze kufakwe uvithamini B12.
Amaseli Ohlelo Lokuphefumula: Ukushintshaniswa Kwegesi kanye Nokuphefumula Komoya Womzimba
Amaseli ohlelo lokuphefumula anesibopho sokwenza ukushintshana kwegesi okudingekayo ukuze kutholakale umoya-mpilo womzimba. Lawa maseli akhona ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesimiso sokuphefumula, njengamaphaphu, uqhoqhoqho, kanye ne-bronchi. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuvumela ukungena komoya-mpilo kanye nokuphuma kwe-carbon dioxide.
Enye yezinhlobo zamangqamuzana ezikhona ohlelweni lokuphefumula yi-alveoli. Lawa masaka amancane ahlanganiswe namangqamuzana e-epithelial, avumela umoya-mpilo ukuba udlule emaphashini uye egazini kanye ne-carbon dioxide ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngaphandle kwe-alveoli, kunamaseli akhethekile akhiqiza i-mucus ne-cilia, anesibopho sokususa izinhlayiya nama-agent angena ohlelweni lokuphefumula.
Elinye ingqamuzana elibalulekile ohlelweni lokuphefumula i-oxygen receptor etholakala emthanjeni we-carotid. Lesi samukeli sithola amazinga komoyampilo egazini futhi sithumela amasignali ebuchosheni ukuze ulawule izinga nokujula kokuphefumula. Ngamafuphi, ukuba khona kanye nokusebenza kwala maseli ohlelweni lokuphefumula kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukushintshaniswa kwegesi okufanele kanye nomoya-mpilo womzimba.
Imibuzo Nezimpendulo
Q: Ithini i-cell typology yezilwane?
A: Uhlobo lwamaseli ezilwane lubhekisela ekuhlukaniseni nasekuchazweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli akhona ezilwaneni.
Q: Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaseli embusweni wezilwane?
A: Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaseli embusweni wezilwane amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic, ane-nucleus echaziwe futhi ahlukaniswe abe amaseli ezilwane namaseli ezitshalo, namaseli e-prokaryotic, akhona ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukene ezifana namagciwane kanye ne-archaea.
Q: Yiziphi izici zezilwane zezilwane?
IMP: Amaseli ezilwane angamaseli e-eukaryotic antula udonga lwamaseli, oluwanikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu futhi awavumele ukuthi athathe izimo namasayizi ahlukene. Futhi banama-organelle ahlukahlukene, njenge-nucleus, i-mitochondria, i-endoplasmic reticulum, ne-Golgi apparatus, phakathi kwabanye.
Umbuzo: Iyini imisebenzi yamaseli ezilwane?
A: Amangqamuzana ezilwane enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ezintweni eziphilayo zezilwane, njengalezi: ukuthuthwa kwemisoco, ukulungiswa kwezicubu, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukuphendula kwamasosha omzimba, ukukhiqiza kanye nokuxhumana kwamaseli, phakathi kokunye.
Q: Kuyini ukubaluleka kwe-cell typology embusweni wezilwane?
A: Uhlobo lwamaseli ezilwane lubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakheka nomsebenzi wezilwane. Ucwaningo lwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli embusweni wezilwane lunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi ezindaweni ezifana nebhayoloji yamaseli, imithi, kanye ne-biotechnology.
Q: Ingabe kukhona ukuhluka kohlobo lwamaseli phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezahlukene?
A: Yebo, kukhona ukuhluka kohlobo lwamaseli phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zingase zibe namangqamuzana akhethekile okwenza imisebenzi ethile, njengamaseli acijile ezintweni eziphila emanzini noma amaseli akhiqiza ubuthi ezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo ezithile.
Umbuzo: Lunqunywa kanjani uhlobo lweseli yesilwane?
IMP: Ukunquma uhlobo lweseli yesilwane esiphilayo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa amasu okubuka ama-microscopic, ukuhlaziya amangqamuzana, kanye ne-cytogenetics, phakathi kwezinye izindlela. Lezi zifundo zivumela ukuhlonza nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zamaseli ezehlukene ezikhona entweni ephilayo.
Umbuzo: Ingabe bukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kohlobo lweseli kanye nesimo kanye nomsebenzi wezilwane eziphilayo?
IMPENDULO: Yebo, uhlobo lweseli luhlobene eduze nendlela kanye nomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo zezilwane. Izinhlobo zamangqamuzana ezehlukene ezikhona entweni ephilayo zenza imisebenzi ethile ekugcineni impilo nokwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile, ebonakala ekwakhekeni nasekuziphatheni kwezilwane.
Ukuqaphelwa Kokugcina
Kafushane, ucwaningo lwe-cell typology embusweni wezilwane luye lwasivumela ukuba siqonde ukuhlukahluka kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bezakhiwo zamaselula ezikhona emhlabeni wezilwane. Ngokusebenzisa amasu okucwaninga esimanje, izinhlobo zamaseli ezehlukene ziye zahlonzwa futhi zahlukaniswa, ngalinye linezici ezihlukile nemisebenzi ethile.
Ukusuka kumaseli e-prokaryotic kanye ne-eukaryotic kuya kumaseli akhethekile wezicubu nezitho, uhlobo lweseli ngalunye ludlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuphileni kwezilwane. Ngenxa ye-typology yamangqamuzana, sikwazile ukuqonda ukuthi izinqubo eziyisisekelo ezifana nokuzala, ukukhula, kanye nokusabela ekushukunyisweni kwemvelo zenzeka kanjani.
Nokho, imibuzo eminingi isalokhu ingaphendulwanga kulo mkhakha wokufunda othakazelisayo. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo mayelana ne-cell typology embusweni wezilwane luzosinikeza ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nokuvela kwezakhiwo zamangqamuzana, kanye nobudlelwane babo ekuzivumelaniseni nokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene.
Sengiphetha, ucwaningo lwe-cell typology ezilwaneni lusinikeze umbono ojulile futhi onemininingwane eminingi ngobunkimbinkimbi kanye ukuhlukahluka kwamaselula emhlabeni wezilwane. Ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nesayensi, sizoqhubeka sidalula izimfihlakalo ezingaphakathi kwala mayunithi amancane esakhiwo, okusivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono impilo kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwayo.
Ngingu-Sebastián Vidal, unjiniyela wekhompyutha ozifelayo ngobuchwepheshe kanye ne-DIY. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingumdali we tecnobits.com, lapho ngabelana khona ngezifundo zokwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi buqonde wonke umuntu.